Vlrgjwkdy/ Xguf&Yfvrf Vlrgjwkdy/ Xguf&Yfvrf Vlrgjwkdy/ Xguf&Yfvrf Vlrgjwkdy/ Xguf&Yfvrf Vlrgjwkdy/ Xguf&Yfvrf

vlrGJwkdY\ xGuf&yfvrf;
(ocFgkyywdokwef w&m;a'oemawmf)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd?

oA&oH "r&aom Zdemwd/
oA&w "r&wd Zdemwd?
wPSua,m oA'kuH Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r'geu atmifEdkif\/
t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m; arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'kutm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'arm? "ar a[mE K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'roHk;jzm kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
]u
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
ed'geuxm ................................ 1
tcsnf;ESD;r[kwfaom touf&Sifjcif; ................. 1
rSwfom;apvdkaom tcsufwpf&yf ............... 9
bk&m;&SifxHawmfodkY qkdufa&mufoGm;jcif; .............. 12
'vd'okwef ............................... 16
pGrf;tifBuD; ig;&yf ........................... 20
a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,f Zmwfvrf; ............. 21
EGm;a0SU towfcH&jcif;\ taMumif;&if; .............. 28
vlrGJwkdY\ xGuf&yfvrf; (ocFgkyywdokwef w&m;a'oemawmf) ... 32
olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg; ....................... 33
1/ o'gw&m;&Sdjcif; .......................... 34
2/ oDvjzLpifjcif; ........................... 34
3/ A[kkwrsm;jym;jcif; ...................... 35
tm*rokw = oifodA[kkw ................ 36
t"d*rokw = usifhodA[kkw ................ 41
4/ pm*w&m;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif; ..................... 42
5/ 0dyemPfynmESifh jynfhpHkjcif; ............... 43
OD;wnfcsufrsm; ............................. 44
t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH .................. 46
ywemESifh ukodkvf"r ......................... 49
w&m;ig;rsKd;ESifh rjynfhpHkwJh ywem .................. 50
ESpfrsKd;vHk;&SdygrS atmifjrifEkdifonf .................. 51
lyjA[mb0 ............................... 54
tlyjA[mb0 ............................. 56
c ] rmwdum
taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
ok'g0gob0 .............................. 56
tmo0u,Pf ........................... 57
tmemygeusifhpOf ............................ 60
uodkPf;ESifh ormywfrsm; ....................... 64
olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg; wnfvmol .............. 65
ok0Prd*Zmwf ............................. 66
trsKd;aumif;orD;uav;\ *kPf&nf ................ 66
tdrfaxmifa&;avmu ......................... 68
0w&m;ausyGefol ............................ 71
tvSL'geyJGwpfck ............................. 71
aomwmywdzkdvf wnfMuNyD ..................... 73
t&[wzdkvf wnfoGm;MuNyD .................... 79
a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,fZmwfvrf; .............. 81
ar;jref;oifhaom ar;cGef;wpfck .................... 82
toufwpfacsmif;ukdyif pGefYvTwf&Jol ................ 88
ZD0dw'getvSL ............................. 95
oHk;OD;om;wdkY\ arwm"mwfpGrf;tm; ................. 97
orifruav;\ tEkarm'emw&m;................. 98
rkqkd;BuD;\ rSDckdtm;xm;&m ...................... 99
Zmwfawmfaygif;cef; ......................... 101
udk,fhwGufukd,fhwm usifhMuHyg .................... 103
O',b'rif;om;ESifh O',b'grif;orD; ............. 104
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef; ................. 116
ed'geuxm ] 1
earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/
ed'geuxm
tarmCH (w) ZD0dwH/ (oH?1?234/)
tcsnf;ESD;r[kwfaom touf&Sifjcif;
ow0gwdkif; ow0gwkdif;onf y&dedAmef rpHrcsif; touf&Sifae&olcsnf;om jzpfayonf/ xkdodkY touf&Sifae&&m rGefjrwfaom
touf&Sif&jcif; &Sdovdk ,kwfnHhaom touf&Sifae&jcif;vnf; &Sdayonf/ rGefjrwfaom touf&Sifae&jcif;udk ]]tcsnf;ESD; r[kwfaom
touf&Sifjcif;}}}}[k bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / ,kwn
f ahH om
touf&Sif&jcif;udkvnf; ]]tcsnf;ESD;aom touf&Sifjcif;}}}}[k ajymif;jyef teufoabmtm;jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfral y\/ tcsn;f ES;D aom
touf&iS &f jcif;[lonf tb,fenf; tcsn;f ES;D r[kwaf om touf&Sif&jcif;[lonf tb,fenf; odkY ar;&ef&Sd\/ tajzrSm odkY
jzpfayonf ---wpfcsed w
f iG f wpfavmuvk;H \ ud;k uG,t
f m;xm;&mtppf tjzpfBu;D
jzpfawmfral om bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sio
f nf awmifig;vk;H
ydwfzkH;umckdonfh &mZN*dK[fNrdKUawmf0,f &SOfheufwdkYudk tpmauR;um
arG;jrL&mjzpfaom 0g;awmywf&Honfh a0VK0efausmif;wkduftm&mrf
2 ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
rao&m tNrKd uef Ad m efoYkd a&mufaMumif;jzpfonfh w&m;tNrKd upf nfBu;D udk dkufwD;awmfrlum oDwif;okH; pHaeawmfrlavonf/ wpfaeYwGif
bk&m;&Sifonf o*gxm0*oH,kwfygVdawmf ouoH,kwf vm&Sdaom
'vd'okwef (oH?1?233/)udk a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/ bk&m;&Sifu
,if;okwe u
f kd vlUavmuwGif tqift
h wef; tedru
hf sq;Hk atmufwef;tusqkH; vlrGJwpfa,mufudk taMumif;jyKum a[mMum;awmfrljcif;
jzpf\/
ElBu;D yif jzpfay
xkv
d rl u
JG m; tjcm;olr[kw?f emrnfausmf okyA 'k t
onf/ xkdaeYwGif &mZN*dK[f NrdKUolNrdKUom;wdkYu NrdKUv,fwGif r@yfBuD;
wpfcu
k kd aqmufvyk u
f m bk&m;trSL;&Sad om oHCmawmfukd yifzh w
d u
f m
tvSL'geyGJBuD;wpfckudk usif;yylaZmfvsuf &SdMu\/ okyAk'tElBuD;u
vnf; ,if;tvSLr@yfEiS hf rvSr;f rurf; reD;ra0; wpfae&mwGif ykv
d Q-H
aom pm;<uif;rsm;udk awmif;pm;&ef[al om OD;wnfcsujf zifh xkid af pmifh
aeayonf/ NrKd UolNrKd Uom;wdu
Yk vnf; bk&m;trSL;&Sad om oHCmawmfukd
rGejf rwfaom cJz,
G af bmZOfjzifh jyKpv
k yk af uR;Ny;D aemuf okyA 'k t
m;vnf;
,m*kEiS hf xrif;udk ay;vSLMuavonf/ rGejf rwfaom abmZOfukd pm;ok;H
vkduf&aom xkdokyAk'\ pdwfonf wnfMunfvm\/
bk&m;&Siu
f vnf; qGr;f bkO;f ay;jcif;udp Ny;D qk;H oGm;aomtcg tvSL
'geESihf ywfoufonfh 0rf;ajrmufz,
G f tEkarm'em w&m;pum;awmfukd
ra[mMum;rDwGif olwpfyg;wdkY\ pdwfudk odawmfrlonfh apawmy&d,
tbdnmPfukd 0ifpm;awmfrNl y;D aemuf ow0gwd\
Yk twGi;f oabm tvdk
qE tZmo,"mwfudk odawmfrlonfh tmo,mEko,Pfawmf
ow0gwdkY\ aÈtEkHYtxuf &ifhusufrI &Sdr&Sdudk odawmfrlonfh
Èd,ya&my&d,wdPfawmfwdkYjzifh ]]tb,folonf opmav;&yf
w&m;jrwfukd xGi;f azmufojd rifxu
dk yf goenf;}}[k y&dowfukd vSr;f ajrmfum Munfh aI wmfral vaomf ]]okyA 'k o
nf opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd
ed'geuxm ] 3
xGif;azmufodjrifxkduf\}}[k od&SdawmfrlonfhtwGuf okyAk'udkyif

OD;wnf tmkHjyKum tEkykAduxm[k ac:qkdtyfonfh w&m;pum;awmfudk tpOftwdkif; a[mMum;ay;awmfrlavonf/
1/
2/
3/
4/
'geESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;
oDvESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;
ewf&Gmok*wdESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;
umr*kPfwdkY\ tjypftm'De0 umr*kPfwdkY\ ,kwfnHhykH umr*kPfwdkY\ npfEGrf;ykHwdkYESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;
5/ umr*kPfrS xGufajrmufjcif; &&SdEdkifaom tusKd;tmedoHoESifh
qufpyfaom aeuar tmedoHouxm- w&m;pum;
w&m;pum;awmfwu
Ykd kd tpOftwdik ;f a[mMum;ay;awmfral vonf/ umr*kPrf S xGuaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfonfh aeur" mwfEiS hf qufpyfaeonfh aeuar tmedoHouxmudk a[mMum;xm;awmfrl&m yAZm yXrZmeH? edAme 0dyem/
oaAyd ukovm "rm? aeurEd y0kpa&/ (wd0kwf?|?331/)
[laom t|uxmtzGirhf sm;ESit
hf nD orxydik ;f 0dyemydik ;f rsm;
yg0ifonfh usifhpOf ESpfykdif;vkH;udkyif a[mMum;ay;awmfrlavonf/
orxusifhpOfydkif;udk a[mMum;awmfrl&m orxpsmefrsm;udkvnf;
xnfo
h iG ;f um a[mMum;oGm;awmfral yonf/ orxpsmefEiS hf qufpyfonfh w&m;pum;awmfwdkYonfvnf; umr*kPfrS xGufajrmufaMumif;
aeuruxm w&m;pum;awmfwdkYyif jzpfMuayonf/ okyAk'BuD;onf
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;rawmfrlonfh a'oemawmfaemufodkY
Pfudk apvTwfum vufawGU vkdufusifhEkdifavonf/ atmifjrifrIudk
&&Sv
d maom okyA 'k \
pdwt
f pOf0,f wnfMunfaom orm"drsm; ude;f 0yfvmMuayonf/ pdwf"mwfonfvnf; yDwdpGrf;[kefaMumifh &Tifvef;
wuf<uvsuf &Sdae\/ okyAk'\oEmef0,f ----1/ bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrt
l yfaom w&m;a'oemawmftay:
r,kMH unfjcif; t',
d paom pdw\
f tnpftaMu;rsm; uif;pif oGm;jcif;aMumifh txuf a[mMum;awmfrlvwHUjzpfaom
opmav;yg;w&m;a'oemawmfukd cH,zl &Ydk ef tcefo
Y ifjh zpfaom
pdwf (= uvpdw)
2/ 'd|drmepaom udavom tnpftaMu; uif;pifojzifh El;nHhaompdwf (= rk'kpdw)
3/ umr*kPf vkdvm;wyfrufjcif; = umrpEtp&Sdaom psmefr*f
zkdvfudk wm;jrpfaESmifh,Sufwwfonfh eD0&Pudavom tnpf
taMu; uif;pifaompdwf (= 0deD0&Ppdw)
4/ aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rnfh
ormy#dywfusifhpOfudk usifh&m (= r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;udk
usi&hf m) pdwt
f pOf0,f jyefaY jymBu;D us,f jrifjh rwfonfh ESpo
f uf0rf;ajrmufjcif; yDwdygarmZw&m;ESifh ,SOfwGJaeaomaMumifh
wuf<uaompdwf (= O'*pdw)
5/ 0dpdudpmw&m;\ uif;uGmoGm;jcif;aMumifh &wemokH;yg;ESifh
odum ok;H &yf tusijhf rwftay: vGwv
f w
G f ouf0if,MHk unfcsuf
o'gw&m; jynf0h pkn
H v
D mojzifh Munfvifaompdwf (= yoEpw
d )
(O'ge?|?257/)
uJo
h aYkd om pdw"f mwfrsm; ude;f 0yfwnf&adS eonfukd bk&m;&Siu
f
od&Sdawmfrlaomtcg bk&m;&SifwdkY\ a&T EIwfawmfrS wkdufdkuf xGufay:awmfrlvmonfh w&m;a'oemawmfjzpfjcif;aMumifh omrkuHodua'oem
a'oem[k trnfwGifaom t&d,opmav;yg;ESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;awmfwdkYudk wpfqifhwufum a[mMum;ay;awmfrlavonf/
(O'ge?135/)
ed'geuxm ] 5
txufyg ygVdawmfEiS hf t|uxmwku

Yd okyA 'k \
oEmef eD0&P
udavom tnpftaMu;wdrYk S uif;pifaom pdw"f mwfrsm;vnf; wnf&SdvmaMumif;udk a[mMum;zGifhqkdxm;awmfrlojzifh xkdtcsdeftcgwGif
okyA 'k \
oEmef Oypm& tyem ESpjf zmaom orm"dww
Ydk iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom orm"dw&m;onfvnf; xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmNy[
D k od&EdS idk af yonf/
orxydik ;f wGif atmifjrifru
I kd &&Sv
d maomtcg t&d,opmav;yg;wku
Yd kd
pm ork',opm[k
jynfjh ynhpf pHk Hk xGi;f azmufojd rifEidk af &;twGuf 'kuo
ac:qdt
k yfaom 0dyemPf\ tIct
H mkjH zpfMuaom ocFg&w&m;
wkdYudk 0dyemIyGm;okH;oyfykHtydkif;wdkYudk qufvufum a[mMum;ay;awmfrlavonf/
okyA 'k u
vnf; ,if;'kuo
pm ork',opm[lonfh ocFg&w&m;
wku
Yd kd 0dyemIymG ;ok;H oyfEidk o
f jzifh &ifu
h suv
f maom 0dyemPf
wd\
Yk tqk;H 0,f rnf;npfjcif;uif;aom jzLpifaom t0wfonf qk;d &nf
udk aumif;pGm cH,El idk o
f uJo
h Ykd tvm;wlyif okyA 'k \
oEmef xkad e&m
rSmyif udavom jrLtnpftaMu; uif;pifaom aomwmywrd *fPf
tjrifonf xif&mS ;jzpfay:cJah vNyD = t&d,opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfwYkd
udk aomwmywdr*fPfwnf;[laom avmukw&m orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifoGm;avonf/
]],H udd ork',"rH? oAH wH eda&m""rH/}}
= ]]jzpfonfhw&m;rSefu ysufae\}}[laom todPfonfvnf;
pGJjrJpGm wnf&SdoGm;ayonf/
(O'ge?135/ oH?1?233/ oH?|?1?320/ O'ge?|?255-257/)
okyAk'BuD;onf aomwmywdr*fPfzkdvfPf wnfNyD;aomtcg rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;onfh avmukw&m w&m;xl; w&m;jrwf\ *kPf

aus;Zl;udk bk&m;&Siftm; wifjyavQmufxm;vkdcJh\/ odkYaomf rdrd\
vuf&b
dS 0 tajctaeu y&dowftv,foYdk 0ifa&mufomG ;zk&Yd ef r0H&h -J
aom tajctaerSm wnf&adS e\/ xkad Mumifh tvSL&Sif w&m;emy&dowf
taygif; olawmfaumif;wdu
Yk bk&m;&Sit
f m; &Scd ;dk MuNy;D aemuf bk&m;&Siu
f
ausmif;awmfokdY jyef<uawmfrlaomtcg bk&m;&Sif\ aemufawmfodkY
twefi,f tpOfvkdufygvmMuNyD;aemuf wpfzef jyefvSnfhoGm;Muaomtcg bk&m;&Sifonfvnf; a0VK0efausmif;wkdufawmfodkY &[ef;
oHCmawmftaygif; jc&H v
H suf jyef<uawmfrcl ahJ vonf/ xkt
d cg okyA 'k
onfvnf; bk&m;&Sif\ aemufawmfrS a0VK0efausmif;wdkufawmfodkY
vkdufygoGm;cJhavonf/ (O'ge?|?258/)
t&mwGif O'gef;t|uxmu odYk qufvufum zGiq
hf x
dk m;avonf --okyA 'k o
nfvnf; a0VK0efausmif;wku
d af wmfoYkd bk&m;&Si\
f aemuf
awmfrS vkdufygaeonfudk ewfwkdYaoXfeif; odMum;rif;BuD;uvnf;
jrifodavonf/ xkdtcg odMum;rif;BuD;u ]]okyAk' tElBuD;onf
bk&m;&Sif\ tqkH;tr omoemawmf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh aomwmyef
[laom *kPfaus;Zl;udk xif&Sm;jyvdkonf}}[k od&SdonfhtwGuf ]]okyAk'BuD;udk ig pkHprf;MunfhaytHh}}[laom OD;wnfcsufjzifh vma&mufum
aumif;uif &yfwnfNyD;vQif pum;udk ajymMum;vkdufavonf --]]okyA 'k ... oif[m vlqif;&JwpfO;D vnf; jzpfw,f? txD;use-f
ol wpfO;D vnf; jzpfw,f? atmufwef;pm; vlom;wpfO;D vnf; jzpfw,f?
ig[m oift
h m; twkid ;f twm yrmPr&So
d nfh pnf;pdrOf pmudk ay;r,f?
bk&m;udk ]bk&m;r[kw}f vkYd w&m;udk ]w&m;r[kw}f vkYd oHCmukd ]oHCmr[kw}f vdYk ajymyg? ]ightm; bk&m;jzifh tvkrd &Sd ightm; w&m;jzifh tvdrk &Sd
ightm; oHCmjzifh tvkdr&Sd}vdkY ajymyg}}[k wdkufwGef;pum; ajymMum;vkdufavonf/
ed'geuxm ] 7
xdt
k cg okyA 'k u
- ]],ck pum;ajymaewJh oif[m b,fov
l J }}[k ar;jref;vkduf\/ ]]ig[m ewfwdkYaoXfeif; odMum;rif; jzpfw,f}}[k
jyefajymvkdufaomtcg -]][,f ...t&Surf &So
d nfh vlru
dk ?f oif[m igESihf pum;ajymzk&Yd ef
ravsmfuefwJhol jzpfw,f? oif[m rajymoifhwJhpum;udk ajymqkdaew,f? wu,fawmh oif[m ighudk ]txD;usef olqif;&J irGJyJ}vkdY
ajymqkad ew,f? oifu ighukd bmaMumifh 'Dvkd ajymqkEd idk &f ovJ ig[m
wpfavmuvkH;&JU udk;uG,ftm;xm;&mjzpfawmfrlwJh bk&m;&Sif&JU a&T
&ifawmfEpS f om;awmf&if;tppf jzpfw,fr[kwb
f ;l vm; ig[m irGv
J nf;
r[kwb
f ;l ? txD;useo
f v
l nf; r[kwb
f ;l ? atmufwef;pm; vlom;vnf;
r[kwb
f ;l ? wu,fpifppfrmS awmh ig[m vGejf rwfaom csr;f omokcjzifh
csr;f omjcif;okcodYk a&muf&adS ewJh (olawmfaumif;Opm qkw
d )hJ ypn;f Opm
aygrsm;<u,f0wJh vlcsr;f omwpfO;D om jzpfw,f}}[k okYd ajymqkv
d u
kd f
avonf/ rQomruao;? bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfwkdif a[mMum;jyo
qkdqkH;rxm;awmfrlonfh t*kFwdK&fygVdawmf owuedygwf oHcdw"e
okwe f 0dww
"eokwe fwYkd vm&So
d nfh *gxma'oemawmfEpS cf w
k u
Ydk ykd g
&Gwfqkdjyvkdufavonf/
o'g"eH oDv"eH? [d&D Mowyd,H "eH/
okw"e pma*g p? ynm a0 owrH "eH/
, {aw "em twd? wd,m yk&do 0g/
]t'vda'g}wd wH tm[k? tarmCH w ZD0dwH/
(tH?2?398-399/)
*gxmESpfckwdkYudkyg &Gwfjyvkdufavonf/ ,if;*gxmESpfckwkdY\

