4.1 Physiology of Excitable Tissue
4.1 Physiology of Excitable Tissue
4.1 Physiology of Excitable Tissue
EXCITABLE TISSUE
The fluid mosaic model of membrane
structure
Functions of membrane proteins
Transport
Structure
Receptors
Enzymes
Antigens
BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE
Gross alterations of membrane structure can affect water
balance and ion flux and therefore every process within the
cell. Specific deficiencies or alterations of certain
membrane components lead to a variety of diseases.
2. Microtransport
Macrotransport
1. Endocytosis
A. Phagocytosis
B. Pinocytosis
2. Exocytosis
Microtransport
1. Passive
2. Active
Passive transport
1. Diffusion (simple & facilitated)
2. Osmosis
3. Filtration
Simple diffusion
Movement of molecules in response to a
concentration gradient.
1. Primary
2. Secondary
Primary active transport
This is transportation of the ions with the
help of special enzymatic transport systems
(ATP-ases)
E.g. Na / K – pump
Extracellular Intracellular fluid
fluid
E
x
t
r
a
c
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
s
p
a
c
e
m m
m
1 2
h 3
h h
h – internal
inactivational gates
(slow, can’t be
stimulated)
m – external
activational gates
(fast, can be
stimulated)
State of rest for the cell
Membrane is permeable for potassium
Potassium leaves the cell & polarizes the
membrane
Membrane is slightly permeable for sodium,
which enters the cell & decreases the charge
Membrane charge at the state of rest is -90 to -
50mV
«Electrical gradient»
Is an electric force created by trans-membrane
charge
Potassium efflux increases electrical gradient
As the result concentration gradient becomes
equal to electrical
Equilibrium potential
Equilibrium state – is such an electrical
charge on the membrane which completely
balances the concentrational gradient for a
certain ion & the current for this ion is 0.
Potassium equlibrium potential =
-97,5 mV (Ек+ = -97,5 mV )
Mechanisms maintaining ionic
asymmetry
Electrical charge on the membrane – enables
potassium influx & inhibits its efflux
2K+
ATP
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP
FUNCTIONS
Active transport of ions maintains
concentration gradients
Sodium Increased
Sodium
influx permeability
2 3
Еcr
1 4
Е0
-80 5
AP phases
1. Slow depolarization
2. Quick depolarization
3. Quick repolarization
4. Slow repolarization
5. After potential hyperpolarization
Action potential
Ionic currents of sodium & potassium
+30
Екр
Е0
Na+
К+
AP development conditions
Depolarization should reach critical level
ΔV excitability
ΔV excitability
+30
Еcr
Е0
1 4
5
3
2
+30
Екр
Е0
1 4
100%
5
3
2
0
Stages of excitability (related to AP
phases)
1. Supernormal period
2. Absolute refractory period – no
excitability
3. Relative refractory period (excitation only
after super-threshold stimulation)
4. Supernormal period
5. Subnormal period
AP parameters
Magnitude - AP magnitude is 120-130μV
• law of polarity
• law of force
• law of time (duration of stimulation )
• law of steepness (time of force growth)
Law of polarity
On extracellular application of rectangular
electrical impulses excitation occurs
-+ -
+ CATHODE + - +
ANODE -
+
-
OPENED CIRCUIT
-+ -
+ CATHODE + -
ANODE
LAWS OF IRRITATION
LAWS OF IRRITATION is a complex of laws which
point out the requirements for a stimulus able to cause AP.
Polarity law – on the extracellular application of constant
Chr UT time
Accomodation
Is tissue ability to get adjusted to long lasting
& low steepness stimulation.
Critical level of depolarization decreases to
zero
Sodium channels don’t open simulteneously &
sodium influx is compensated by potassium
efflux.
There can be no regenerative depolarization &
AP doesn’t occur
ACCOMODATION