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    Group 15 Elements

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    Kaaya Godfrey
    The document summarizes the key properties and occurrence of the group 15 elements (pnicogens) nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. It describes their common oxidation states, with nitrogen and phosphorus typically being nonmetallic and -3 or +5, while arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are metalloids or metallic. It then discusses the common natural sources of each element and some of their important inorganic compounds like oxides, hydrides, and halides.

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    Group 15 Elements

    Uploaded by

    Kaaya Godfrey
    138 views6 pages
    The document summarizes the key properties and occurrence of the group 15 elements (pnicogens) nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. It describes their common oxidation states, with nitrogen and phosphorus typically being nonmetallic and -3 or +5, while arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are metalloids or metallic. It then discusses the common natural sources of each element and some of their important inorganic compounds like oxides, hydrides, and halides.

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    inorganic chemistry

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    The document summarizes the key properties and occurrence of the group 15 elements (pnicogens) nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. It describes their common oxidation states, with nitrogen and phosphorus typically being nonmetallic and -3 or +5, while arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are metalloids or metallic. It then discusses the common natural sources of each element and some of their important inorganic compounds like oxides, hydrides, and halides.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    138 views6 pages

    Group 15 Elements

    Uploaded by

    Kaaya Godfrey
    The document summarizes the key properties and occurrence of the group 15 elements (pnicogens) nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. It describes their common oxidation states, with nitrogen and phosphorus typically being nonmetallic and -3 or +5, while arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are metalloids or metallic. It then discusses the common natural sources of each element and some of their important inorganic compounds like oxides, hydrides, and halides.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    GROUP 15 ELEMENTS (PNICOGENS) ns2np3 General: N P -3 to +5 NON-METAL -3, +3, +4, +5

    As Sb

    +3, +5 METALLOID +3, +5

    Bi

    +3, +5

    METALLIC

    Occurance: Nitrogen - major component of earths atmosphere -isolated by fractional distillation of liquid air -Nitrate minerals (KNO3, saltpeter; NaNO3, Chilean saltpeter)

    Phosphorous - phosphate rocks; apatite Ca3(PO4)2 2Ca3(PO4)2 + 10C + 6SiO2 6 6CaSiO3 + 10 CO + P4(s) _ distills

    P P P P

    P4 - white hydrocarbon soluble

    phosphorous

    -low

    melting;

    P * P P P P

    P P P P

    P P P P

    P P P
    n

    * phosphorus

    d -high melting, insoluble

    black phosphorus - network polymer arsenic As2S3 (orpiment); arsenopyrite (FeAsS) 700o FeAsS x6 FeS + As (As4 in gas-phase)

    antimony - Sb2S3 (stibinite) Sb2S3 + 3Fe 6 2Sb + 3FeS

    bismuth - Bi2S3 (bismuthinite) 2Bi2S3 + 12O2 6 2Bi2O3 + 6SO2 2Bi2O3 + 3C 6 4Bi + 3CO2

    Hydrides nitrogen: ammonia (NH3)

    Fe v 2 NH3 N2 % 3 H 2 x

    (Haber Process)

    Mg3N2 6 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3

    hydrazine (N2H4)

    excess 2 NH3 (aq) % OCl(aq) x x x x v N2H4(aq) % H2O(R) % ClG(aq) NH3

    N2H4 6 good reducing agent rocket fuels - with N2O4 6 self-igniting

    phosphorus - phosphine (PH3) Ca3P2(s) + 6H2O 6 2PH3 + 3Ca(OH)2 a pyrophoric

    4PH3 + 8O2 6 P4O10(s) + 6H2O

    arsenic - arsine (AsH3) thermodynamicaly unstable

    ) 2 AsH3 x v 2 As % 3 H2 a mirror
    Marsh test for arsenic: Zn + HCl Zn + 2HCl(aq) 6 ZnCl2 + H2 4H2 + H3AsO4 6 AsH3 + 4H2O 2AsH3(g) x6 2As(s) + 3H2
    )

    antimony + bismuth - stibine (SbH3) and bismuthine (BiH3) 6 unstable

    Oxides Nitrogen: Nitrous oxide (+1)

    250o NH4NO3(s) x x v N2O(s) % 2H2O(R)


    "laughing gas" - anesthetic fat-soluble - used in whipping cream supports combustion 2N2O x6 2N2(g) + O2(g)
    )

    Nitric Oxide (NO) +2 N2 + O2 6 2NO (component of smog)

    3 Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq) 6 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO in liquid: 2NO(R) N2O2(R) easily oxidized:

    2NO + O2 6 2NO2 NO 6 NO+ + ea nitrosonium

    dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) +3 4NO + O2 6 2N2O3 N2O3 + H2O 6 2HNO2 (Nitrous acid)
    G HNO2(aq) + H2O 6 NO2 (aq) + H3O+

    Ka = 3.2 x 10-4

    Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) +4 Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) 6 Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(R) + 2NO2(g)


    a toxic

    2NO2 N2O4 red-brown_ a (dinitrogen tetroxide) colorless good oxidizing agent

    dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) +5 NH3(g) + 2O2(g) 6 HNO3 + H2O (Ostwald Process) a 68% aqueous solution -10o 4HNO3 + P4O10 x6 2N2O5 + 4HPO3 a thermally unstable solid

    G HNO3 - strong mineral acid (NO3 excellent oxidizing agent)

    can "dissolve" metals which HCl and H2SO4 cannot


    G Cr(s) + 6H+ + 3NO3 6 Cr3+ + 3NO2 + 3H2O

    "aqua regia" (HNO3/HCl) - dissolves Au, Pt, and other precious metals

    O P P P P O2
    P O O O P P P O O O

    O2

    P O O O O P Oxides P O o P O f O O

    O P4 P 4O 6 P4O10

    Phospho rous

    FCa5(PO4)3OH x6 Ca5(PO4)3F
    a a

    hydroxapatite

    fluorapatite

    Other oxides: As4O6 6 similar to phosphorous As2O5 6 polymeric Sb4O6 6 similar to phosphorous Sb2O5 6 polymeric Bi2O3 6 ionic
    *
    xxx

    6 Bi(OH)3 7 basic

    Halides Nitrogen: Cu NH3 + 3F2 x6 NF3 + 3HF a stable gas NCl3, NBr3, NI3 expbsive

    Phosphorous: H2O P4 + 6Cl2(g) 6 4PCl3 x6 H3PO3 H2O P4 + 10Cl2(g) 6 4PCl5 x6 H3PO4

    EX3 N P As SG Bi all halogens all halogens all halogens all halogens all halogens

    EX5 no examples all halogens Cl, F Cl, F F

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