t"dyg,frSm odkY jzpf\ ----o'g oDv okw pm* ynm [d&d Mowy[lonfh olawmf-
aumif;Opm ckepfjzm &Sad yonf/ trsK;d orD;yJ jzpfjzpf trsK;d om;yJ jzpfjzpf
olawmfaumif;Opm ckepfjzmwdkY xif&Sm;&Sdaeonfh olom rSefcJhvQif
,if;olawmfaumif;udk ]]t'vd' = rqif;&Jol = vlrrJG [kw}f }}[k bk&m;tp&Sdukefaom ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wkdYu csD;rGrf;pum; rdefYMum;xm;awmfrMl uayonf/ xkyd *k Kd v\
f touf&iS jf cif;udv
k nf; ]]tcsn;f ES;D
r[kwaf om touf&iS jf cif;}}}}jzpfonf[k bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ (tH?2?390-399/)
w&m;a'oemawmfudk udk;um;um okyAk'u odMum;rif;BuD;tm; ]]'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh olawmfaumif;Opm
ckepfjzmwd[
Yk m igh&UJ oEmefrmS xif&mS ; &Sad eMuw,f/ 'Dvkd olawmfaumif;Opm ckepfjzmwdEYk iS hf jynfph aHk ewJh olawGukd ormorK'b
&k m;&Siw
f u
Ykd a&m
yapuAk'bk&m;&SifwdkYua&m ]]'vd' = vlrGJ}}}vkdY rac:qkdMuygbl;}}[k
uJhodkY jyefajymvdkufavonf/
ewfwaYkd oXfeif; odMum;rif;Bu;D onfvnf; pum;udk Mum;&Ny;D aemuf okyA 'k B u;D bk&m;&Si\
f xHawmfarSmufoYkd rqku
d af &mufrD tcsed f
umvtwGif;rSmyif bk&m;&Sif\ xHawmfarSmufodkY ta&mufoGm;um
okyA 'k B u;D ESihf rdrw
d Ykd tcst
D cs ajymMum;cJMh uonfh pum;t&yf&yfwu
Ydk kd
bk&m;&Sit
f m; wifjyavQmufxm;avonf/ xkt
d cg bk&m;&Siu
f ewfw-Ykd
aoXfeif; odMum;rif;udk -- ]]'g,umawmf odMum; ... oifuo
hJ aYkd om
odMum;rif;aygif; t&mwdkYuaomfvnf;aumif; taxmifwdkYuaomfvnf;aumif; okyA 'k t
ElBu;D udk ]]bk&m;onf bk&m;r[kwf w&m;onf
w&m;r[kwf oHCmonf oHCmr[kwf}}[k ajymqkdapzkdY&ef pGrf;EkdifMurnf r[kwfMuyg}}[k rdefYMum;awmfrlvdkufavonf/
(O'ge?|?258-259/)
ed'geuxm ] 9
rSwfom;apvdkaom tcsufwpf&yf
txufyg okyA 'k B u;D u ewfwaYdk oXfeif; odMum;rif;tm; ajymqkd
vdu
k o
f nfh pum;&yfwu
Ykd kd Munfyh gu okyA 'k B u;D onf bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfwdkYudk tBudrf awmfawmfrsm;rsm; emMum;zl;NyD;jzpfaMumif;udk od&Sd
Ekdifayonf/ wpfzef okyAk'BuD;onf o'g oDv okw pm* ynm
[d&d Mowy -- wnf;[laom olawmfaumif;Opm ckepfjzm[lonfh yg&rD
w&m;taygif;wdkYudk a&S;a&S;bk&m;&SifwdkY\ omoemawmfwGif;vnf;aumif; a*gwrbk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfwGif;vnf;aumif;
aomwmywrd *fPfzv
dk
f PfoYkd qku
d o
f nftxd t&d,opmav;&yf
w&m;jrwfwu
Ykd kd xGi;f azmufojd rifEidk af vmufatmif jyKpyk sK;d axmifxm;Ny;D
jznfhusifhqnf;yl; pkaqmif;xm;NyD; jzpfonf[kvnf; od&SdEkdifayonf/
taMumif;rl -- xkdaeY w&m;yGJwGif w&m;ra[mrD bk&m;&Sifu
w&m;emy&dowfwu
Ydk kd tbdnmPfPfawmfjrwfjzifh vSr;f ajrmfMunfh I
awmfrv
l u
kd af omtcg ,if;y&dowfxw
J iG f okyA 'k B u;D wpfO;D onf aomwmywdr*fPfzkdvfPfudk &&SdEkdifavmufatmif ol\ yg&rDw&m;
taygif;wdu
Yk &ifu
h suv
f mMuNy[
D o
l nfh taMumif;t&mudk bk&m;&Siu
f
awGUjrifawmfrlaomaMumifh jzpf\/ (O'ge?|?255/) wpfzef oarm[0daem'eDt|uxmBuD;uvnf; odkY zGifhqkdxm;jyef\ --t&d,om0aum aem y#dord'gyawm emr ewd/
(tbd?|?2?372/)
ykAa ,ma*e ykaA ap0 {w&[d p ocFg&oroeH 0dem y#dor'd g

emr ewd/ (tbd?|?2?373/)
awok bduKaem 0a ur|membdeda0aom a[mwd? 0d0a
ewd tbdeda0aom/ (tbd?|?2?109/)
wpfzef y#dord'g0dbif;ygVdawmf op0g&a'oemawmfvnf;
bk&m;&Sifu odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\ --1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
'kau PH twy#dord'g/
'kuork'a, PH "ry#dord'g/
'kueda&ma" PH twy#dord'g/
'kueda&m"*grded,m y#dy'g, PH "ry#dord'g/
wMw "redkwmbdvmay PH edkwdy#dord'g/
aPok PH y#dbmey#dord'g/ (tbd?2?307/)
1/
2/
3/
4/
'kuopm odaomPfonf twy#dord'gPfrnf\/

ork',opm odaomPfonf "ry#dord'gPfrnf\/
'kue ad &m"opm odaomPfonf twy#dor'd gPfrnf\/
'kue ad &m"opmodYk a&mufaMumif; usiphf Of odaomPfonf
"ry#dord'gPfrnf\/
5/ xko
d pmav;yg;wd\
Yk (rm*"bmom) tac:ta0: tok;H tEIe;f
odaomPfonf edkwdy#dord'gPfrnf\/
6/ xkdtwy#dord'gPf "ry#dord'gPf edkwdy#dord'gPf
wdkYudk xkd;xGif;odwwfaom Pfonf y#dbmey#dord'gPf
rnf\/ (tbd?2?307/)
op0g&a'oemawmfrsm;udk &nfeT ;f vsuf txufwiG f wifjyxm;aom oarm[0daem'eDt|uxmBuD;u -- y#dord'gPfodkY
ra&muf&adS om t&d,molawmfaumif;rnfonf r&Spd aumif;[k zGiq
hf dk
xm;\/ opmav;yg;udk xkd;xGif;rodaom t&d,molawmfaumif;
rnfonf r&Sdpaumif;[k qkdvdk&if; jzpf\/
xko
d pmav;yg;wdw
Yk iG f 'kuo
pm ork',opm w&m;ESpyf g;wdu
Yk m;
oHo&m0#fudk vnfywfapwwfonfh 0opmw&m;wkdY jzpfMu\/
eda&m"opm r*opm w&m;ESpfyg;wkdYum; oHo&m0#fuif;&m edAmefodkY
ed'geuxm ] 11
a&mufaMumif; 0d0opmw&m;wkdY jzpfMu\/ xkd0opm 0d0opm

ESprf sK;d wdw
Yk iG f 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;vdak om a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfonf 0opmw&m;ESpfyg; 0dyembm0emur|mef;
pD;jzef;jcif;trIudk jyKtyf\/ (tbd?|?2?109/)
oHcdawe yKyg'geuEm 'kum -- [laom "rpMuma'oemawmfrsm;ESifhtnD Oyg'geuEmig;yg; = kyfw&m; + emrfw&m;wdkYum;
'kuopmw&m;pkwkdY jzpfMu\/
twDaw a[wa0g y? 'ged zvyuH/ (tbd?|?2-182/)
odkY paom t|uxmtzGifhrsm;ESifhtnD ypKyef Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;wkdY\ taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfMuaom twdwf
b0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhonfh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH-ESifh
aemiftem*wf cEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;twGuf ypKyefwGif jyKpk
ysKd;axmifaeaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH -- wdkYum;
ork',opmw&m;pkwkdY jzpfMu\/
,if;'kuo
pm trnf&aom kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;ESihf ork',opm
trnf&aom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[laom taMumif;w&m;wkdYum; 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkH ocFg&w&m;wkdY jzpfMu\/
tedpm'd0aoe 0d0da"[d tmuma&[d "ar ywDwd 0dyem/ (tbd?|?1?175/)
= tedp 'ku tewpaom trsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mwkdYjzifh
'kuopm ork',opm trnf&onfh ocFg&"rwdkYudk IwwfaomaMumifh 0dyemrnf\/ (tbd?|?1?175/)
t|uxm\ &Sif;vif;csufESifhtnD ,if;ocFg&w&m;wkdYudk
tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[k IymG ;ok;H oyfwwfaom Pfonf 0dyem
rnfayonf/
txufwiG f wifjyxm;aom oarm[0daem'eDt|uxmBu;D u1/ a&S;a&S; twdwfb0vnf;aumif;
2/ ,ck ypKyefb0vnf;aumif;
ocFg&w&m;wku
Yd kd tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[k vuPma&;ok;H wef
wifum 0dyem IymG ;ok;H oyfjcif; = ocFg&oroe[lonfh ykAa ,m*
usifhpOfESifh uif; opmav;yg;wdkYudk xkd;xGif;odjrifjcif; = y#dord'g
Pfrnfonf r&Sdpaumif;yg[k qkH;jzwfxm;ayonf/ (tbd?|?2?373/)
txufyg ygVdawmfEiS hf t|uxmtzGiw
hf Ykd vm&So
d nft
h wdik ;f
okyAk'BuD;onf a&S;a&S;twdwfb0wdkYuvnf; ocFg&w&m;wkdYudk
0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfcJhzl;\/ ,ck ypKyefb0wGifvnf; 0dyem
Pfrsm; &ifhusufvmonfhwkdifatmif ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk IyGm;
okH;oyfcJhzl;\[k rSwfom;ygav/ xkduJhodkY 0dyemPfrsm; &ifhusuf
vmaomtcgrSvnf; bk&m;&Siu
f opmav;yg;ESiphf yfaom w&m;pum;awmfrsm;udk a[mMum;ay;awmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/ ,if;w&m;awmfudk
emMum;Ny;D onf\tqk;H aomwmywrd *fPfzv
dk
f Pfov
Ykd nf; qku
d -f
a&mufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf[kvnf; rSwfom;ygav/
bk&m;&SifxHawmfodkY qkdufa&mufoGm;jcif;
tydkif;wGif O'gef;ygVdawmfu uJhodkY azmfjyxm;ayonf --xkt
d cg okyA 'k t
ElBu;D onf (0dyemorm'd|d + r*orm'd|d [laom
ESpfrsKd;aom) orm'd|dPfynmjzifh odjriftyfNyD;aom opmav;yg;
w&m; &Sdonfjzpf orm'd|dPfynmjzifh qkdufa&muftyfNyD;aom
opmav;yg;w&m; &Sdonfjzpf orm'd|dPfynmjzifh xdk;xGif;odtyfNy;D aom opmav;yg;w&m; &So
d nfjzpf orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh
xuf0ef;usif jynfhjynfhpkHpkH ouf0iftyfNyD;aom opmav;yg;w&m;
ed'geuxm ] 13
&Sdonfjzpf odkYavm odkYavm awG;awm,kHrSm;jcif; 0dpdudpmw&m;udk

ausmv
f mT ;vGeaf jrmufEidk o
f nfjzpf opmav;yg; jrwfw&m;udk orm'd|dPfynmjzifh xkd;xGif;odjrifrI &J&ifhjcif;odkY a&muf&Sdonfjzpf
bk&m;&Si\
f tqk;H tromoemawmf opmav;&yfw&m;jrwfukd orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifNyD; jzpfojzifh
opmav;yg; jrwfw&m;wdkYtay: olwpfyg;wdkYtm; udk;pm;um
,kMH unfrrI sK;d r&So
d nfjzpf bk&m;&Sif &Sad wmfr&l m t&yfoYkd csO;f uyfum
tvGef kdaopGm &Sdckd;NyD;aemuf oifhwifhavsmufywfaom wpfae&m
xkdifum bk&m;&Siftm; odkY avQmufxm;avonf/
]]jrwfpmG bk&m; ... w&m;awmfonf tvGef ESpo
f ufz,
G f &Syd gaypG?
jrwfpmG bk&m; ... w&m;awmfonf tvGeEf pS o
f ufz,
G f &Syd gaypG? jrwfpGmbk&m; ...jzpfoifhjzpf&m EdIif;ckdif;zG,f&m avmuOyrmrnfonfum; -- arSmufxm;aom t&m0wKudkrlvnf; vSefjyvkdufbdouJhodkY
zH;k vTr;f xm;tyfaom t&m0wKurdk v
l nf; zGiv
hf pS
f jyvku
d b
f o
d uJo
h Ydk
rsufpdvnf vrf;rSm;aeoltm;rlvnf; vrf;rSefudk ajymMum;jyvkdufbdouJhodkY ]]rsufpdtjrif &SdMuukefaom olwkdYonf lygkH trsKd;rsKd;wkdYudk
awGUjrifMuukefvwHU}}[k ESvkH;ydkufum trkdufarSmifxJrlvnf; qDrD;wefaqmifudk xGef;ndum udkifaqmifjyvdkufbdouJhodkY -- tvm;wlyif
bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf wpfyg;ru rsm;jym;vSaom
taMumif;y&d,m,fjzifh w&m;awmfudk xif&Sm;pGm a[mjyawmfrltyf
ygayNyD/ bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlygayaom jrwfpGmbk&m; ... xkd
bk&m;wynhaf wmfonf bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Siu
f kd ud;k uG,f
vJavsmif; yke;f atmif;rScD &dk m[l ,kMH unford w
S f qnf;uyfyg\? r*fzv
dk f
edAmef "ruef[k q,fwefxifay: w&m;awmfjrwfudkvnf; udk;uG,f
vJavsmif; ykef;atmif;rSDckd&m[l ,kHMunfodrSwf qnf;uyfyg\? &Spf
a,mufxifay: t&d,moHCmawmfjrwftaygif;udkvnf; ukd;uG,f
vJavsmif; ykef;atmif; rSDcdk&m[l ,kHMunfodrSwf qnf;uyfyg\/
bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf wynfhawmfudk ,aeYudk
tpjyK touf&n
S o
f rQ umvywfv;Hk &wemok;H yg;udk ,kMH unford w
S f
ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfwwfaom Oygoum 'g,um[l todtrSwf
jyKawmfrlygbk&m;}}[k o&P*kH aqmufwnfusifhokH;rIudk bk&m;&Siftm;
wifjyavQmufxm;avonf/ (O'ge?135/)
okyAk'BuD;onfum; avmukw&mo&P*kH wnfNyD;olyif jzpf\/
tb,faMumifh ,ckuo
hJ Ykd o&P*ku
H kd xyfrH aqmufwnfae&ygoenf;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/ txufygtwdkif; w&m;a'oemawmfudk csD;rGrf;awmfrl
Ny;D aemuf xkad 'oemawmfaMumifh &wemok;H yg;taygif; MunfnKd aom
pdwf"mwf udef;0yfvmonfjzpf&um; yoEmum& = MunfndKaomtjcif;t&m twGif;oabm tvdkqE = tZmo,"mwfudk xif&Sm;
jyKvyk jf yvko
d nft
h wGuf ,ckuo
hJ Ykd o&P*kH aqmufwnfusio
hf ;Hk oGm;jcif;
jzpfayonf/ (O'ge?|?261/)
xkt
d cg okyA 'k t
ElBu;D onf bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Siu
f
w&m;pum;awmfjzifh opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfudk xif&Sm;jyawmfrltyf
onf&Sdaomf w&m;awmfudk usifhokH;zkdY&ef aumif;pGm aqmufwnfap
tyfonf&adS omf w&m;awmfukd usio
hf ;Hk zk&Yd ef Pfukd aumif;pGm xufjrufaptyfonf&Sdaomf w&m;awmfudk usifhokH;zkdY&ef pdwf"mwfudk
aumif;pGm &Tiv
f ef;wuf<uaptyfonf&adS omf bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif
bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;jyoqkq
d ;Hk rawmfrt
l yfaom w&m;pum;awmfukd
tvGet
f rif; ESpo
f ufMunfjzL 0rf;ajrmufawmfral vaomaMumifh 0rf;ajrmufEkarmf om"kac:qkdNyD;aemuf xkdif&mae&mrS xum bkef;awmf
ajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Siu
f kd tvGef kad opGm &Scd ;dk 0wfjyKNy;D aemuf bk&m;&SifbufodkY vuftkyftvD ajrmufcsDum vufsm&pf okH;Budrfwdkifwdkif
vSnv
hf nfNy;D vQif bk&m;&Si\
f *kPaf us;Zl;awmftay: Gwu
f ikd ;f diI ;f -
ed'geuxm ] 15
aom pdwx
f m;&Sv
d suf bk&m;&Siu
f kd zl;jrif jrifEidk af vmufaom tmk-H
jyKEkdifavmufaom t&yfudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufonfwdkifatmif
bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Siu
f o
kd mvQif vuftyk t
f vD ajrm ufcsDum &Sdckd;vsuf zJcGmoGm;avonf/ (O'ge?136/ O'ge?|?262/)
,if;uJhodkY zJcGmoGm;aeaom okyAk'BuD;um; xkdtcsdeftcgwGif
Elema&m*gjzifh tjyif;txef tESyd pf ufcaH e&olvnf; jzpf\? vufacsmif;
ajcacsmif;wdkYuvnf; jywfaeMu\? em;ESpfzufwdkYuvnf; trd0rf;xJ
uwnf;u ysupf ;D cJMh uojzifh em;&Guw
f u
Ykd vnf; r&Sd jzpfaeMu\/ jrufrD;SL;jzifh tdIUNrdKufcH&ouJhodkY tvGef ylavmifaom cEmudk,fvnf;
&Sdae\? cEmudk,f\ ae&mtESHYtjym;rS jynfaoG;wdkYuvnf; wpDpD
,dpk ;D vsuf &Sad eMu\? tom;rsm; a<uusaeMuaom tkid ;f trmemwdjYk zifh
tvGef qif;&Jonfh 'kua 0'emwku
Yd vnf; tjyif;txef ESyd pf ufaeMu\?
rpifrMu,f &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f raumif;aom teHYtoufwdkYuvnf;
wvdIifvIdif xGufay:vsuf &SdMu\? pufqkyfzG,f taumif;qkH; tajctaerSm wnf&Sdae\? oem;pzG,f taumif;qkH;aom tajctaeodkY
qkdufa&mufae\/
]]uJhodkYaom cEmudk,f lyum,BuD;onf tvGef Nidrfouf
at;csrf;vSaom trGefjrwfqkH; "rjzpfonfh aomwmywdr*fPfzkdvfPfwnf;[laom t&d,"r\wnf&m jzpfzkdY&ef roifhawmfawmhay/}}
uJhodkY jzpfay:vmaom ESvkH;oGif; tZmo,"mwf &SdouJhodkY
o'g oDv okw pm* ynmwdkY jy"mef;vsuf&Sdaom olpkaqmif;xm;onfh aumif;rIuo
k v
kd u
f w
H w
Ykd iG f wpfcak om ewfjynf jzpfapwwfaom
aumif;rIuo
k v
kd u
f u
H vnf; tusK;d ay;zk&Yd ef cGijhf yKvsuf &Sad e\? tElb0oufwrf;udk wkad pwwfaom rlvtElb0odaYk &mufatmif ydaYk qmifay;-
wwfaom uH\tusKd;w&m;udk uyf jzwfwwfaom twdwfu
qnf;yl;cJh jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom jynfhwefqmrwpfOD;ukd owfjzwfcJhzl;onfh raumif;rI tukodkvfuHuvnf; tusKd;ay;zdkY&ef toufudk
wdkoGm;atmif jzwfawmufypfzkdY&ef wkdufwGef;vIHUaqmfvsuf &Sdae\/
xkdtcsdeftcgwGif EGm;om;i,fuav; &Sdaeaom EGm;rwpfaumifu
a0SUowfvdkufavonf/ odkYr[kwf twdwfb0u &efoljzpfcJhzl;aom
bDvl;ru ,if;EGm;r\ cEmudk,fwGif;odkY 0ifyl;um a0SYowfvdkufavonf? toufukefjcif;odkY a&muf&SdoGm;ayonf/
(O'ge?136/ O'ge?|?262/)
okyAk'BuD;onfvnf; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf ]]tdyfaomf a,mufsm;

