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    Bioelectricity and Excitable Tissue: D. C. Mikulecky Department of Physiology and Faculty Mentoring Program

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    1) The origin of bioelectricity is the separation of charge that occurs across cell membranes due to differences in ion mobility. The sodium-potassium pump maintains concentration gradients that produce a resting potential of around -90 mV. 2) In excitable cells like nerves and muscles, voltage-gated ion channels allow rapid changes in membrane potential. When a stimulus exceeds the threshold, sodium channels open producing a rapid depolarization called an action potential. 3) Action potentials propagate along axons via continued opening of sodium channels. At synapses, neurotransmitters are released to stimulate neighboring cells and transmit signals.

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    Bioelectricity and Excitable Tissue: D. C. Mikulecky Department of Physiology and Faculty Mentoring Program

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    ombo
    13 views49 pages
    1) The origin of bioelectricity is the separation of charge that occurs across cell membranes due to differences in ion mobility. The sodium-potassium pump maintains concentration gradients that produce a resting potential of around -90 mV. 2) In excitable cells like nerves and muscles, voltage-gated ion channels allow rapid changes in membrane potential. When a stimulus exceeds the threshold, sodium channels open producing a rapid depolarization called an action potential. 3) Action potentials propagate along axons via continued opening of sodium channels. At synapses, neurotransmitters are released to stimulate neighboring cells and transmit signals.

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    1) The origin of bioelectricity is the separation of charge that occurs across cell membranes due to differences in ion mobility. The sodium-potassium pump maintains concentration gradients that produce a resting potential of around -90 mV. 2) In excitable cells like nerves and muscles, voltage-gated ion channels allow rapid changes in membrane potential. When a stimulus exceeds the threshold, sodium channels open producing a rapid depolarization called an action potential. 3) Action potentials propagate along axons via continued opening of sodium channels. At synapses, neurotransmitters are released to stimulate neighboring cells and transmit signals.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    13 views49 pages

    Bioelectricity and Excitable Tissue: D. C. Mikulecky Department of Physiology and Faculty Mentoring Program

    Uploaded by

    ombo
    1) The origin of bioelectricity is the separation of charge that occurs across cell membranes due to differences in ion mobility. The sodium-potassium pump maintains concentration gradients that produce a resting potential of around -90 mV. 2) In excitable cells like nerves and muscles, voltage-gated ion channels allow rapid changes in membrane potential. When a stimulus exceeds the threshold, sodium channels open producing a rapid depolarization called an action potential. 3) Action potentials propagate along axons via continued opening of sodium channels. At synapses, neurotransmitters are released to stimulate neighboring cells and transmit signals.

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    BIOELECTRICITY AND EXCITABLE TISSUE

    THE ORIGIN OF BIOELECTRICITY AND HOW NERVES WORK

    D. C. Mikulecky Department of Physiology and Faculty Mentoring Program

    THE RESTING CELL

    HIGH POTASSIUM LOW SODIUM NA/K ATPASE PUMP RESTING POTENTIAL ABOUT 90 120 MV OSMOTICALLY BALANCED (CONSTANT VOLUME)

    BIOELECTRICITY

    THE ORIGIN OF THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

    MOBILITY OF IONS DEPENDS ON HYDRATED SIZE


    IONS WITH SMALLER CRYSTAL RADIUS HAVE A HIGHER CHARGE DENSITY THE HIGHER CHARGE DENSITY ATTRACTS MORE WATER OF HYDRATION THUS THE SMALLER THE CRYSTAL RADIUS, THE LOWER THE MOBILITY IN WATER

    IONS MOVE WITH THEIR HYDRATION SHELLS


    Hydration Shells

    ELECTRONEUTRAL DIFFUSSION
    HIGH SALT CONCEMTRATION LOW SALT CONCEMTRATION

    + -

    +
    + -

    +
    + + + BARRIER SEPARATES THE TWO SOLUTIONS

    ELECTRONEUTRAL DIFFUSSION
    HIGH SALT CONCEMTRATION LOW SALT CONCEMTRATION

    +
    +

    + + -

    +
    + BARRIER REMOVED

    + -

    CHARGE SEPARATION = ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL

    ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL=CHARGE SEPARATION


    In water, without a membrane hydrated Chloride is smaller than hydrated Sodium, therefore faster:
    Cl-

