Group 15 Elements
Group 15 Elements
Group 15 Elements
As Sb
Bi
+3, +5
METALLIC
Occurance: Nitrogen - major component of earths atmosphere -isolated by fractional distillation of liquid air -Nitrate minerals (KNO3, saltpeter; NaNO3, Chilean saltpeter)
Phosphorous - phosphate rocks; apatite Ca3(PO4)2 2Ca3(PO4)2 + 10C + 6SiO2 6 6CaSiO3 + 10 CO + P4(s) _ distills
P P P P
phosphorous
-low
melting;
P * P P P P
P P P P
P P P P
P P P
n
* phosphorus
black phosphorus - network polymer arsenic As2S3 (orpiment); arsenopyrite (FeAsS) 700o FeAsS x6 FeS + As (As4 in gas-phase)
bismuth - Bi2S3 (bismuthinite) 2Bi2S3 + 12O2 6 2Bi2O3 + 6SO2 2Bi2O3 + 3C 6 4Bi + 3CO2
Fe v 2 NH3 N2 % 3 H 2 x
(Haber Process)
hydrazine (N2H4)
) 2 AsH3 x v 2 As % 3 H2 a mirror
Marsh test for arsenic: Zn + HCl Zn + 2HCl(aq) 6 ZnCl2 + H2 4H2 + H3AsO4 6 AsH3 + 4H2O 2AsH3(g) x6 2As(s) + 3H2
)
3 Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq) 6 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO in liquid: 2NO(R) N2O2(R) easily oxidized:
dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) +3 4NO + O2 6 2N2O3 N2O3 + H2O 6 2HNO2 (Nitrous acid)
G HNO2(aq) + H2O 6 NO2 (aq) + H3O+
Ka = 3.2 x 10-4
dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) +5 NH3(g) + 2O2(g) 6 HNO3 + H2O (Ostwald Process) a 68% aqueous solution -10o 4HNO3 + P4O10 x6 2N2O5 + 4HPO3 a thermally unstable solid
"aqua regia" (HNO3/HCl) - dissolves Au, Pt, and other precious metals
O P P P P O2
P O O O P P P O O O
O2
P O O O O P Oxides P O o P O f O O
O P4 P 4O 6 P4O10
Phospho rous
FCa5(PO4)3OH x6 Ca5(PO4)3F
a a
hydroxapatite
fluorapatite
Other oxides: As4O6 6 similar to phosphorous As2O5 6 polymeric Sb4O6 6 similar to phosphorous Sb2O5 6 polymeric Bi2O3 6 ionic
*
xxx
6 Bi(OH)3 7 basic
Halides Nitrogen: Cu NH3 + 3F2 x6 NF3 + 3HF a stable gas NCl3, NBr3, NI3 expbsive
EX3 N P As SG Bi all halogens all halogens all halogens all halogens all halogens