Ekd;aomfvm;odkY}} wm0wom ewfjynfewfavmuodkY y#doaEtm;jzifh
uyfa&mufum tjcm;tjcm;aom ewfwx
Ykd uf tqifjh rifah om ewfom;
wpfOD; jzpfoGm;cJhavonf/ 0wKZmwfaMumif;udk taMumif;jyKum
bk&m;&Sifu o*gxm0*oH,kwfygVdawmf ouoH,kwf vm&Sdaom
'vd'okwefudk a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/
'vd'okwef
bk&m;&Sifonf a0VK0efausmif;wkdufawmfyif oDwif;okH; pHae
awmfrlckduf &[ef;awmfwdkYudk 'vd'okwefudk a[mMum;awmfrl
avonf/
&[ef;wdkY ... [dka&S;u jzpfcJhzl;onfum; -- &mZN*dK[fNrdKUyifvQif a,mufsm;wpfa,mufonf tvGef qif;&Jonfh vlrGJwpfOD;
jzpfc\
hJ ? txD;usef uyfyg;vlom;wpfO;D jzpfc\
hJ / t,kwn
f q
Hh ;Hk atmufwef;pm; vlom;wpfOD; jzpfcJh\/ xkda,mufsm;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;rawmfrltyfaom "r0de,omoemawmfjrwftwGif; ---
ed'geuxm ] 17
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
,kHMunfrI = o'gw&m;udk aqmufwnfusifhokH;cJh\/

udk,fusifh = oDvudk aqmufwnfusifhokH;cJh\/
tMum; + tjrif = okww&m;udk aqmufwnfusifhokH;cJh\/
ay;urf;pGefYMuJjcif; = pm*
pm*w&m;udk aqmufwnfusifhokH;cJh\/
(0dyemynm+r*fynm zkdvfynm) = ynm
ynmw&m;udk aqmufwnfusifhokH;cJh\/
xkad ,mufsm;onf jrwfpmG bk&m;onf a[mMum;jyo qkq

d ;Hk rawmf
rltyfaom "r0de, omoemawmfjrwftwGif; o'g oDv okw
pm* ynm - [laom olawmfaumif;w&m;wdu
Yk kd (aomwmywrd *fPf
zkv
d
f PfoYkd qku
d af &mufonfw
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ed'geuxm ] 23
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ypfxm;cJhvsuf t&yfwpfyg;odkY zJcGmoGm;cJhavonf/
xkdtcsdeftcgrSp okyAk'\ wpfudk,fvkH; ae&mtESHYtjym;rS
tom;pwdo
Yk nf wjznf;jznf; jywfa<uum usvmMuuke\
f ? jynfaoG;
ykyw
f u
Ykd vnf; ,kpd ;D um pD;qif;vmMuuke\
f ? tvGef Bu;D us,f jyif;xef
onfh qif;&Jonfh 'kua 0'emwdo
Yk nfvnf; xif&mS ; jzpfay:vmMuukef
\/ jrifuiG ;f wdu
Yk m; ol wnfaxmifvu
dk cf rhJ ad om uHw&m;rif;Bu;D u
pD&ifcsuf csrw
S af y;vdu
k o
f jzifh &&Sv
d maom tusK;d w&m;wkyYd if jzpfMu\?
tjypf'PfwdkYyif jzpfMu\/
okyA 'k o
nf rnfonfv
h rf;udrk qkd trSjD yKum tdypf ufcrhJ nfqv
dk Qif
xkv
d rf; wpfnOfv
h ;Hk us,af vmif jyif;jyonft
h oHjzifh atmfjrnfae&\/
xko
d yk A 'k \
oem;pzG,f idjk rnfwrf;aeonfh toHaMumifh wpfvrf;vk;H rSm
&SdaeMuonfh vltaygif;wdkYonf wpfnOfhvkH; tdyfpufEkdifcGifhudk r&Ekdif
jzpfaeMu\/ xdktcsdeftcgrSp csrf;csrf;omom tdyfpufaeMuonfh
oky = tdyaf ysm-f
olwu
Ydk kd tdy&f mrS Ek;d vmatmif jyKvyk af eaomaMumifh (ok
aeoludk Ak' = tdyf,mrS Ekd;vmatmif jyKvkyfol) okyAk' [laom
trnfonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmcJhavonf/
(O'ge?136-137/ oH?|?1?319-320/)
ol jyKpyk sK;d axmifco

hJ nfh ,kwn
f o
Hh nfh pdwaf epdwx
f m; ,kwn
f o
Hh nfh
tukov
kd u
f w
H &m;wku
Yd i&Juo
hJ Ykd ,kwn
f o
Hh nfh bkb
H 0odaYk &mufatmifvnf; ydkYaqmifay;vkdufMu\/ odkYaomf ,if;tukodkvfuHu vlUb0
y#doaEtusK;d udk ay;onfum; r[kwaf y/ twdwb
f 0xkx
d 0dk ,f o'g
oDv okw pm* ynmwnf;[laom aumif;rIuo
k v
kd w
f u
Ykd v
kd nf; olonf txdkuftavsmuf jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhzl;onfom jzpf\/ ,if;
ukodkvfuHwdkYwGif tqufqufa&mufxkdufaom b0xdkxkd tusKd;ay;jcif;iSm pGrf;Ekdifaom ty&my&d,a0'eD, ukokdvfuHwdkYvnf;
yg0ifMu\/ ,if;ty&my&d, aumif;rIuo
k v
kd u
f w
H pfcu
k vlUjynfvUl avmuwdYk wd[w
d yf #doaEtusK;d udk jzpfapcJ\
h / ,if;odYk wd[w
d yf #d-
ed'geuxm ] 27
oaEtusKd;udk ay;NyD;onf\ tjcm;rJhumv y0wdtcg yapuAk'g

bk&m;&Siftm; jypfrSm;rdcJhaom tukodkvfuHwdkYwGif wpfckaom ,if;
ukodkvf\ tusKd;udk uyf nOf;yef;ESdyfpufwwfaom ty&my&d,a0'eD, OyyDVuuHu oem;pzG,f tElvlrGJb0odkY a&mufatmif
ydkYaqmifay;vkdufjyef\/
wpfzef okyA 'k B u;D onf a*gwrbk&m;&Si\
f omoemawmfwiG ;f
o'g oDv okw pm* ynmwnf;[laom olawmfaumif;Opm &wemwku
Yd kd aomwmywrd *fPfzv
dk
f PfoYkd qku
d af &mufEidk af vmufatmif
pkaqmif;EkdifcJh\? qnf;yl;EkdifcJh\? jyKpkysKd;axmifEkdifcJh\/ xkdaMumifh
aomwmyefb0odkY qkdufa&mufcJh&jyef\/
,if; o'g oDv okw pm* ynmwnf;[laom olawmfaumif;Opm &wemwdkY\ teuft"dyg,f wpfpdwfwpfa'oudk ]]vlrJGwkdY\
xGu&f yfvrf;}}}}[laom usr;f pmi,fwiG f &Si;f vif;wifjyxm;ayonf/
odaYk omf ae&mwGif ar;jref;zk&Yd ef tcsuw
f pf&yf ay:vmjyef\/
okyAk'BuD;onf olawmfaumif;Opmig;yg;wdkYwGif ay;urf;pGefYMuJjcif;
pm*
pm*w&m;udk rnfoYkd rnfyHk qnf;yl; pkaqmif;cJyh goenf;[k ar;&ef&\
dS /
tajzrSm odkY jzpf\/
pm*Ed yXrr*0ZudavombdocFg&meH a0g*ocFgwH pm*H?

a,e t&d,om0um a',s"arok rkwpm*g p a[mEd y,wygPD
a0g*&wm/ (O'ge?|?266/)
pm*
pm*w&m;[lonf aomwmywdr*fPfjzifh y,fowftyfaom
udavomrsm;ESifh tyg,fb0opfudk jyKjyifay;wwfonfh tukodkvfuH
tukodkvftbdocFg&w&m;wkdYudk pGefYvTwfjcif; y,fowfjcif;[laom
pm*w&m;yifwnf;/ ,if;pm*w&m;aMumifh t&d,molawmfaumif;wdo
Yk nf vSLzG,0f wKypn;f pkwu
Ykd kd vGwv
f w
G f pGeMYf uMJ uuke\
f ? ay;vSLzk&Yd ef
pifMu,fpmG aq;aMumxm;Ny;D aom vuf&dSMuuke\
f ? ay;urf;pGeMYf ujJ cif;
arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufMuukef\/ (O'ge?|?266/)
wpfzef a&S;a&S;bk&m;&SifwdkY\ omoemawmfwGif;vnf;aumif;
a*gwrbk&m;&Si\
f omoemawmfwiG ;f vnf;aumif; atmifatmif
jrifjrif jyKpkysKd;axmifxm;aom o'g oDv okw pm* ynmwnf;[laom olawmfaumif;w&m;wkdY jy"mef;vsuf&Sdaom aumif;rIukodkvf
uHww
Ykd iG f wpfcak om aumif;rIuo
k v
kd u
f u
H vnf; wm0wom ewfom;b0[laom tusKd;w&m;udk ay;zkdY&ef tcgtcGifh oifhvmjyef\/
vGecf ahJ om wpfcak om twdwb
f 0u jynfwefqmrudk owfjzwfcJzh ;l onfh ygPmwdygw tukov
kd u
f u
H vnf; tusK;d ay;zk&Yd ef tcgtcGihf
oifhaejyef\/ ,if;tukokdvfuHum; okyAk'\ oufwrf;udk wdkoGm;
atmif uyf jzwfwwfaom Oyap'u tukov
dk u
f yH if jzpf\/ ,if;
tukov
kd u
f u
H vnf; aphaqmf wdu
k w
f eG ;f vku
d o
f jzifh EGm;ru a0SUowfvkdufjyef\/ odkYaomf ol pkaqmif;cJhonfh txufwGif wifjyxm;onfh
wpfcak om aumif;rIuo
k v
kd u
f u
H vnf; tvGef tqift
h wef; jrifrh m;onfh wm0wom ewfom;b0odYk a&mufatmif ydaYk qmifay;vku
d jf yef\/
uHw&m;rif;BuD;u trIwGJudk pdppfum pD&ifcsuf csay;vdkufjcif;yif
jzpf\/
EGm;a0SY towfcH& jcif;\ taMumif;&if;

okyAk'um; vGefavNyD;aom twdwfb0wpfck0,f olaX;om;
jzpfczhJ ;l \/ olUrSm rdwaf qG olaX;om; ok;H a,mufwv
Ykd nf; &S\
d / (,if;rdwfaqGokH;a,mufwdkYwGif wpfa,mufum; a*gwrbk&m;&Sif\
omoemawmfwGif; ykuKomwdtrsKd;aumif;om; wpfa,mufum;
t&SiAf m[d,'gkp&d ,
d wpfa,mufum; wr'gXdu vlowfa,mufsm;
toD;toD; jzpfvm\/) wpfaeYwGif olaX;om; rdwfaqGav;a,muf-
ed'geuxm ] 29
wdkYonf jynfwefqmrwpfOD;udk ac:aqmifum O,smOfawmfwpfckodkY

oGm;a&mufNyD; wpfaeYwmywfvkH; aysmfyg;Mu\/ ae0ifoGm;aomtcg
rdwaf qGav;OD;wdo
Yk nf tnDtGwf wdik yf ifum jynfwefqmrudk owfzkdY&ef tojymwpfaxmifESifh tzkd;wef vuf0wfwefqmwdkYudk ,lzkdY&ef
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMu\/ xkdodkY BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMupOf -]]'Dval wG[m t&Surf &Sw
d hJ vlawG jzpfMuw,f? tMuifem uif;rJw
h hJ
vlawG jzpfMuw,f? igESit
hf wl udavomjzifh aygif;azmfjcif;udk wpfaeYwmywfvkH; jyKusifhNyD;aemuf tjypfr&SdwJh ighudk vuf0wfwefqm tzkd;
wef&wem Opmypn;f tay: wG,w
f mrufarmjcif; "eavmbaMumifh
owfMuw,f? ighukd 'DwpfBurd af wmh owfMuygap? igonf bDv;l rjzpfNy;D
awmh oif;wdu
Yk kd tBurd rf sm;pGm owfjzwfz&Ydk ef pGr;f Ekid o
f l jzpfyg&ap...}}
uJhodkYaom awmifhwrI = ywemudk jyKum uG,fvGefoGm;cJh\/
uJhodkY jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom tukodkvfuHaMumifh olav;a,mufpvkH;wdkYonf t&mruaom cEmudk,ftwabm bDvl;rjzpfaeaom
xkt
d rsK;d orD;u EGm;ra,mifaqmifum odrYk [kwf EGm;r\ uk,
d t
f wGi;f odYk
yl;0ifum a0SUowfojzifh aoausysupf ;D cJMh u&\/ xkt
d rsK;d aumif;om;
av;OD;pvkH;wdkYonf xkdtukodkvfuH\ tusKd;qufaMumifh xkdxdkb0
oufwrf;rukeq
f ;Hk rD pyfMum;umv0,f aoausysupf ;D jcif;odYk a&muf&-dS
cJMh u&avonf/ ,if;tukov
kd u
f u
H yif okyA 'k \
oufwrf;udk uyf
jzwfwwfaom Oyap'u uHtjzpf &yfwnfum okyAk'\ wd[dwfy#doaEtusKd;udk ay;vdkufaom wd[dwfukodkvfuH\ tusKd;w&m;udk
uyf jzwfawmufum taqmwvsif aoausysupf ;D &jcif;odYk a&mufatmif ydkYaqmifvdkufayonf/ (O'ge?|?262-263/)
xkdaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu plVur0db*FokwefwGif odkY a[mMum;awmfrlcJhjcif; jzpf\/
urH oaw 0dbZwd ,'d'H [DeyPDwwm,/ (r?3?244/)
= uHw&m;onf ow0gawGudk ,kwfnhHolwpfa,muf jzpfoGm;atmif jrifhjrwfolwpfa,muf jzpfoGm;atmif cGJwrf;csay;ayonf/
(r?3?244/)
uJo
h Ykd bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nfEiS t
hf nD okyA 'k B u;D udk
,kwfnhHolwpfa,muf jzpfoGm;atmif jrifhjrwfolwpfa,muf jzpfoGm;atmif oljyKpyk sK;d axmifcahJ om uHw&m;rif;Bu;D uyif ol\ trIwGJ
rsm;udk rSerf eS u
f efuef wdwu
d sus ppfaq;twnfjyKum trdeaYf wmfjrwf
k e fwiG f
csrw
S af y;vdu
k jf cif;yif jzpf\/ xkad Mumifh bk&m;&Siu
f *'KvA'ow
odkY qkdqkH;rxm;awmfrlcJh\/
womwd[ bdua0 tbduPH ouH pdwH ypa0udwAH ]]'DC&wrd'H pdwH oHudvd|H &ma*e a'gaoe arma[em}}wd/ pdwoHuad vom bdua 0 owm oHuv
d
d E?d pdwa 0g'gem owm 0doZk E/d
(oH?2?123/)
= cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk ... xkad Mumifh omoemawmfjrwftwGi;f
oifcspfom;wkdYonf oifcspforD;wdkYonf ]] igwdkY\ pdwfonf
aeYnOfhoHo&m &SnfjrifhpGmaom tcsdeftcg umvywfvkH; &m*aMumifh
npfErG ;f ae&\? a'goaMumifh npfErG ;f ae&\? arm[aMumifh npfErG ;f ae
&\/}}[k odv
Yk Qif rdr\
d pdwu
f kd rMumcP qifjcifay;Muyg/ cspo
f m;&[ef;wdYk ... pdw"f mwfawG npfErG ;f jcif;aMumifh ow0gwdo
Yk nf npfEGr;f Mu&uke\
f ? pdw"f mwfawG jzLpifoef&Y iS ;f jcif;aMumifh ow0gwdo
Yk nf
jzLpifoefY&Sif;Mu&ukef\/ (oH?2?123/)
usr;f pmi,fukd zwfaI eMuukeaf om olawmfaumif;taygif;wkYd
onfvnf; bk&m;&Sif qkq
d ;Hk rxm;awmfro
l nft
h wkid ;f ]]igwk\
Yd pdw-f
"mwfonf &m*aMumifh npfEGrf;ae&\? a'goaMumifh npfEGrf;ae&\?
arm[aMumifh npfErG ;f ae&\/}}[k odv
Yk Qif rMumcP qifjcifMuuke-f
ed'geuxm ] 31
vsuf npfEGrf;aeaom rdrd\ pdwf"mwfudk jzLpifoefY&Sif;oGm;atmif