    Na+

    The resulting separation of charge is called an ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL

    THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL


    Extracellular Fluid
    Na+

    K+

    Intracellular Fluid

    Potassium channel is more open causing potassium to be faster

    M E M B R A N E

    Sodium channel is less open causing sodium to be slower

    MEMRANE POTENTIAL (ABOUT 90 -120 mv)

    THE ORIGIN OF BIOELECTRICITY


    POTASSIUM CHANNELS ALLOW HIGH MOBILITY SODIUM CHANNELS LESS OPEN CHARGE SEPARATION OCCURS UNTIL BOTH MOVE AT SAME SPEED STEADY STEADY IS ACHIEVED WITH A CONSTANT MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

    THE RESTING CELL


    HIGH POTASSIUM LOW SODIUM NA/K ATPASE PUMP RESTING POTENTIAL ABOUT 90 120 MV OSMOTICALLY BALANCED (CONSTANT VOLUME)

    ACTIVE TRANSPORT

    ADP

    ATP

    ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES AN INPUT OF ENERGY


    USUALLY IN THE FORM OF ATP ATPase IS INVOLVED SOME ASYMMETRY IS NECESSARY CAN PUMP UPHILL

    EXCITABLE TISSUES
    NERVE AND MUSCLE VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS DEPOLARIZATION LESS THAN THRESHOLD IS GRADED DEPOLARIZATION BEYOND THRESHOLD LEADS TO ACTION POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL IS ALL OR NONE

    THE NERVE CELL

    CELL BODY

    AXON AXON TERMINALS

    AXON HILLOCK
    DENDRITES

    EXCITABLE TISSUES:THE ACTION POTENTIAL


    THE MEMBRANE USES VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS TO SWITCH FROM A POTASSIUM DOMINATED TO A SODIUM DOMINATED POTENTIAL IT THEN INACTIVATES AND RETURNS TO THE RESTING STATE THE RESPONSE IS ALL OR NONE

    EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIALS FOR IONS


    FOR EACH CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE ACROSS THE MEMBRANE THERE IS AN ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE WHICH WILL PRODUCE EQUILIBRIUM. AT EQUILIBRIUM NO NET ION FLOW OCCURS

    THE EQUILIBRIUM MEMBRANE POTENTIAL FOR POTASSIUM IS -90 mV

    +
    K+
    CONCENTRATION

    POTENTIAL

    + K

    IN

    THE EQUILIBRIUM MEMBRANE POTENTIAL FOR SODIUM IS + 60 mV

    + Na
    OUT
    CONCENTRATION

    +
    POTENTIAL

    Na+

    IN

    THE RESTING POTENTIAL IS NEAR THE POTASSIUM EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL

    AT REST THE POTASSIUM CHANNELS ARE MORE OPEN AND THE POTASSIUM IONS MAKE THE INSIDE OF THE CELL NEGATIVE THE SODIUM CHANNELS ARE MORE CLOSED AND THE SODIUM MOVES SLOWER

    EVENTS DURING EXCITATION


    DEPOLARIZATION EXCEEDS THRESHOLD SODIUM CHANNELS OPEN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL SHIFTS FROM POTASSIUM CONTROLLED (-90 MV) TO SODIUM CONTROLLED (+60 MV) AS MEMBRANE POTENTIAL REACHES THE SODIUM POTENTIAL, THE SODIUM CHANNELS CLOSE AND ARE INACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS OPEN TO REPOLARIZE THE MEMBRANE

    OPENING THE SODIUM CHANNELS ALLOWS SODIUM TO RUSH IN


    THE MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZES AND THEN THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL APPROACHES THE SODIUM EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL THIS RADICAL CHANGE IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL CAUSES THE SODIUM CHANNELS TO CLOSE (INACTIVATION) AND THE POTASSIUM CHANNELS TO OPEN REPOLARIZING THE MEMBRANE THERE IS A SLIGHT OVERSHOOT (HYPERPOLARIZATION) DUE TO THE POTASSIUM CHANNELS BEING MORE OPEN