o'g oDv okw pm* ynm
ynm-wnf;[laom olawmfaumif;Opm a&pif
&wemwdkYjzifh aq;aMumokwfoifEkdifMuygapaom0f ...[k ywemrI
jyKtyfygownf;/
"ar a[mE K o*g&0g/
= o'rokH;jzm tqkH;tromoemawmf kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMu
ygapukefownf;/
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
1367-ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfv
32 ! zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
yk*dKvfwpfa,muf\ oEmefrSm
bmjzpf&ygvkd\ nmjzpf&ygvkd\ ponfjzifh
qkawmif;yefxGmrI xif&Sm;&Sdaew,f?
okdYaomf
o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmvdkY
ac:qkdtyfwJh olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;u
xif&Sm; r&Sdjyefbl;?
r&SdcJhvQifvnf;
xkdyk*dKvf\ qkawmif;yefxGmrIonf
qkawmif;wJhtwkdif;
jynfhpkHEkdifwJhoabm &Sdovm;
r&Sdbl;/
bmjzpfvkdYvJ
o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmESifh &if;NyD;rS
rdrd vkdvm;awmifhwaewJh b0qkdwm
&EkdifwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ (pmrsufESm-50)
vlrJGwkdY\ xGuf&yfvrf; (ocFgkyywdokwef) ! 33
(ocFgkyywdokwef w&m;a'oemawmf)
(r?3?140-146/)
1358-ckEpS ?f e,kev
f qef; 13-&ufaeY? wpfaeYwmqGr;f tvSL&Si-f
rsm;tm; tEkarm'emw&m;tjzpfjzifh a[mMum;tyfaom rZdredum,f
Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf vm&Sad om ocFgkyywo
d w
k e f w&m;a'oemawmf --a'oemawmfjrwf[m &Snfvsm;aom okwef w&m;a'oemawmfwpfck jzpfygw,f/ xdka'oemawmf\ qdkvdk&if;avmufudkom
aumufEkwfcsufcsNyD; 'Dn a[mMum;zdkY &nf&G,fxm;ygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif
om0wjd ynf aZw0efausmif;wdu
k f oDwif;ok;H pHaeawmfrcl u
kd f bk&m;&Siu
f ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfyEHk iS hf ywfoufNy;D &[ef;awmfwu
Ykd kd ocFgkyywo
d w
k e f w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfrjl cif; jzpfygw,f/ xdo
k w
k e -f
\ qdkvkd&if;u b,fvdkoabm&SdovJ
olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;
" bdua0 bduK o'g, orEm*awm a[mwd? oDave
orEm*awm a[mwd? okawe orEm*awm a[mwd? pma*e
orEm*awm a[mwd? ynm, orEm*awm a[mwd/
bdua 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wd/Yk " = omoemawmfjrwftwGi;f /
bduK = a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf/ o'g, = &wemokH;wef uHuH\tusKd;w&m;tay: ouf0if,kHMunfaom o'gw&m;ESifh/
orEm*awm = jynfph o
Hk nf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ okawe = tMum;tjrif
A[kkww&m;ESifh/ orEm*awm = jynfhpHkonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
pma*e = ay;urf; pGefYMuJjcif; pm*w&m;ESifh/ orEm*awm =
jynfhpHkonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ ynm, = 0dyemPfynmESifh/
orEm*awm = jynfhpHkonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
1/ o'gw&m;&Sd jcif;
&wemokH;yg;udk udk;uG,f qnf;uyfaewJh Ak'bmom olawmfpif
rSecf v
hJ Qif &[ef;yJjzpfap &Siyf jJ zpfap vlyjJ zpfap b,fy*k Kd vrf qkd &do
S if-h
&SdxdkufwJh olawmfaumif;Opm ig;rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ eHygwfwpf olawmfaumif; Opmu o'gw&m; jzpfw,f? olawmfaumif;wkdY[m &wemoH;k wef uH-uH\tusK;d w&m;tay: ouf0if,MHk unfaewJh o'gw&m;ESifh jynfhpkH&r,f/
&wemokH;wef uH uH\tusKd;tay: ,kHMunfcsuf o'gw&m;
&Sd&w,f/ jzLpifajzmifhrSefwJh cdkifjrJwJh o'gw&m; &Sd&w,f/ ckdifjrJwJho'gw&m; &&SdzdkYqdkwm aemufajymr,fh okww&m; ynmw&m;wkdYESifh
aygif;pyfygrS cdkifjrJwJh o'gw&m;udk &&SdrSmjzpfw,f/
2/ oDvjzLpifjcif;
eHygwfEpS u
f ud,
k u
f sio
hf v
D jzLpifzYkd vdt
k yfygw,f/ &[ef;qdv
k Qi-f
vnf; &[ef;ESifh xdkufwefwJh ygwdarmuoH0&oDvpwJh oDvBuD;
av;yg;udk jzLpifatmif jznfhusifhEkdifzdkY vdktyfw,f/ vljzpfvQifvnf;
vlweYkd YJ xdu
k w
f efwhJ ig;yg;oDv &Spyf g;oDv ud;k yg;oDv q,fyg;oDv-
qdkwJh udk,fusifhoDvawGukd jzLpifatmif xdef;odrf; apmifha&SmufEkdifzdkY

vdkygw,f/
atmufxpfqkH; yrmPtm;jzifh ajymr,fqdkvQifawmh ig;yg;oDv
jrJzYdk vdktyfw,f/ Ak'bmomolawmfaumif;rSefcJhvQif Ak'bmomukd
taMumif;jyK tm;ud;k &mudk &SmazG&rSmjzpfawmh tm;ud;k oifh tm;ud;k xdkufwJh w&m;awGxJrSm 'Dudk,fusifhoDvu tajccH tkwfjrpftjzpf
yg0ifaeygw,f/ &wemokH;yg;udk udk;uG,f qnf;uyfaewJh Oygoum
'g,um Oygodum 'g,dumr rSefcJhvQif - eHygwfwpf -- olUtowf
rowfbJ a&SmifMuOf&r,f? eHygwfEpS f -- olUypn;f rw&m;r,lbJ a&SmifMuOf&r,f? eHygwfoHk; -- olUom;r,m; rzsufqD;bJ a&SmifMuOf&r,f?
eHygwfav; -- rkom;pum; rajymbJ a&SmifMuOf&r,f/ eHygwfig; - rl;,pfaq;0g;rSeforQ tm;vHk; a&SmifMuOf&r,f/ udk,fusifhoDv b,fESpfck&SdovJ ig;ck &Sdygw,f/
'Dudk,fusifhoDvu oHo&mc&D;oGm;wJh tpdwftykdif;ESifh oHo&mc&D;rS vGwaf jrmufa&;wdrYk mS tajccH tkwjf rpftjzpf tm;ud;k tm;xm;jyK&r,fh w&m;ppf w&m;rSeaf wG jzpfygw,f/ xdw
k &m;ppf w&m;rSew
f jYkd zifh
jynfhpkHwJh olawmfaumif;ukd 'Dw&m;awGu wpfqifhxufwpfqifh jrifhonfxuf jrifah ewJh b0okYd a&mufatmif (31)bkH oHo&mc&D;rS vGw-f
ajrmuf&m jzpfonfh edAm efoYkd a&mufonfw
h ikd af tmif tqifq
h ifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh eHygwfESpf tajccH tkwfjrpftjzpf
bk&m;&Sifu udk,fusifhoDvESifh jynfhpkH&r,fvdkY trdefY&Sdw,f/
3/ A[kkwrsm;jym;jcif;
eHygwfoHk;u tMum;tjrif A[kkw rsm;jym;jcif;yJ jzpfw,f/
bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfawGukd oifot
d m;jzifh odjcif;[k ac:qdt
k yfaom
tm*rokw usifhodtm;jzifh odjcif;[k ac:qdktyfaom t"d*rokw
'Dw&m;ESpfyg;ESifh jynfhpHk&w,f/ bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfawGu aAm"dyud,w&m; (37)yg;udk OD;wdkufaeygw,f/ xdkaAm"dyud,w&m;
(37)yg;udk tqDnpfxkwfvkdufawmh r*if(8)yg;? r*if(8)yg;udk xyfNyD;
tqDnp x
f w
k v
f u
kd v
f Qif oDvusiphf Of orm"dusiphf Of ynmusiphf Ofqw
kd hJ
usifhpOfoHk;&yf xGufay:vmw,f/
oDvudk b,fvkd usifh&r,fqdkwm oifodtaeeJY od&r,f? vufawGUvnf; usi&hf r,f/ orm"dukd b,fvkd xlaxmif&r,fqw
kd m oifod
taeeJY yxr od&r,f? 'kwd, usifhodtaeESifh odatmif rdrd kyfemrf
oEmeftpOfrmS orm"dw&m;awG ude;f 0yfvmatmif BuKd ;pm;&r,f/ oifodusifhod 'DtodESpfck&Sdonfh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dorm"dudk tajccHNyD; kyfawGukd [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG odatmif emrfawGudk [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG odatmif
yxr oifodtaeeJY avhusifh&r,f/ 'kwd, usifhodtaeESifh odatmif
avhusifh&r,f/
'Dae&mrSm okwt*Fg&yfESifh ywfoufvkdY b,fvkd A[kkwrsKd;ukd
qdv
k w
kd ,fqw
kd m xyfNy;D ajymOD;r,f? rZdryPmoygVdawmf aocokwe f
(r?2?19/)rSm A[kkwt*Fg&yfukd 'Dvkd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f -A[kak wm a[mwd okw"a&m okwoEdp a,m? a, aw "rm
tm'duvsmPm raZuvsmPm y&da,momeuvsmPm omwm
oAsem au0vy&dykPH y&dok'H jA[p&d,H tbd0'Ed? wxmlyg
"rm A[kkwm a[mEd "mwm 0pom y&dpdwm reomEkayudwm
'd|d,m oky#d0d'g/ (r?2?19/)
tm*rokw = oifodA[kkw
bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;awmfawG[m oDvusiphf Ofqw
dk hJ tp&JUaumif;jcif;ESiv
hf nf; jynfph w
kH ,f? orm"dusiphf Ofqw
kd hJ tv,f&UJ aumif;jcif;ESi-hf
vnf; jynfhpHkw,f? ynmusifhpOfqdkwJh tqHk;&JU aumif;jcif;ESifhvnf;

jynfph w
kH ,f/ a[mMum;xm;awmfrw
l hJ pum;vH;k awGuvnf; odyNf y;D awmh
odv,
G w
f ,f? oef&Y iS ;f w,f/ 'Dpum;vH;k awG&UJ qdv
k &kd if; teufoabmw&m;awGuvnf; tESpo
f m& jynfph akH ew,f/ vlewfeAd m ef oH;k wefaom
csrf;omukd &&Sda&;twGuf tbufbufrS jynfhjynfhpHkpHk a[mMum;xm;awmfrw
l w
hJ &m;awG jzpfw,f/ Ekwyf ,fzv
Ykd nf; rvdb
k ;l ? xyfxnfzh v
Ydk nf;
rvkdbl;/
Oyrm --- r*if&Spfyg; qdkMupdkY? edAmefukd &&Sda&;twGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;u r*i&f pS yf g; usiphf Ofw&m;awGudk a[mMum;oGm;awmfryl gw,f/
]]'Dr*if&Spfyg;u wpfckawmh ykdaew,f? r*ifckepfyg;ESifh edAmefudk oGm;vQifvnf; &Ekdifygw,f}}vdkY Ekwfy,fMunfh? Ekwfy,fvdkY r&Ekdifbl;/
]]r*ifwpfyg;awmh vdkaeao;ygw,f}}vdkY xyfxnfhMunfhvQifvnf;
xnfhvdkY r&Edkifbl;? 'Davmuftxd jynfhjynfhpHkpHk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dvdk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh w&m;awGudk &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u okdYr[kwf olawmfaumif; wpfOD;u tvGwf&atmif
avhusifhNyD;awmh EIwfiHkaqmifxm;w,f/ 'Dvdk EIwfiHkaqmifxm;EdkifwJh
oabmukdawmh tm*rokw = oifodA[kkwvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm enf;enf; xyfNyD; ajymcsifao;w,f? 'DvkdqdkvQif
edAmefudk vkdcsifwJhyk*dKvfu bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfawGukd tukefvHk;
EIwfiHkaqmif&awmhrSmvm;vdkYawmh ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ tukefvHk; EIwfiHk
aqmifxm;Ekid v
f Qiaf wmh taumif;qH;k yJ? odaYk omf 'Dae&mrSm ajymvdw
k muawmh 'Dvykd g? Oyrm - ig;yg;oDvqdMk upd?Yk ig;yg;oDvukd aqmufwnf
usifhoHk;vkdwJh yk*dKvfu ig;yg;oDvqkdwmu bmawG? b,fvkd aqmufwnf usifhoHk;&r,f ponfjzifh em;vnfxm;NyD;jzpfzdkY rSwfrdaezdkY
vdt
k yfygw,f/
ig;yg;oDvtaMumif;ukd rodem;rvnfwJh yk*dKvfwpfa,mufu
ig;yg;oDvudk jzLpifatmif apmifhxdef;zdkYqdkwm b,fvkdrS rjzpfEkdifbl;?
tvm;wlyJ &Spyf g;oDv q,fyg;oDvawGukd aqmufwnf usio
hf ;kH vdw
k hJ
olawG[mvnf; &Spfyg;oDv q,fyg;oDvawGudk wwfod em;vnfzkdY
rSwfrdzdkY vdktyfygw,f/ tvm;wlyif olawmfaumif;wpfOD;u &[ef;b0odkY a&muf&SdvmwJhtwGuf &[ef;oDvawGukd jzLpifatmif apmifhxdef;csifw,fqdkvQif rdrd apmifhxdef;&r,fh 0denf;oDvawGudk wwfod
em;vnfxm;NyD;jzpfzkdY rSwfrdaezdkY vdkygw,f/ 'Dvdk wwfod em;vnfzkdY
rSwrf ad ezdq
Yk w
kd m tvGw&f atmif usuo
f ifw
h hJ tydik ;f awGukd usu&f rSm
jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ orm"dydkif; a&mufvmwJhtcgrSmvnf; tmemygeudk
pwkwp smefoYdk qdu
k o
f nfw
h idk af tmif b,fvydk mG ;&r,f? uokP
d ;f (10)yg;udk b,fvkd yGm;&r,f? ormywf(8)yg;udk b,fvkd yGm;&r,f? jA[pkd&fw&m;awGukd b,fvdk yGm;&r,f ponfjzifh yGm;yHk enf;pepfawGuakd wmh
yxr a&S;OD;pGm q&morm;xHrSm oif,l&rSm jzpfygw,f/ roifbJeJY
tvdkvdk wwfzdkYqdkwm rarQmfrSef;tyfwJh t&mawGom jzpfw,f/ rdrdu
oif,lxm;wJhtwkdif; wpfzefvufawGU atmifjrifatmif usifh&rSm
jzpfw,f/
tvm;wlyJ ynmpcef; a&mufvmNyD qkdMupdkY? a&S;OD;pGm rdrdu
0dyempcef;udk usichf siw
f ,fqv
dk Qif 0dyemqdw
k mubmvJ? b,fvdk
usifh&rvJ 'DtaMumif;t&mawGudk yxr q&morm;xHrSm csOf;uyfum oif,l&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm ynmESifh orm'd|dr*ifwdkY[m
t"dyg,f wlnDMuygw,f/ bmudk orm'd|d = rSefuefwJh todtjrifvkdY
ac:qko
d vJ bk&m;&Siu
f r[mowdy|meokwe f (r?1?88/)rSm orm'd|-d
av;rsKd; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
1/
2/
3/
4/
'kuopmukd odwJhPfonf orm'd|d

ork',opmudk odwJhPfonf orm'd|d
'kucsKyf&m eda&m"opmudk odwJhPfonf orm'd|d
'kucsKyf&m eda&m" = edAmefokdY a&mufaMumif;usifhpOfjzpfwJh
r*opmukd odwJhPfonf orm'd|d
'Dvdk orm'd|dudk av;rsKd;cJGum a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/

'Dopmav;yg;xJrSm 'kuopmESifh ork',opmwkdYukd oHo&m0#frSm
vnfywfaewJh opmw&m;awGjzpfvkdY 0opmw&m;awGvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/ eda&m"opmESihf r*opmw&m;awGuakd wmh oHo&m0#frS xGu-f
ajrmufaMumif; ed,smeduw&m;aumif;awGjzpfvYkd 0d0opmw&m;awGvYdk
ac:qkdygw,f/
awok bduKaem 0a ur|membdeda0aom a[mwd? 0d0a
ewd tbdeda0aom/ (tbd?|?2?109)
'Dvdk oarm[0daem'eD t|uxmBuD;u zGifhqdkxm;wJhtwGuf
'kuo
pmw&m; ork',opmw&m;awG[m 0dyembm0emur|mef;
pD;jzef;&r,fh 0dyemPf&JU tIcH tmHkw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
0d0opmw&m;awGuawmh 0dyemI&r,fh w&m;awG r[kwfMuygbl;/ 'gaMumifh t|omvdeDt|uxmu 0dyem
emqdkwJh pum;vHk;udk
'Dvkd t"dyg,fzGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
tedpm 'd0aoe 0d0ad "[d tmuma&[d "ar ywDwd 0dyem/
(tbd?|?1?175/)
'kuopm"r ork',opm"rawGudk tedpyJ 'kuyJ tewyJvdkY

'Dvkd trsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mwkdYjzifh IwwfwJhPfukd 0dyem
emvdkY
ac:qkw
d ,fqNdk y;D 'Dvdk &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f/ 'Dvq
dk v
dk Qif 0dyembm0em
ur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;csiw
f hJ yk*Kd v[
f m - 'kuo
pmw&m;awGu bmawGvJ
ork',opmw&m;awGu bmawGvJ rdrd 0dyemIr,fh w&m;awGukd
odzkdY rvkdbl;vm; vdktyfygw,f/
oHcdawe yKyg'geuEm 'kum/ (oH?3?369/ r?1?84/)
vd&k if;wk&d iS ;f ajym&vQiaf wmh Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;onf 'kuo
pmw&m;rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ "rpMuma'oemawmf r[mowdy|meokwe f
a'oemawmfawGrSm 'DvdkyJ a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ [kd t*FkwdK&f
ygVdawmf wduedygwf wdwm ,weokwe f (tH?1?178/)rSmawmh aMumif;usKd; qufEG,frI = y#dporkyg'foabmw&m;awGudk ork',opmvkdY
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
'Dawmh a,m*Dyk*dKvfu 0dyemIawmhr,fqkdvQif 'kuopmw&m;awGu bmawGvJ aMumif;usKd; qufEG,frI y#dporkyg'fw&m;qkw
d hJ ork',opmw&m;awGu bmawGvJ 'Dw&m;awGudk odatmif
b,fvkd I&rvJ 'Dw&m;awGukd b,fvdk 0dyemI&rvJ 'DtaMumif;
t&mawGudk odatmif q&morm;xHrSm yxr oif,l&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd
oif,lvkdY &&SdwJh oifod todPfudkawmh tm*rokwvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/ y&d,wdAm[kop = y&d,wdA[kkwvkdYvnf; ac:qdkygw,f/
(O'ge?|?266/)
'Dvkd oifodtaeeJY oif,lwJhtydkif;rSm cEmig;yg;vkdY ac:qdkaewJh

lyuEmqkdwmu bmawG bmawG? a0'emuEm onmuEm ocFg&uEmqdkwJh apwodufocFg&w&m;awG qkdwmu bmawG bmawG?
0dnmPuEmqdkwJh todpdwfawGu bmawG bmawG -- qdkwmukd
q&morm;xHrmS EIww
f uf&atmif rSwrf ad tmifawmh oif,&l ygw,f/
'Dvkd oif,el nf;jzpfvYkd tm*rokwvkYd ac:qkyd gw,f/ 'Dtm*rokwudyk J
d m&nf&,
G af wmfrNl y;D awmh txufyg ygVdawmfrmS "mwm 0pom y&dpw
qkdNyD; a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
t"d*rokw = usio
hf Ad [kw
k
'Dvkd oif,lHkESifhawmh rNyD;ao;bl;? bmqufvkyf&rvJ reomEkayudwm 'd|d,m oky#d0d'g - qkdNyD; ygVdawmfrSm qufNyD; a[mxm;awmfrljyefw,f/ 'D'kuopmw&m; ork',opmw&m;awGudk pdwfESifh
tzefzef txyfxyf I&r,f? orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&r,fvkdY 'Dvkd
qufNyD; a[mxm;awmfrljyefw,f/ 'gaMumifh t|uxmu 'Dvkd
zGifhqkdxm;awmfrljyefw,f/
reomEkayudw
mwd pdawe Moavmudwm/ 'd|,
d m oky# 0d 'd g wd
twawm p um&Pawm p ynm, ok|K y#d0d'g ypuH uwm/
(tH?|?2?364/)
'kuopm ork',opm ESpfck&SdwJhteuf 'kuopmw&m;awGu

tusK;d w&m;jzpfvYdk tJ'D 'kuo
pm w&m;pkawGukd twvYdk ac:qkw
d ,f/
ork',opmw&m;awGu taMumif;w&m;jzpfvdkY tJ'D ork',opm
w&m;awGudk um&P
um&PvkdY ac:qdkygw,f/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;awmhr,fqdkvQif 0dyemPf&JU tIcH tmHkjzpfwJh twtrnf&wJh 'kuopmw&m;pkawG um&Ptrnf&wJh ork',opmw&m;pkawGudk
a&S;OD;pGm odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'v
D dk odatmif
BudK;pm; tm;xkwfwJhtydkif;rSm -- ynm, ok|K y#d0d'g ypuH uwm qkdwJh t|uxmtzGifhESifhtnD orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwkdif rsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ygw,f? usifh&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd udk,fwkdif wu,fvufawGU usifhvkdufvkdY orm'd|dPfjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifvmwJh todudkawmh
t"d*rokw = usiv
hf &Ydk &Sv
d mwJh A[kw
k vdYk ac:ygw,f/ O'gef; t|-
uxm(O'ge?|?266/)um; ,if;t"d*rokwudk y#da0"Am[kop =
y#da0"A[kkwvdkYvnf; ac:a0:oHk;pJGxm;ygw,f/
'Dawmh a,m*Dy*k Kd vu
f 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;awmhr,fqv
kd Qif 'Dtm*rokwac:wJh ]oifo}d t"d*rokwac:wJh ]usio
hf }d 'DtodEpS rf sK;d ukd &&Sad tmif yxr odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f ygw,f/
'kuo
pmtrnf&wJh kyw
f &m;emrfw&m; = cEmig;yg;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; y&rw
"robm0odYk qdu
k o
f nfw
h ikd af tmif [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f odwwfwhJ
orm'd|dPfudkvnf; &&Sd&r,f? ork',opmtrnf&wJh taMumif;
y&rwfw&m;awGuv
kd nf; [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f odwwfwhJ orm'd|d
Pfudkvnf; &&Sd&r,f/
kyef mrfuv
dk nf; [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f odjcif; xkd yk ef mrfawG&UJ
taMumif;w&m;ukv
d nf; [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG xk;d xGi;f odjcif;qdw
k hJ 'Dorm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh uk,
d w
f idk f rsuaf rSmuf odaewJh tMum;tjrif A[kw
k
&Sd&r,f/ 'DtMum;tjrif A[kkwt& olawmfaumif;u od&rnfh
w&m;awGonf kyef mrfy&rw"mwfom;awGjzpfawmh xkd yk ef mrfy&rw
"mwfom;awGu opma'oemawmfenf;t& bmopmvJ 'kuopm?
xkd yk ef mrf y&rw"mwfom;awG&UJ taMumif;w&m;awGu bmopmvJ
ork',opm? 'kuopmw&m; ork',opmw&m;awGukd y&rwfodkY
Pftjrifqkdufatmif udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xkd;xGif;odwJh xkdyk*dKvf
oEmef okwqkdwJh olawmfaumif;Opm jynfhpkHNyD? xkdokwqkdwJh
olawmfaumif;Opm jynfhpkHaewJh Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifwpfOD;onf
aemufxyfwpfzef jynfhpkHoifh jynfhpkHxdkufwJh w&m;awGu b,fw&m;awGvJ
4/ pm*w&m;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif;
pma*e orEm*awm = ay;urf; pGeMYf ujJ cif; pm*w&m;eJY jynfph &Hk -
w,f/ 'DaeY tvSL&Sifrsm;uJYokdY &wemokH;wef uH-uH\tusKd;w&m;

tay: ,kMH unf ouf0ifaewJh o'gw&m; rsK;d aph tay: tajcpdu
k Nf y;D
oDvwnf;[laom ajray:rSm &yfwnfNyD; tMum;tjrif A[kkw
rsm;jym;jcif;wnf;[laom orm'd|d Pfynmw&m;awG jcH&Hvsuf
ay;urf; pGeMYf ujJ cif;qdw
k hJ pm*w&m; jyKcrhJ ,fqv
dk Qif xkad y;urf; pGeMYf u-J
jcif; pm*w&m;awG[m tvGef tqift
h wef; jrifrh m;aewJh w&m;wpfck
jzpfoGm;ygw,f/
5/ 0dyemPfynmESihf jynfph jkH cif;

tu,f xkpd m*w&m;awG jynfph akH ewJh olawmfaumif;u aemufxyf ynm, orEm*awm = 0dyemynmawGeJYyg ydkNyD; jynfhpkHcJhr,f
qkv
d Qiaf wmh twdik ;f xuftvGef wHceG ef b
YJ &k m; jzpfomG ;Ny/D o'g-oDvokw-ynm--[k qdktyfwJh 'DtaMumif;w&m;av;ck jcH&Hxm;tyfwJh
pm*w&m;awG[m tvGef tqift
h wef; jrifo
h mG ;ygw,f/ tqift
h wef;
jrifrh m;aewJh 'Dpm*w&m;u tusK;d ay;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm tqift
h wef;
tvGef jrifrh m;aewJh tusK;d awGudk ay;Ekid w
f phJ rG ;f tm; &Syd gw,f/ 'DprG ;f tm;
&SdrIESifh ywfoufNyD; jrwfpGmbk&m;u b,fvkda[mxm;awmfrlovJ
" bduKa0 bduK o'g, orEm*awm a[mwd? oDave
orEm*awm a[mwd? okawe orEm*awm a[mwd? pma*e
orEm*awm a[mwd? ynm, orEm*awm a[mwd/
bdua 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wk/Yd " = omoemawmfjrwftwGi;f / bduK = a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf/ o'g, = &wemokH;wef
uH-uH\tusKd;w&m;tay: ouf0if,kHMunfaom o'gw&m;ESifh/
orEm*awm = jynfhpkHonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ oDave = ukd,fusifhoDvESifh/ orEm*awm = jynfhpkHonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ okawe =
tMum;tjrif A[kkw rsm;jym;jcif; okww&m;ESifh/ orEm*awm =
jynhpf o
Hk nf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ pma*e = ay;urf; pGeMYf ujJ cif; pm*w&m;ESifh/ orEm*awm = jynfhpkHonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/ ynm, =
0dyemPfynmESi/hf orEm*awm = jynfph o
Hk nf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
OD;wnfcsufrsm;
w = o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh olawmfaumif;Opm
ig;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaewJh a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf wpfyg;\ oEmef/
{0H = okdYaom tMuHtpnfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay:aeay\/
olUoEmefrSm pdwftMuHtpnfwpfck jzpfay:aew,f/
]]ta[m 0wm[H um, ab'g y&H r&Pm cwd,r[momvmeH o[AswH OyyaZ,sH/}}
t[H = igonf/ um, = ukd,fcEm\/ ab'g = ysufpD;jcif;aMumifh/ y&H r&Pm = pkwdjywfa<u aovGefonfrS aemufumv/
cw,
d r[momvmeH = cw,
d r[momvtrnf&aom olaX;ol<u,fwk\
Yd / o[AswH = taygif;tazmf\ tjzpfo/Ydk OyyaZ,sH = uyfa&muf ae&ygrlum;/ ta[m 0w = aMomf-- aumif;avpG/ {0H = uJhokdY
pdwftMuHtpnfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay: aeav\/
cEmukd,f\ ysufpD;onfrS aemufumv cwd,r[momvtrnf&wJh olaX;ol<u,fw\
Ykd taygif;tazmf tjzpfoYdk a&muf&&Sd vQif
odyaf umif;r,f? 'Dvkd pdwt
f Mut
H pnf jzpfay:vmw,f/ 'DtMut
H pnf
jzpfkHwGifvm; ruao;bl;/
aom wH pdwH '[wd? wH pdwH t"d|mwd? wH pdwH bma0wd/
aom = xkdyk*dKvfonf/ wH pdwH = xkduJhokdYaom jzpfvkdaom pdwfxm;ukd/ '[wd = aqmufwnfxm;\/ wH pdwH = xkduJhokdYaom pdwf-
xm;ukd/ t"d|mwd = ESvkH;xJ xnfhoGif;xm;\/ t"d|mwd = t"d|mefjyKxm;\/ wH pdwH = xku