    GRADED VS ALL OR NONE


    A RECEPTORS RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS IS GRADED IF THRESHOLD IS EXCEEDED, THE ACTION POTENTIAL RESULTING IS ALL OR NONE

    PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL


    ACTION POTENTIAL
    OUTSIDE

    -------- +++++++++++++
    AXON MEMBRANE

    +++++ --------------------DEPOLARIZING CURRENT


    INSIDE

    PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL


    ACTION POTENTIAL
    OUTSIDE

    -------- +++++++++++++
    AXON MEMBRANE

    +++++ --------------------DEPOLARIZING CURRENT


    INSIDE

    PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL


    ACTION POTENTIAL
    OUTSIDE

    ++---------++++++++++
    AXON MEMBRANE

    --+++ +++-----------------DEPOLARIZING CURRENT


    INSIDE

    PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL


    OUTSIDE

    +++++ -----------++++
    AXON MEMBRANE

    ACTION POTENTIAL

    -------- ++++++------DEPOLARIZING CURRENT


    INSIDE

    SALTATORY CONDUCTION
    ACTION POTENTIAL
    NODE OF RANVIER

    OUTSIDE

    -------+++++

    MYELIN

    +++++
    NODE OF RANVIER

    AXON MEMBRANE

    -------INSIDE

    DEPOLARIZING CURRENT

    NORMALLY A NERVE IS EXCITED BY A SYNAPSE OR BY A RECEPTOR


    MANY NERVES SYNAPSE ON ANY GIVEN NERVE RECEPTORS HAVE GENERATOR POTENTIALS WHICH ARE GRADED IN EITHER CASE WHEN THE NERVE IS DEPOLARIZED BEYOND THRESHOLD IT FIRE AN ALL-OR-NONE ACTION POTENTIAL AT THE FIRST NODE OF RANVIER

    THE SYNAPSE
    JUNCTION BETWEEN TWO NEURONS CHEMICAL TRANSMITTER MAY BE 100,000 ON A SINGLE CNS NEURON SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SUMMATION CAN BE EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY

    THE SYNAPSE
    INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CALCIUM CHANNEL RECEPTOR

    ION CHANNEL

    ENZYME

    THE SYNAPSE
    INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CALCIUM CHANNEL RECEPTOR

    ION CHANNEL

    ENZYME

    THE SYNAPSE
    INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CALCIUM CHANNEL RECEPTOR

    ION CHANNEL

    ENZYME

    THE SYNAPSE
    CALCIUM CHANNEL SYNAPTIC VESSICLES RECEPTOR ION CHANNEL

    ENZYME

    THE SYNAPSE
    CALCIUM CHANNEL SYNAPTIC VESSICLES RECEPTOR

    ION CHANNEL

    ENZYME

    THE SYNAPSE
    CALCIUM CHANNEL SYNAPTIC VESSICLES RECEPTOR

    ION CHANNEL

    ENZYME

    THE SYNAPSE
    CALCIUM CHANNEL SYNAPTIC VESSICLES RECEPTOR

    ION CHANNEL

    ENZYME

    POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS

    IPSP

    EPSP

    RESTING POTENTIAL

    TIME

    TEMPORAL SUMMATION
    TOO FAR APART IN TIME: NO SUMMATION

    TIME

    TEMPORAL SUMMATION
    CLOSER IN TIME: SUMMATION BUT BELOW THRESHOLD

    THRESHOLD

    TIME

    TEMPORAL SUMMATION
    STILL CLOSER IN TIME: ABOVE THRESHOLD

    THRESHOLD

    TIME

    SPATIAL SUMMATION
    SIMULTANEOUS INPUT FROM TWO SYNAPSES: ABOVE THRESHOLD
    THRESHOLD

    TIME

    EPSP-IPSP CANCELLATION

    NEURO TRANSMITTERS
    ACETYL CHOLINE DOPAMINE NOREPINEPHRINE EPINEPHRINE SEROTONIN HISTAMINE GLYCINE GLUTAMINE GAMMAAMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA)

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