d o
hJ Ydk jzpfvw
dk hJ pdwx
f m;uk/d bma0wd = yGm;rsm;
xm;\/
acwfpum;eJYajym&vQif qkawmif;yefxGmxm;\/ 'DvkdykHpH jzpfukd
jzpf&r,f? cw,
d r[momv trnf&wJh rif; olaX;ol<u,f aemifb0
jzpfukdjzpf&r,f[k pdwf"mwfawG jyKjyif ajymif;vJxm;w,f/ qkawmif;
yefxGmNyD; xm;vkdufawmh -w aw ocFg&m p 0d[m&m p {0H bm0dwm {0H A[kvDuwm
wMwKyywd,m oH0wEd/ t,H bdua0 ra*g t,H y#dy'g wMwKyywd,m oH0wwd/
{0H bm0dwm = uJo
D h Ydk tavhtvm jyKtyfaom/ {0H A[kvu
wm = uJhokdY Budrfzefrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyK xm;tyfaom/ aw
ocFg&m p = xkdjyKpkysKd;axmifxm;tyfaom ukokdvfuH ocFg&w&m;wkdYonfvnf;aumif;/ aw 0d[m&m p = xdt
k xl;ojzifh jyKjyifxm;tyfaom
ukov
dk u
f H ocFg&w&m;wkYd aexkid jf cif;wko
Yd nfvnf;aumif;/ wMwKyywd,
m = xkcd w,
d r[momv trnf&aewJh trsK;d tEG,f f jzpf&eftvk-Yd
iSm/ oH0wEd = jzpfavukef\/
xkdolu b,ftay:rSm &yfwnfNyD; 'DocFg&w&m;awGukd jyKpk
ysK;d axmifovJ o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynm[k ac:qkt
d yfwhJ olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;tay:rSm &yfwnfNy;D rS 'Duo
k v
dk f ocFg&w&m;awGudk
jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhw,f/ 'Dvkd jyKpkysKd;axmifwJh tcsdeftcgrSm olu
bmjzpfvJ
{0H bm0dwm {0H A[kvDuwm
wm?
pdw"f mwfu 'Dcw,
d r[momv jzpfap&r,fqw
dk hJ 'Dpw
d "f mwf-
awGukd Burd zf efrsm;pGm yGm;rsm;xm;w,f? 'Dvdk pdw"f mwfawGrmS &yfwnfNyD;awmh 'Dpdwf"mwfawGukd Budrfzefrsm;pGm yGm;rsm;NyD;awmh o'g-oDvokw-pm*-ynmqkdwJh ukokdvfocFg&w&m;udk Budrfzefrsm;pGm jyKpk
ysKd;axmifxm;w,f/
t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH
'Duo
k v
dk f ocFg&w&m;awGu aemiftcg olarQmv
f ifh awmifw
h aewJh cwd,r[momvvdkY ac:qkdtyfwJh b0wpfckck jzpfay:apEkdifwJh
taMumif;&if;awG jzpfaeMuw,f/ 'DtaMumif;&if;jzpfwJh 'DocFg&
w&m;awG[m 'Dow0gukd cw,
d r[momv rif;olaX;ol<u,f trsK;d tEG,f y#doaE wnfaezdkY&mtwGuf taMumif;&if;awG jzpfukefNyD?
'Dawmh bkef;BuD;wkdY enf;enf;uav; y#dporkyg'fenf;eJY jyefajymr,f?
rif;olaX;ol<u,fqdkwm orKwdopme,fu &SdwmrSefw,f? y&rw
opme,fbufu Munfrh ,fqv
dk Qif rif;olaX;ol<u,fqw
dk m &So
d vm;
r&Sdbl;/
rif;olaX;ol<u,fvYkd ac:qkt
d yfwhJ yk*Kd vaf wGudk y&rwopme,fbufu vSrf;NyD; "mwfBuD;av;yg; zrf;pkdufIvkdufr,fqkdvQif kyfemrf
y&rw"mwfom; tpktykHyJ &Sdw,f/ xkdkyfemrfw&m;awGonf ,ckjzpf
,ckysufaewJh tedpawGom rSefw,f? jzpfjcif;ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh
tjrrJ jywf nO;f yef; ESyd pf ufcaH e&wJh 'kuw
&m;awGom rSew
f ,f? rysu-f
pD;bJ tBudwftcJ tckdiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaewJh twr[kwfwJh teww&m;awGom rSefw,f/
kyfw&m;tpktykH emrfw&m;tpktykHom rSefw,f/ taMumif;w&m;tpktykH tusK;d w&m;tpktykaH wGom rSew
f ,f/ tedpw
&m; tpktykH 'kuw
&m;tpktykH teww&m;tpktyHak wGom rSew
f ,f/ kyef mrftpktykH taMumif;w&m;tpktyHk tusK;d w&m;tpktyHv
k dYk rodb?J tedp-
w&m;tpktykH 'kuw
&m;tpktykH teww&m;tpktykv
H Ydk rodb?J rif;olaX;ol<u,fvkdY odcJhvQif 'DtodawG[m rSefovm; rrSefbl;/
'DtodrSm;rIu t0dZm? xkdtodrSm;rI t0dZmukd tajcwnfNyD;
rif;olaX;ol<u,f b0tay: wG,fwmwyfrufaewJh wPSmwpfck
ay:vmw,f/ xkdwG,fwmwyfrufwJh wPSmu Budrfzefrsm;pGmjzpfvdkY
&ifu
h suv
f mvQif 'DwPSmukyd J Oyg'gefvYdk ac:ygw,f/ aygif;vku
d af wmh
t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gefqkdwJh udavom0#f(3)yg; xlaxmifrdvsufom;
jzpfomG ;Ny?D 'Duad vom0#fudk tajcpdu
k Nf y;D xkyd *k Kd vu
f bmawG xyfvyk -f
ovJ
o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqkdwJh ukokdvfocFg&w&m;awGukd
wpfzef jyKpyk sK;d axmifjyefw,f/ xko
d cFg&w&m;awGuvnf; tedpw
&m;awGom rSeMf uw,f? 'kuw
&m;awGom rSeMf uw,f? teww&m;awGom
rSeMf uw,f/ tedpw
&m;awGom jzpfjcif;aMumifh jzpfNy;D wmeJY csucf si;f yJ
ysufoGm;Muw,f/ jzpfNyD; ysufoGm;Muaomfvnf; aemifwpfcsdef ol
arQmfvifh awmifhwaewJh cwd,r[momv rif;olaX;ol<u,fqkdwJh
cEmig;yg;udk jzpfapEdik w
f hJ pGr;f tifurowdu
dk kyef mrftpOfrmS jrK yEf NHS y;D rS
omvQif csKyfysufoGm;w,f/ tJ'D pGrf;tifurowdukd ]uH} [k ac:ygw,f/
aygif;vku
d af wmh t0dZm -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHqw
kd hJ taMumif;
w&m;ig;ck pkHnDoGm;w,f/ olUoEmefrSm t0dZm-wPSm-Oyg'gefawG
jc&H o
H mG ;Ny?D t0dZm -wPSm-Oyg'gefawG jc&H x
H m;tyfwhJ 'DocFg&uHawGu
olarQmfvifh awmifhwaewJh cwd,r[momv trnf&wJh rif;olaX;ol<u,fb0ukd jzpfay:apzkdY&ef taMumif;w&m;awG jzpfukefMuw,f/
taMumif;w&m;awG jzpfwJhtwGuf bmjzpfovJ
t,H bdua0 ra*g t,H y#dy'g wMwKyywd,m oH0wwd/
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ t,H = ocFg&w&m;u/ wMwKyywd,m = xkdrif;olaX;ol<u,f cwd,r[momvb0 jzpfay:vmzkdY&ef/ ra*g = taMumif;&if; r*fvrf;wnf;/ t,H = onfum;/
y#dy'g = usifh0wfy#dywfaywnf;/
'D olaX;ol<u,f jzpfcsifw,fqkdvQif jzpfatmif jyKvkyf&wJh
taMumif;&if;awGu bmawGvJ t0dZm -wPSm-Oyg'gef jc&H x
H m;tyfwhJ
o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqkdwJh olawmfaumif;Opm aumif;rIukokdvfawGudk jyKpkysKd;axmifwJh ocFg&w&m;awGESifh ,if;ocFg&wkdY&JU
pGr;f tifurowda wG jzpfMuw,f/ tJ'D taMumif;w&m;ig;ck pkn
H cD v
hJ Qif
wpfcsed f olU&JUcEm ysupf ;D Ny;D aemufumv olarQmv
f ifh awmifw
h aewJh
cwd,trsKd;tEG,f rjzpfEkdifbl;vm; jzpfEkdifygw,f/
tu,f ykPm;olaX;ol<u,fb0 *[ywdolaX;ol<u,fb0awGukd tvkd&SdcJhvQifvnf; 'DtaMumif;w&m;awGukd xlaxmifcJhvQif
jzpfEidk yf gw,f/ 'DavmufEiS hf wif;wdrf a&mif&h J rrI &db
S J ewfjynf ajcmufxyfrmS wnf&adS ewJh ewfom;b0 ewforD;b0ukd arQmv
f ifh awmifw
h cJ-h
vQifvnf; xkdxkdb0awGukd a&mufatmif 'DtaMumif;w&m;awGu
jyKjyifay;Ekid w
f hJ used ;f aowJph rG ;f tm; &Sad ew,f? bmjzpfvYdk used ;f aowJh
pGrf;tm;vkdY ajym&ovJ
olUrSm ,kHMunfwJh o'gw&m; tjynfht0 &Sdaew,f/ udk,fusifh
oDvuvnf; tjrJwrf; jzLpifaew,f/ y&rw"mwfom; 'kuopmw&m;ESifh taMumif;w&m;[k ac:qkdtyfwJh ork',opmw&m;awGukd
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odaewJh tMum;tjrif A[kkwuvnf; oifod
usio
hf d 'DEpS rf sK;d wkjYd zifh A[kw
k uvnf; &Sad ew,f/ ay;urf; pGeMYf ujJ cif;
pm*w&m;uvnf; xif&mS ; &Sad ew,f/ 'D'u
k o
pmw&m; ork',opmw&m;awG&JU tedptjcif;t&m 'kutjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&m-
awGudk orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f idk rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf odjcif;
qkdwJh 0dyem PfynmESifhvnf; jynfhpkHaeNyD?
'Dvdk jynfph aHk ewJh yk*Kd vt
f zkYd rdrv
d v
dk m; awmifw
h aewJh b0wpfco
k Ydk
a&mufzkdY&efom pdwf"mwfu aqmufwnfvkdufyg? aqmufwnfvdkufvQif xdkaqmufwnfxm;wJhtwkdif; rdrd vkdvm; awmifhwaewJh b0ukd
a&muf&SdEkdifygw,fqdkNyD; 'Dvkd bk&m;&Sifu tmrcHxm;w,f/ 'DtmrcHcsuEf iS hf ywfoufNy;D t|uxmq&mawmfu pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m zGiq
hf -dk
xm;ygw,f/ b,fvkd zGifhqkdxm;ovJ
ywemESifh ukodkvf"r
t,H ra*g t,H y#dy'gwd o[ ywem, y "rm0/ ,
[d y "rm twd? e ywem? w *wd tedA'g/ (r?|?4?104/)
t,H ra*g = 'gu rdrd arQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh b0okdY a&mufaMumif;jzpfwhJ r*vrf;aMumif; jzpfw,f/ t,H y#dy'g = 'gu usi0hf wfy#dywf jzpfw,fqkdNyD; 'Dvdk a[mxm;w,f/ a[mxm;wJh ae&mrSm
qk a wmif ; yef x G m rI E S i f h w uG o' g -oD v -ok w -pm*-ynmac:wJ h
taMumif;w&m; ig;yg;om jzpfygw,f/ o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh 'Dolawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;rSm qkawmif;yefxGmrI yg&r,fvkdY
qkv
d ydk gw,f/ tJ'aD wmh 'Dqak wmif;yefxmG rI r&Sv
d Qif bmjzpfEikd o
f vJ
, = tMuifyk*dKvf\ oEmef/ y "rm = o'g-oDv-okwpm*-ynm[k ac:qkdtyfaaom olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;wkdYonf/
twd = &Sd Muavuke\
f / ywem = qkawmif;yefxmG rI ywemw&m;onf/
e twd = r&Sad y/ w = xkyd *k Kd v\
f oEmef/ *wd = vm;&m*wdonf/
tedA'g = tjrJr&Sday/
yk*Kd vw
f pfa,muf\ oEmef 'DaeY w&m;tm;xkwaf ewJh a,m*D-
yk*Kd vf wcsKUd vdk o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh olawmfaumif;Opm
ig;yg;eJY jynfhpkHaeNyD? olawmfaumif;Opmig;yg; xif&Sm;&SdNyD? okdYaomf
bmjzpf&ygvkd\ ponfjzifh qkawmif;yefxGmrI ywemawmh r&Sdbl;?
r&Scd v
hJ Qif xkyd *k Kd v\
f aemifwpfcsed f aoNy;D onfh aemufumvrSm jzpfay:
vm;a&muf&r,fh *wduawmh b,fb0qkdwJh owfrSwfcsuf aocsmpGm
r&Sdbl;/
, ywem twd? e y "rm? wyd tedA'g/
, = tMuifyk*dKvf\ oEmef/ ywem = qkawmif;yefxGmrI
ywemw&m;onfum;/ twd = xif&Sm;&Sd\/ y "rm = o'g-oDvokw-pm*-ynmvdYk ac:qkt
d yfwhJ olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;onfum;/
e twd = xif&mS ;r&SMd uavuke/f wyd = xkyd *k Kd v\
f oEmefvnf;/
*wd = vm;&m*wdonf/ tedA'g = tjrJr&Sdonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
w&m;ig;rsKd;ESifh rjynfhpHkwJh ywem

yk*dKvfwpfa,muf\ oEmefrSm bmjzpf&ygvkd\ nmjzpf&ygvkd\
ponfjzifh qkawmif;yefxGmrI xif&Sm;&Sdaew,f? okdYaomf o'g-oDvokw-pm*-ynmvdaYk c:qkt
d yfwhJ olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;u xif&mS ;
r&Sjd yefb;l ? r&Scd v
hJ Qiv
f nf; xkyd *k Kd v\
f qkawmif;yefxmG rIonf qkawmif;
wJhtwkdif; jynfhpkHEkdifwJhoabm &Sdovm; r&Sdbl;/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ o'goDv-okw-pm*-ynmESihf &if;Ny;D rS rdrd vkv
d m;awmifw
h aewJh b0qkw
d m
&EkdifwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/
,kMH unfcsuf oabmw&m;u tm;aysmw
h ,f? uk,
d u
f sio
hf v
D awGuvnf; jzLpifoef&Y iS ;f rI r&Sb
d ;l ? Murf;yk;d uav; jcifuav;vnf; owfvdv
k Qif owfvu
dk w
f myJ? olwpfyg; ypn;f Opmvnf; rw&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh ,l&r,fqkdvQifvnf; ,lvkdufwmyJ? umarokrdpmpm&trI
vGefusL;zkdY tcGifhtvrf; &vQifvnf; vGefusL;vkdufwmyJ? rkom;pum;-
awGuv
kd nf; a&vkd ok;H vku
d w
f myJ? rl;,pfaq;0g;awGuvnf; MuKH vu
kd -f
vQif rdrw
d b
Ydk ufu BuKd uv
f u
dk w
f myJ? ]]wynfah wmfu BuKd uv
f dkY r[kwyf gbl;? MuKH vYdk rvTrJ a&SmifomwJh rdwaf qGawG iJNh y;D vGeu
f sL;vku
d w
f myg}}qkw
d hJ
ykpH jH zifh aomufcsiv
f nf; aomufvu
dk rf ,f? rS0D cJ siv
f nf; rS0D v
J u
dk w
f ,f/
'Dyk*dKvf&JU oEmefrSm ukd,fusifhoDv jzLpifovm; rjzLpifbl;/
,kMH unfcsuf o'gw&m;uvnf; tm;enf;w,f? uk,
d u
f sio
hf v
D uvnf; raumif;bl;/ aemufwpfck tMum;tjrif A[kkw qkdwmuvnf; r&Sb
d ;l / kyv
f nf;rod emrfvnf;rod taMumif;w&m;vnf;rod
tusK;d w&m;vnf;rod? ay;urf; pGeMYf ujJ cif; pm*w&m;uvnf; r&Sb
d ;l /
&Sdjyefawmhvnf; ,if;pm*w&m;ukd o'g-oDv-okw-ynmvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh olawmfaumif;OpmawGu jcH&Hxm;rI r&Sdjyefbl;/
aemufwpfck - 'D kyf-emrf-aMumif;-usKd; ocFg&w&m;wkdY&JU tedptcsuf 'kut
csuf tewtcsuaf wGudk xk;d xGi;f odjrifwwfwhJ 0dyem Pfynmuvnf; r&Sjd yefb;l ? 'Dvrdk &Sw
d hJ yk*Kd v&f UJ oEmefrmS qkawG
trsKd;rsKd; awmif;aeaomfvnf; olUqkawmif;csufonf jynhfpkHEdkifwJh
oabm&Sdovm; r&Sdbl;/ vm;&m*wdvnf; xkdyk*dKvfrSm jrJEkdifrvm;
rjrJEkdifbl;/ 'gaMumifh ---
ESprf sK;d vH;k &Syd grS atmifjrifEidk o

f nf
a,oH Ob,H twd? awoH *wd edA'g/
a,oH = tMuify*k Kd vw
f \
Ydk oEmef/ Ob,H = o'g-oDv-okwpm*-ynm[k ac:qkt
d yfaom olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;ESihf qkawmif;
yefxmG rI ywemw&m; ESprf sK;d vH;k onf/ twd = &S\
d / awoH = xkyd *k Kd v-f
wkdYtm;/ *wd = vm;&m*wdonf/ edA'g = jrJvsuf&Sd\/
yk*dKvfwpfa,muf Munfhvkdufr,fqkdvQif o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-
ynmac:wJh olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;vnf; wpfzufu jynfhpkHw,f/
wpfzufuvnf; rdrd arQmv
f ifh awmifw
h aewJt
h wkid ;f qkawmif;yefxmG rI
ywemw&m;uvnf; &Sdaew,f/ 'Dvkd olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;eJY
jynfhpkHjcif; qkawmif;yefxGmrI txift&Sm; &Sdjcif; 'DtaMumif;w&m;ESpcf k xif&mS ;&Sad ewJh olawmfaumif; yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D &JU oEmef rdrd awmif-h
wxm;tyfwJh qkawmif;tm;avsmfpGm vm;&m*wd jrJaew,f/ rdrd
jzpfvdkwJhb0 rjzpfEkdifbl;vm; jzpfEkdifw,f/
,xm [d tmumao cdw'a@m ta*e 0g raZe 0g rlave
0g edywdwDwd ed,arm ewd?
tmumao = aumif;uif/ cdw'a@m = ypftyfaom wkwfonf/ ta*e 0g = tzsm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ raZe 0g = tv,fjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ rlave 0g = t&if;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/
edywdwd = usvmvwHU/ wd = odkY/ ed,arm = owfrSwfxm;jcif;onf/ ewd ,xm = r&SdavouJhokdY/
owfrSwfcsuf rxm;bJ aumif;uifokdY wkwfwpfacsmif;ajrmufNyD;
ypfvu
dk yf g? 'Dajrm ufypfvu
dk af om wkwo
f nf t&if;uusr,fqw
kd hJ 'Dv-dk
jrJwJh owfrSwfcsuf &Sdovm; r&SdEkdifbl;/ tv,fu jyefusr,fqkdwJh
owfrSwfcsuf &SdEkdifovm; r&SdEkdifbl;/ tzsm;u jyefusr,fqkdwJh
owfrSwfcsufaum &SdEkdifovm; r&SdEkdifbl;? tJ'Dvkd r&SdEkdifovkdbJ?
{0H owmeH y#doEd*[PH ted,wH/
{0H = twlomvQif/ owmeH = ow0gwdkY\/ y#doEd*[PH =
y#doaEukd ,ljcif;onfum;/ ted,wH = jraJ om owfrw
S cf surf &So
d nf/
a[mwd = jzpf\/
ow0gwk&Yd UJ o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh taMumif;w&m;

ig;yg; pkHonfjzpfap rpHkonfjzpfap qkawmif;yefxGmrI &Sdonfjzpfap
r&So
d nfjzpfap taMumif;w&m; ig;yg;uvnf; pHv
k ifrrI &Sd qkawmif;yefxGmrIvnf; r&SdcJhvQif xkdow0g&JU wrvGefb0 y#doaEtm;jzifh
uyfa&muf&wJhtcg jrJaom owfrSwfcsuf &SdEkdifovm; r&SdEkdifbl;/
wom ukovH urH uwGm {uod H Xmae yweH umwkH 0wd/
wom = xkad Mumif/h ukovH urH = aumif;rIuo
k v
dk u
f u
H /dk uwGm
= jyK/ {uo Xmae = wpfckaom ae&mXme/ yweH = qkawmif;
yefxGmjcif;ukd/ umwHk = jyKjcif;iSm/ 0wd = oifhvSay\/
'gaMumifh aumif;rIuo
k v
dk f jyKvyk w
f t
hJ cg qkwpfcck u
k dk wpfae&mrSm
awmif;Ekdifw,f/ wpfae&mqkdwmu ormoarm"dPf tvkd&SdcJhvQif
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psmeformywfawGukd 0dyem&JU tajccH taMumif;&if;tm;jzifh
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tmo0u,Pf
Oy&dr*H bma0wGm tmo0u,H ygykPmwd/
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tmo0u,H = tmoa0gw&m;wkdY\ ukef&mjzpfwJh t&[wr*fukd/
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f dk Nird 0f yfpmG uyfxm;yg/ tJ'v
D dk uyfxm;Ekid -f
cJv
h Qif wjznf;jznf; bm0emorm"du &ifu
h suv
f mygvdrrhf ,f/ 0ifavxGufav tmkH bm0empdwf Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfvmygvdrfhr,f/
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'D0ifavxGuaf vukd odraf rGUap&r,fqw
dk hJ &nf&,
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toufSLaecJv
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wnfvmygvdrfhr,f/
odrfarGUwJh avuvnf; tvGefYtvGef odrfarGUvmNyD; bm0em
orm"duvnf; tvGefYtvGef tm;aumif;vmNyD qkdvQifawmh edrdwf
pwifNyD; ay:vmwwfygw,f/ edrdwfu ay:prSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh
rD;ck;d a&mif &Sw
d wfygw,f/ orm"du &ifu
h suv
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h Qif 0g*Gr;f qkid u
f o
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h a&mif ajymif;oGm;w,f/ 0g*Gr;f qkid u
f o
hJ Ydk jzLpGwaf ewJh ta&mifd }f vdYk ac:ygw,f/ yko
ukd ]O*[edrw
H Pmefuawmh a,m*D&UJ twdwu
f
qnf;yl;cJw
h hJ yg&rDEiS hf ypKye f pdwaf epdwx
f m;tay: rlwnfNy;D yko
H Pmef
trsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJwwfwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ ta&mifvnf; trsKd;rsKd;
ajymif;vJwwffwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/
xkt
d csed t
f cgrSm a,m*Du ta&mifudk ESv;Hk roGi;f bJ edrw
d t
f aeeJY
ESv;Hk oGi;f zdYk vdt
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d u
f ckid cf v
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f dk uyfNy;D xm;zkYd oGwo
f iG ;f xm;zkYd vkt
d yfygw,f/ wu,f oGwo
f iG ;f vk&Yd wm r[kwyf gbl;/ 'Derd w
d u
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d Nf y;D pdwef YJ Munhaf ezko
Yd m qkv
d &kd if;
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jzLvmvdrfhygr,f/ qGwfqGwfjzLaewJh 'Dedrdwftay:rSm bm0empdwfu
wpfem&D ESpfem&D Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; xm;Ekdifatmif BudK;pm;&ygw,f/
tvGef MunfvifawmufyaewJh aomufSL;Mu,fuo
hJ Ydk qGwq
f w
G jf zLwJh
'Dedrdwfukd tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfvdkY ac:ygw,f/
tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d rf mS wpfem&D ESpef m&D ponfjzifh bm0empdwfukd Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; xm;EkdifNyD qkdvQifawmh xkdtcsdeftcgrSm
tyempsmef orm"dqu
dk o
f mG ;NyD jzpfyf gw,f/ ESv;Hk tdrt
f wGi;f [',0wK
&S&d mbufudk vSr;f Munfv
h u
dk v
f Qif b0ifraemtMunfudk awGUEkid yf gw,f/
xkb
d 0ifraemtMunfrmS 'DMunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*
edrdwfu xifaewmukdvnf; awGUEdkifygw,f/ b0ifraemtMunfrSm
MunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d u
f vmNy;D xifvu
dk w
f hJ
tcsed t
f cgrSm 0dwuf-0dpm&-yDw-d okc-{u*wmac:wJh psmeft*Fgig;yg;ukd wpfqifhwufNyD; qifjcifvkdufvQif vG,fvG,feJY awGUEkdifygw,f/
0dwuf-0dpm&-yDw-d okc-{u*wmac:wJh 'Dpsmeft*Fg ig;yg;ukd qifjcifwt
hJ ykid ;f rSm yxr wpfv;Hk pDyJ qifjcifvYkd &Edik yf gw,f/ uRr;f usiv
f mvQiaf wmh NyKd iw
f l qifjcifvYdk &ygw,f/ tm'duru
d ac:wJh psmefudk &&Spd
yk*dKvfawGonf ]]psmefukd 0ifpm;rI rsm;&ygr,f psmeft*Fg qifjcifrI
enf;&r,f}}qkdwJh 'Dpnf;urf; owfrSwfcsuf &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D pnf;urf;
owfrw
S cf sut
f wkid ;f wpfem&D ESpef m&D ponfjzifh 'DMunfvifawmufy-
aewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d rf mS bm0empdwu
f dk Nird 0f yfpmG uyfxm;Ekid -f
wJhtcg wpfem&DausmfrSom 'Dpsmeft*Fg qifjcifwJh vkyfief;&yfukd
jyKvkyfvQif ykdaumif;ygw,f/
'D 0dwuf-0dpm&-yDw-d okc-{u*wmac:wJh psmeft*FgawGu xif&Sm;vmNyD qkdvQifawmh xkdyk*dKvfonf bmqufvkyf&rvJ yxrpsmef
orm"dudk 0oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;atmif avYusi&hf ygr,f/ 0ifpm;csiw
f -hJ
tcsdef 0ifpm;vkdY&atmif xcsifwJhtcsdef xvkdY&atmif wpfem&D
t"d|mefvQif wpfem&D&atmif wpfred pf t"d|mefvQif wpfred pf&atmif
avYusifh&ygr,f/ psmeft*FgawGukd tcsdefra&G; qifjcifvkdY&atmif
avYusifh&ygr,f/ 'D0oDabmfig;wef avhusifhcef;awGu atmifjrifrI
&&SdNyDqkdvQifawmh xkdyk*dKvfu bmqufvkyf&rvJ 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefqkdwJh 'DpsmefawGukd ul;Edkifygw,f/ pwkwpsmefavmuf a&mufNyDqkdvQif tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfu ykdNyD; Munfvif
awmufyvmygw,f/ 'DMunfvif awmufyaewJh y#dbm*edrw
d f tultnDukd &,lNyD; rdrdoEmefrSm wnf&SdwJh (32)aum|moawG A[d'rSm
wnf&SdaewJh (32)aum|moawGudk pepfwus qufvufNyD; Ir,fqkdvQif atmifjrifEkdifygw,f/
uodkPf;ESifh ormywfrsm;
xkd(32)aum|moawGukd tZw A[d' ESpfXmewkdY t0g;0pGm
atmifatmifjrifjrif IEkdifNyDqkdvQif A[d'aum|mojzpfwJh tkd;pkaum|mowpfc&k UJ tjzLa&mifudk tmk,
H l ESv;Hk oGi;f Ny;D Mo'gwuokP
d ;f
ul;cJrh ,fqv
dk Qif 'DMo'gwuokP
d ;f 0ef;udk t&yf (10)rsuEf mS jzefu
Y suNf y;D
psmeform"dawGukd &atmif qufvuf BudK;yrf;cJhr,fqkdvQif yXrpsmef
'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefawGukd &&SdEkdifygw,f/
tJ'pD smefawGudk tajccHNy;D awmh useaf ewJh uokP

d ;f awGudk qufvuf yGm;&ygr,f/ uokdPf;(10)yg;vkH;rSm pwkwpsmeform"dtxd
aygufa&mufatmif yGm;Edik w
f hJ a,m*Doal wmfaumif;u tlypsmefawGudk
wpfqifhwufNyD; ul;r,fqkdvQif ul;vdkY &Ekdifygw,f/
olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg; wnfvmol

xkdormywfawGukd tajccHNyD; "mwfBuD;av;yg;ukd OD;wnf
kyfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;jcif; emrfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;jcif;
taMumif;w&m;awGudk odr;f qnf;jcif; tusK;d w&m;awGudk odr;f qnf;jcif; taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuG 'DkyfemrfawGukd tedp-'ku-tew
vuPma&; oH;k wef wifNy;D wGiw
f iG Bf u;D 0dyem Ijcif;qkw
d hJ 'Dvyk -f
ief;&yfawGudk wpfqifNh y;D wpfqifh usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm; tm;xkwEf ikd -f
cJv
h Qif xko
d al wmfaumif;\ oEmef o'g-oDv-okw-ynmvkYd ac:qk-d
tyfwhJ tvGef tqift
h wef; jrifrh m;aewJh olawmfaumif;Opm av;yg;
wnf&SdrvmEkdifbl;vm; wnf&SdEkdifvmw,f/
'Dvdk olawmfaumif;Opm av;yg; wnf&w
dS hJ yk*Kd vu
f apwDwpfq-l
rSm qDrD;wpfwkdifyJ jzpfap yef;uav; wpfyGifhyJjzpfap qGrf;uav;
wpfyyJG jJ zpfap vSL'gef; ylaZmfcrhJ ,fqv
dk Qif pm*w&m;awG jzpfay:vmrSm
jzpfygw,f/ 'DaeY tvSL&SifwkdYuJhodkY pGrf;tm;&SdorQ bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh
oHCmawmfawGEiS w
hf uG &Siaf ,m*D vla,m*D y&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;awGukd vSL'gef; ylaZmfr,fqkdvQif pm*w&m;awG jzpfay:vmygw,f/
'Dawmh o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh 'DtaMumif;w&m;
ig;yg;eJY pkHnDaewJh olawmfaumif;wpfOD;u edAmefukd a&mufEkdifwJh b0
wpfckckukd arQmfvifh awmifhwNyD; 'Daumif;rIuHawGukd qufvuf xlaxmifcrhJ ,fqv
dk Qif okrYd [kwf rdrd vkv
d m;awmifw
h aewJh ormoarm"d-
Pf yapuaAm"dPf t*om0uaAm"dPf r[mom0uaAm"dPf yuwdom0uaAm"dPfqkdwJh aAm"dPf wpfckckukd
arQmv
f ifah wmifw
h Ny;D 'Duo
k v
dk o
f cFg&w&m;awGudk qufvuf xlaxmifcJrh ,fqv
dk Qif xku
d o
k v
dk o
f cFg&w&m;awGu rdrd arQmv
f ifah wmifw
h aewJh
aAm"dPf toD;toD;ukd &apEdkifwJhb0udk jzpfapEkdifwJhpGrf;tm;
&Sdaeygw,f/
ok0Prd*Zmwf
(Zmwu?|?3?169-173/)
'Dvkd aAm"dPfawGukd arQmfvifhawmifhwNyD; 'DvkduHawGukd xlaxmifcv

hJ Qif bmawGjzpfEidk o
f vJ jzpfEidk w
f hJ xk;H uav;wpfcu
k dk bke;f Bu;D
'Dn ok0Prd*Zmwfac:wJh Zmwfawmfuav;wpfckukd a[mzkdY &nf&G,fxm;ygw,f/ oHk;q,fhwpfbkHqkdwJh uRef;uav;u vGwfatmif
ke;f xGuo
f mG ;Ekid w
f hJ trsK;d aumif;orD;wpfO;D ukd taMumif;jyKNy;D 'DZmwfawmfukd bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
'DtrsK;d aumif;orD;uav;u b,fvo
dk abm&So
d vJ bk&m;&Si&f UJ
t*om0uBuD;ESpfyg; jzpfawmfrlwJh t&Sifom&dykMwmESifh t&Sifr[marm*vm efw&Ydk UJ Oy|muukvvkaYd c:qkt
d yfwhJ tvkyt
f auR; Oygoum
'g,um trsK;d tEG,&f UJ orD;uav;wpfO;D jzpfygw,f/ 'DorD;uav;u
b,fvkdoabm&SdovJ
trsKd;aumif;orD;uav;\ *kPf&nf
om ud& om0wd,H 'GdEH t*om0umeH Oy|muukv "Dwm
o'g yoEm Ak'rmrum "rrmrum oHCrmrum tmpm&orEm
y@dwm 'gem'dyknmbd&wm/ (Zmwu?|?3?169/)
om = xkt
d H = om0wNd rKd U/
d rsK;d aumif;orD;uav;onf/ om0w,
t*om0umeH = t*om0u ESpyf g;wk\
Yd / Oy|muukv = tvky-f
tauR; Oygoum\/ "Dwm = orD;jzpfay\/ o'g = &wemokH;wef
uH - uH \ tusKd ; w&m;wk d Y tay: ,k H M unf a om o' g w&m;
xif&Sm;&Sday\/ Ak'rmrum = bk&m;ukd jrwfEkd;wwf\/ "rrmrum =
w&m;awmfukd jrwfEdk;wwf\/ oHCrmrum = oHCmawmfukd jrwfEkd;wwf\/ tmpm&orEm = usifh0wf tmpm&w&m;ESifhvnf; jynfhpkH\/
y@dwm = ynm&Sd\/ 'gem'dyknmbd&wm = 'getp&Sdaom aumif;rI
ukokdvf arGUavsmf aysmfykduf ESpfNcdKuf aeav\/
'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;uav;ukd MunfhvkdufvQif ,kHMunfcsuf o'g
w&m;awG &Sw
d ,f/ &wemok;H yg; tay: MunfnKd whJ pdwx
f m;awGvnf;
&Sdw,f/ 'ge-oDv-orx-0dyemqkdwJh aumif;rIukokdvfawGrSm
arGUavsmf aysmyf u
dk f ESpNf cKd uaf ewJh yk*Kd vv
f nf; jzpfw,f/ bk&m;ukd jrwfE;dk w,f? w&m;awmfudk jrwfE;kd w,f? oHCmawmfudk jrwfE;dk w,f? ud,
k u
f sihf
tmpm&w&m;awGEiS hf jynfph w
Hk ,f? ajymzG,&f m &Sad o;vm; r&Sad wmhb;l /
&wemok;H yg;ESihf pyfNy;D 'ge-oDv-orx-0dyem[kac:qkt
d yfwhJ
aumif;rIukokdvfawGrSm arGUavsmf aysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufw,f? bk&m;&Sifukd
jrwfEdk;w,f? w&m;awmfukd jrwfEkd;w,f? oHCmawmfukd jrwfEkd;w,f?
ukd,fusifhoDvawGeJY jynfhpkHw,f? o'gw&m;awGeJY jynfhpkHw,f? ynmvnf;&Sdw,fqkdvQif 'DtrsKd;orD;uav;&JU b0onf tvGef tqifhtwef; jrifhaewJh b0wpfckvdkY rajymEkdifbl;vm; ajymEdkifw,f/
ocFgkyywo
d w
k e ef nf;t& ajymr,fqv
dk Qiaf wmh 'DtrsK;d aumif;orD;uav;\ oEmef o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg; pkn
H D raebl;vm; pkn
H aD ew,f/ 'DtrsK;d aumif;orD;uav;u kyaf wGemrfawGudk [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG odw,f/ taMumif;w&m;
tusK;d w&m;awGudk [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG odw,f/ taMumif;w&m;ESiw
hf uG
kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;awG&JU tedptcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufawGukdvnf; [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odw,f/
,kMH unfcsuf o'gw&m;awGev
YJ nf; jynfph w
Hk ,f? uk,
d u
f sihf oDvawGev
YJ nf; jynfph w
Hk ,f? ay;urf;pGeMYf urJ l pm*w&m;awGev
YJ nf; jynfph -Hk
w,f/ tMum;tjrif A[kkw rsm;jym;jcif;qkdwJh 'kuopm ork',opmudk xk;d xGi;f odwwfwhJ oifo-d usio
hf d taeeJY odwwfwhJ A[k-k
weJYvnf; jynfhpkHw,f/ xkd kyfemrfaMumif;usKd; ocFg&w&m;wkdY&JU tedp
tcsuf 'kutcsuf tewtcsufawGukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odwwfwJh
0dyemPfawGeJYvnf; jynfhpkHaeNyD? o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmawGeJY jynfhpkHaewJh 'DtrsKd;orD;uav;twGuf wpfaeYrSm b,fvkdtaMumif; jzpfay:vmovJ
'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;uav;udk wjcm; trsKd;tEG,fwl Zmwfcsif;wl
jzpfaewJJh rdpm'd|d trsKd;tEG,f trsKd;aumif;om;wpfOD;u vmNyD;
awmif;&rf;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;&JU rdbawGu bmajymovJ
tdrfaxmifa&;avmu
txm rmwmydwa&m ]]trSmuH "Dwm o'g yoEm wDPd
&wemed rrm,wd 'gem'dyknmbd&wm? wkarS rdpm'd|dum rdmyd
,xmkpd,m 'geH 0g 'gwkH "rH 0g aomwkH 0d[m&H 0g *EKH oDvH 0g
&udwkH OaygoxurH 0g umwkH e 'x? e r,H wkrSmuH a'r?
twem o'doH rdpm'd|duukvm0 ukrm&duH *PSxm}}wd tm[Hok/
(Zmwu?|?3?169/)
tm = xkt
d rsK;d aumif;orD;\/ rmwmydwa&m = rdbESpyf g;wk-Yd
u/ tm[Hok = ajymqdk y,fjrpfMuukeNf y/D u = tb,foYkd ajymqdyk ,fjrpfMuukefoenf;/ trSmuH = igwdkY\/ "Dwm = orD;awmfuav;u/
o'g = &wemokH;yg; tay: ,kHMunfcsuf o'gw&m; &Sd\/ yoEm =
&wemokH;yg; tay: MunfndKaom pdwfxm;&Sd\/ wDPd &wemed =
&wemokH;yg;ukd/ rrm,wd = jrwfEdk;wwf\/ 'gem'dyknmbd&wm =
'ge-oDv-0dyem[k ac:qkt
d yfaom aumif;rI ukov
dk w
f Ydk arGUavsmf
aysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufae\/
wkarS = oifwo
d m = rdpm 'd|w
Ydk nf/ rdpm 'd|u
d o
Ydk mwnf;/ rdmyd
= trsKd;orD;tm;vnf;/ ,xmkpd = tvkd&Sdwkdif;/ 'geH = 'geudk/
'gwHk 0g = ay;vSLcGiu
hf v
dk nf;aumif;/ "rH = w&m;awmfjrwfu/dk aomwHk
0g = emMum;cGifhukdvnf;aumif;/ 0d[m&H = bk&m;ausmif;awmfokdY/ *EHK
0g = oGm;vmcGifhukdvnf;aumif;/ oDvH = oDvudk/ &udwHk 0g =
apmifx
h ed ;f cGiu
hf v
dk nf;aumif;/ OaygoxurH = Oykoo
f v
D uk/d umwkH
0g = jyKcGifhukdvnf;aumif;/ e 'x = tcGifh ray;MuukefvwHh/ r,H
= igwkdYonf/ wkrSmuH = oifwkdYtm;/ e a'r = ray;EdkifMuygukef/
twem = rdrdESifh/ o'doH = wlnDaom/ rdpm'd|duukvm0 =
rdpm'd|d trsKd;tEG,frSomvQif/ ukrm&duH = owkdYorD;i,fukd/ *PSx
= ,lMuayukefavmh/ wd = okdYvQif/ tm[Hok = ajymqkd
y,fjrpfMuavukef\/
rdbawGbufuvnf; wm0efausMuygw,ff? bmaMumifhvJ
]]igwkdY&JUorD;uav;u &wemokH;yg;ukd MunfndKwJh o'gw&m; &Sdw,f?
&wemokH;yg;tay: tvGef MunfndKav;pm;w,f? &wemokH;yg;ukd
jrwfE;kd w,f? 'ge-oDv-orx-0dyemqkw
d hJ aumif;rIuo
k v
dk af wGrmS
arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
dk f ESpNf cKd uw
f hJ orD;uav; jzpfw,f/ oifwo
Ydk nf rdpm 'd|dt,l&SdwJh yk*dKvfawG jzpfMuw,f/ 'DtrsKd;orD;av;&JU pdwfBudKuf-
twkid ;f tvSL'gejyKciG hf &rSmr[kwb
f ;l ? w&m;awmfudk em,lz&Ydk eftwGu-f
vnf; oifwYdk cGiahf y;MurSm r[kwb
f ;l ? ausmif;oGm;zk&Yd m oifwYdk cGiahf y;MurSm r[kwb
f ;l ? oDv apmifx
h ed ;f zk&Yd ef Oykou
f sio
hf ;Hk zk&Yd efvnf; cGiahf y;MurSm r[kwfbl;? 'gaMumifh oifwkdYukd wkdY&JUorD;&wemukd ray;Ekdifbl;?
oifwdkYeJY trsKd;tEG,fwljzpfwJh rdpm'd|d trsKd;tEG,frS trsKd;orD;ukd
,laqmifMuygqkNd y;D awmh 'Dvdk jyefNy;D trde&Yf v
dS u
dk Mf uygw,f/ 'Dvdk jyefajymvkdufawmh trsKd;aumif;om;uvnf; wpfzef awmif;yefjyefw,f?
b,fvkd awmif;yefovJ
]]wkrSmuH "Dwm trSmuH C&H *Em ,xm"dyga,e oAarwH
ua&mwk? r,H e 0ga&mr? a'x aem {wH/}} (Zmwu?|?3?169/)
wkrmS uH = oifw\
Ydk / "Dwm = orD;&wemonf/ trSmuH = igwk&Yd UJ /
C&H = tdro
f /Ydk *Em = oGm;cJo
h nf&adS omf/ ,xm"dyg a,e = tvk&d o
dS nfh
twkdif;/ {wH oAH = tvkH;pkHukd/ ua&mwk = jyKEkdifygw,f/ r,H =
igwkdYonf/ e 0ga&mr = rwm;jrpfMuygukeftHh/ aem = igwkdYtm;/
{wH = orD;&wemukd/ a'x = ay;Muygukef/
orD;&wemudk ay;Muygukef? oifwkdY&JUorD;onf wkdYtdrfudk
oGm;r,fqdkvQif oifwdkYorD; tvdk&SdwJhtwdkif; tukefvHk; jyKvkyfEdkifygw,f? wkdY rwm;ygbl;/ wkdYukdom oifwkdY&JU orD;&wemukd ay;ygqkdNyD;
awmif;yefMuw,f/ awmif;yefvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; rdbawGuvnf; oabmwlNyD; aumif;jrwfwJh euwfuav;awG a&G;cs,fNyD;
xdrf;jrm; vufxyfr*Fvm jyKay;vkdufygw,f/ xdrf;jrm;ay;vkdufwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm owkdYom;u owkdYorD;ukd rdrdwkdYtdrfokdY aqmifoGm;NyD?
aqmifoGm;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'DowkdYorD;uav;u b,fvkd
oabm&SdovJ
0w&m;ausyeG o
f l
om 0wmpm&orEm ywda'0wm ta[mod?
(Zmwu?|?3?169/)
om = xkdowkdYorD;uav;onf/ 0wmpm&orEm = usifh0wf

tmpm&ESihf jynfph o
Hk nf/ ywda'0wm = cifyeG ;f wnf;[laom ewf&o
dS nf/
ta[mod = jzpfNyD/
'DtrsKd;orD;uav;[m r,m;0w&m;awGeJYvnf; ausyGefw,f?
uk,
d u
f siw
hf &m;awGvnf; odyaf umif;w,f/ vifudk ewfom;uJo
h Ydk jyKpk
vkyfauR;wwfwJh trsKd;aumif;orD;wpfOD; jzpfw,f/ rkdrao rav;rpm;eJY tHwBudwfBudwf rsufapmif; wcJcJ vkyfaewJh trsKd;orD;rsKd;
[kwfovm; r[kwfbl;/ ajymifacsmfacsmf ajymifpyfpyf ajymif&Twf&Twf
rawmfwa&mfawGudk ajymaewJh trsK;d orD;rsK;d [kwo
f vm; r[kwb
f ;l /
tdr&f iS af ,musmf ;tay: ewfom;uJo
h Ydk oabmxm;Ny;D kad opGm
usi0hf wfy#dywfeYJ jyKpk vkyaf uR;w,f/ pdwaf eoabmxm;uav; tvGef
tqifh rjrifhbl;vm; jrifhaew,f/ a,murtdrf a&mufwJhaeYu pNyD;
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;&JU usifh0wfy#dywfeJY ywfoufNyD; wpfckrQ rcsKdU,Gif;ap&bl;? tm;vk;H ausausyeG yf eG f jyKay;w,f/ wpfaeYrmS bmvkyv
f movJ
tvSL'geyJGwpfck
]]pmr[H t,sykw trSmuH ukvlyuaw&meH 'geH 'gwkH/}}
t,sykw = t&Sifhom;/ trSmuH = uRefawmfrwkdY&JU/ ukvlyuaw&meH = uk;d uG,f qnf;uyfaewJh rax&fwt
Ydk m;/ 'geH = tvSL'geuk/d
'gwHk = ay;vSLjcif;iSm/ t[H = uRefawmfronf/ pmrd = tvkd&Sdyg\/
]]t&Sifhom; ... uRefawmfrwkdY udk;uG,f qnf;uyfaewJh q&m
rax&fawGukd tvSL'ge jyKzkdY&mtwGuf tvkd&Sdygw,f}} qkkdNyD;awmh
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;xH a&S;OD;pGm cGifhyefw,f/ cGifhyefvkdufawmh -]]om"k ba' ,xmZmoa,e 'geH a'[d/}}
ba' = &Sifr/ om"k = aumif;vSay\/ ,xmZmoa,e =
rdrdtvkd&SdwJhtwkdif;/ 'geH = tvSL'geukd/ a'[d = ay;vSLyg/
oif[m tvSL'ge jyKvkdu tvkd&Sdovkd ay;vSLyg aumif;ygw,f
qkdNyD;awmh cGifhay;vkdufw,f/ cGifhay;vkdufawmh bmvkyfovJ
om axa& edrEmaywGm r[EH oum&H uwGm yPDwabmZeH
abmaZwGm {urEH edoD'dwGm ]]baE rH ukvH rdpm'd|duH t'H
wdPH &wemeH *kPH e Zmemwd? om"k t,sm ,m0 rH ukvH wdPH
&wemeH *kPH Zmemwd? wm0 a"0 bduH *PSxm}}wd tm[/ ax&m
t"d0gaowGm ww edA'H bkEd/ (Zmwu?|?3?169/)
om = xkdtrsKd;orD;onf/ axa& = t&Sifom&dykMwm t&Sifr[marm*vm ef trSL;&Sad om rax&fBu;D wku
Yd /dk edrEmaywGm = yifzh w
d
f /
r[EH = BuD;pGmaom/ oum&H = ylaZmfoum&ukd/ uwGm = jyK/
yPDwabmZeH = jrwfaom abmZOfukd/ abmaZwGm = qufuyf
oHk;aqmifapNyD;vQif/ {urEH = tjypfajcmufyg; vGwf oifhwifhavsmufywfaom wpfckaom t&yf/ edoD'doGm = xkdifNyD;aemuf/
baE = t&Sijf rwfwb
Ydk &k m;/ rH ukvH = rdpm 'd|d trsK;d tEG,-f
onf/ t'H = &wemoH;k yg;wkYd tay: ,kMH unfjcif; o'gw&m;r&Syd g/
wdPH &wemeH = &wemokH;yg;\/ *kPH = *kPfaus;Zl;ukd/ e Zmemwd =
rod&Sdyg/ om"k = awmif;yefyg\/ t,sm = t&SifjrwfwkdYonf/ rH
ukvH = trsKd;tEG,fukd/ wdPH &wemeH = &wemokH;yg;wkdY\/ *kPH
= *kPfaus;Zl;ukd/ ,m0 = tMuifrQavmuf/ Zmemwd = od&Sd\/ wm0

= xdkrQavmufaom &wemoHk;yg;wdkY\ *kPfaus;Zl;ukd odonfhumv
wkdifatmif/ a"0 = tdrfyifvQif/ bduH = qGrf;ukd/ *PSx =
tvSLcHMuygbk&m;/ wd = odkY/ tm[ = avQmufxm;av\/
wpfaeYrmS 'DtrsK;d orD;u t&Sio
f m&dyMk wm t&Sirf [marm*vm ef
trSL;&SdwJh rax&fBuD;awGukd yifhzdwfw,f/ rGefjrwfaom qGrf; cJzG,f
abmZOfawGjzifh jyKpk vkyfauR;w,f/ qGrf;auR;jcif;udpNyD;wJh tcgrSm
oifhwifhavsmufywfaom wpfae&mrSm xkdifNyD; avQmufxm;w,f/
]]t&SifjrwfwkdYbk&m; ... 'Drdpm'd|d trsKd;tEG,fawGu ,kHMunfcsuf o'gw&m; r&SdwJhyk*dKvfawG jzpfMuygw,f/ &wemokH;wef uH
uH\tusKd;w&m; tay: ,kHMunfcsuf o'gw&m;r&SdwJh trsKd;tEG,f
jzpfMuygw,f/ &wemokH;yg;wkdY\ *kPfaus;Zl;ukd rodwwfwJh trsKd;tEG,f jzpfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh wynfhawmfr awmif;yefygw,f/
'DtrsK;d tEG,o
f nf &wemok;H yg;&JU *kPaf us;Zl;awGudk odvmonfw
h idk -f
atmif tdrfrSmyif qGrf;ukd tvSLcHawmfrlMuygukefbk&m;}}qkdNyD;awmh
avQmufxm;w,f/
rax&fjrwfBuD;wkdYuvnf; vufcHawmfrlNyD;awmh xkdtdrfrSmyJ
tjrJwrf; qGrf;bkOf;ay;jcif;udpukd jyKawmfrlMuygw,f/ wpfaeYrSm
'DtrsKd;orD;uav;u bmvkyfovJ
aomwmywdzkdvf wnfMuNyD
]]t,sykw ax&m " edA'H tm*p
tm*p EEd? u um&Pm wkarS e
yx}}/ (Zmwu?|?3?169/)
t,sykw = t&Sifom; .../ ax&m = rax&fjrwfBuD;wkdYonf/
tm*p EdEd = <uvmawmfrlMu" = tdrfodkY/ edA'H = aeYpOfrjywf/ tm*p
uke\
f / u um&Pm = tb,ftaMumif;w&m;aMumif/h wkarS = oifw-Ydk
onf/ e yx = rzl;jrifMuukefoenf;/
]]t&Sio
hf m; ...rax&fjrwfBu;D awG[m 'Dtrd u
f dk tjrw
J rf; <uvmawmfrMl uygw,f/ b,fvt
dk aMumif;aMumifh t&Sio
hf m;u 'Drax&f Bu;D awGudk rzl;ajrmf&ygovJvdkY ar;jref;w,f/
]]om"k? ydmrd/}} (Zmwu?|?3?169/)
om"k = at; ...aumif;ygNyD/ ydmrd = igzl;ajrmfygr,f/
tdrf&Sifa,musfm;uvnf; uwdwpfck ay;ygw,f/ aemufwpfaeY
rax&fBu;D awG qGr;f pm;jcif;udp Ny;D Ny/D qGr;f pm;jcif;udp Ny;D wJt
h aMumif;
xkt
d rsK;d aumif;om;uav;ukd trsK;d orD;uav;u oGm;a&muf ajymjyw,f/ ajymjyvkdufwJhtcgrSm xkdtrsKd;aumif;om;uvnf; rax&fBuD;awGxH csOf;uyfvmygw,f/ t&Sifom&dykMwm t&Sifr[marm*vmef
rax&fBu;D wkEYd iS w
hf uG EIwcf eG ;f qufojcif;qdw
k hJ pum;awGudk ajymMum;Muygw,f/ ajymMum;NyD;awmh oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh wpfae&mrSm
xkdifvkdufygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm t&Sifom&dykMwm rax&fjrwfBuD;u 'D
trsK;d aumif;om;uav;ukd w&m;a[may;awmfryl gw,f/ a[mawmfr-l
vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bmjzpfvmovJ?
aom ax& "ruxm, p &d,myaxok p yoD'dwGm
wawm y|m, ax&meH tmoeH ynaywd? ygeD,H y&dma0wd?
tE&mbaw "ruxH okPmwd? w ty&bma* rdpm'd|d bdZd/
(Zmwu?|?3?169/)
aom = xkdtrsKd;aumif;om;onf/ ax& = t&Sifom&dykMwm

rax&fjrwf\/ "ruxm, p = w&m;pum;awmfvnf;aumif;/
&d,myaxok p = &d,mykxfwkdYvnf;aumif;/ yoD'dwGm =
MunfnKd onfjzpf/ wawm = xkt
d csed t
f cgrS/ y|m, = p/ ax&meH
= rax&fjrwfBuD;wkdY\/ tmoeH = ae&mukd/ ynaywd = cif;usif;ay;\/ ygeD,H = aomufa&ukd/ y&dma0wd = ppfay;\/ tE&mbaw = qGrf;pm;jcif;\ pyfMum;umv/ wpfenf; - tE&mbaw =
qGr;f pm;jcif;udp Ny;D qk;H aomtcg/ "ruxH = w&m;pum;uk/d okPmwd
= emMum;\/ w = xkdtrsKd;aumif;om;\ oEmef/ ty&bma*
= aemufykdif;tzdkY/ rdpm'd|d = rSm;,Gif;aom rdpm'd|dt,lonf/ bdZd =
NydKuGJ oGm;cJhavNyD/
t&Sio
f m&dyMk wm rax&fjrwfBu;D \ w&m;pum;awG emMum;vku
d -f
&awmh MunfnKd omG ;w,f/ t&Sio
f m&dyMk wm uk,
d af wmfjrwfBu;D t&Si-f
r[marm*vmef ukd,fawmfjrwfBuD; tp&SdwJh rax&fjrwfBuD;wkdY&JU
aeykx
H idk yf Hk ajymykq
H ydk Hk oGm;ykv
H mykq
H w
kd hJ &d,mykxaf wGrmS vnf; MunfndKoGm;w,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrS pwifNyD; rax&foljrwfBuD;awGtwGuf ae&mawG
cif;ay;w,f? rax&fjrwfBu;D wkYd ok;H aqmifz&Ydk eftwGuf a&awGudk ppfNy;D
uyfvSLay;w,f? qGrf;pm;jcif;udp NyD;wJhtcgrSm okdYr[kwf qGrf;&JU
pyfMum;umvawGrmS vnf; w&m;awmfudk emMum;w,f? aemufyidk ;f umvrSmawmh wjznf;jznf;eJY rdpm 'd|t
d ,l0g'awG NyKd uo
JG mG ;w,f/ wpfaeYrSmawmh bmjzpfvmovJ
taxu'd0oH axa&m 'GdErd "ruxH uaxaEm opmed
yumaood/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
{u'd0oH = wpfaeYo/ axa&m = t&Sio
f m&dyMk wm uk,
d af wmfjrwfBuD;onf/ 'dGErd = ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wkdYtm;vnf;/ "ruxH =
w&m;pum;uk/d uaxaEm = a[mMum;jyo qkq
d ;Hk rawmfrt
l yfonf&-dS
aomf/ opmed = opmav;yg;wdu
Yk /dk yumaowd = xif&mS ;jyawmfr\
l /
wpfcsed q
f w
dk muawmh olwrYdk mS vnf; awmfawmfuav; 0dyemPfawGu &ifhusufvmwJh tcsdefvdkY ,lq&ygw,f/ ZeD;armifESH
ESpfOD;om;wkdY&JU oEmef o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg; &ifhusufvmwJhtcsdefyJ? tJ'D tcsdeftcgrSm t&Sifom&dykMwm ukd,fawmfjrwfBuD;u w&m;a[mw,f/ opmav;yg;ukd
pm ork',xif&mS ;jyawmfrw
l ,f/ opmav;yg;ubmawGvJ 'kuo
opm eda&m"opm r*opm/
'kuopmqkdwmu ckeuajymcJhwJh twdwf tem*wf ypKyef
tZsw A[d' ponfjzifh wpfq,fhwpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
wnfaewJh Oyg'geuEmig;yg; = kyfw&m;emrfw&m;awG jzpfMuw,f/
ork',opm qdw
k mu xk'd u
k o
pmawG&UJ taMumif;&if;jzpfwhJ t0dZm wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH tp&Sw
d hJ taMumif;w&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
eda&m"opmrSm avmuDead &m"opm qdw
k mu t0dZm -wPSm-Oyg'gefocFg&-uHqdkwJh taMumif; ork',opmw&m;awGu t&[wr*fPfaMumifh t<uif;tusefr&Sd aemufxyfwpfzef b,fawmhrS rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;vkYd ac:qkw
d hJ tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;cEmig;yg; = 'kuopmw&m;wdkY&JU aemufxyfwpfzef
b,fawmhrS rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh t<uif;tusefr&Sd
csKyNf ird ;f rI = tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f rIoabmjzpfw,f/
avmukw& m eda&m"opmqdw
k mu tocFw tNird ;f "mwf edAm ef jzpfygw,f/ avmuDr*opm qdkwmu IaewJh 0dyemPfESifhwuGaom
orm'd|d ormouFy tp&Sw
d hJ r*iw
f &m;ud,
k &f pS yf g; jzpfw,f/ avmukw&m r*opmqdkwmu t&d,r*fPfESifh ,SOfaewJh r*if&Spfyg;
jzpfygw,f/
tJ'D opmav;yg;ukd wpfqifx
h ufwpfqifh jrifo
h mG ;atmif xif&mS ;jyawmfrlw,f/ jyawmfrlwJh tcsdeftcg bmjzpfoGm;MuovJ
opy&da,momae Oabmyd Z,rwdum aomwmywdzav

ywd|[ok/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
opy&da,momae = opma'oemawmfed*Hk; NyD;qHk;aom tcsdeftcgumv/ Oabmyd Z,rwdum = ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;om;wdkYonf k = wnfMuvnf;/ aomwmywdz av = aomwmywdz v
kd f / ywd|[o
avukefNyD/
opma'oemawmfe*d ;kH Ny;D qH;k oGm;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm ZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D
bmjzpfoGm;ovJ aomwmywdzkdvf wnfoGm;MuNyD? bmaMumifh
aomwmywdzkdvf wnfMu&ovJvkdY jyefNyD; qef;ppfMunfhwJh tcsdeftcgrSm o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmvdYk ac:qkt
d yfwhJ olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;ESifh 'DZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wkdYrSm rjynfhpkHMubl;vm; jynfhpkHaeMuNyD/ jynfhpkHaeMujcif;aMumifh aomwmywdzkdvf wnfMuNyD? wnfvkdufwJh tcsdeftcg a&SUqufNyD;awmh bmawGjzpfvmMuovJ
'DtcsdefupNyD; rdbESpfyg; tpxm; atmufxpfqkH;tm;jzifh xkdtdrfrSm wnf&SdaewJh uRefa,mufsm; uRefrdef;r tp&SdwJh aus;uRefawGrSmvnf; rdpm 'd|t
d ,ludk tm;vk;H zsuq
f ;D Ny;D bk&m;-w&m;-oHCmqkw
d hJ
&wemokH;yg; jrwfEkd;rIawG xif&Sm; jzpfay:vmMuNyDf/ tJ'Dvkd xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vmwJh tcdset
f cgrSm olwu
Ydk 'DavmufeYJ auseyfaeMuovm;
auseyfraeMuygbl;/ tJ'DavmufeJY auseyfaewmukd bkef;BuD;vnf;
rESpfNcdKufygbl;? tJ'gaMumifh bkef;BuD;uvnf; 'DZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wkdY&JU
xkH;uav;ukd a[maejcif;vnf; jzpfygw,f/ ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;om;wkdY
wpfaeY bmjzpfvmovJ
taxu'd0oH 'g&dum omrduH tm[/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
{u'd0oH = wpfaeYo/ 'g&dum = trsKd;orD;i,fu/ omrduH =
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;ukd/ tm[ = ajymjyav\/
wpfaeYrmS trsK;d orD;i,fuav;u tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;ukd cGiahf wmif;
aomtm;jzifh ajymMum;NyD/
]]t,sykw ud H ar C&m0gaoe? pmr[H yAZdwHk/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?170/)
t,sykw = t&Sifhom;/ ar = uRefawmfrtm;/ C&m0gaoe =

tdr&f mwnfaxmif vlUabmif aexkid &f jcif;jzif/h u = tb,ftusK;d &S-d
EkdifygtHhenf;/ t[H = uRefawmfronf/ yAZdwkH = omoemabmifokdY
0ifa&muf &Sif&[ef;jyKjcif;iSm/ pmrd = tvdk&Sdyg\/
]]t&Sio
hf m; ... uReaf wmfrtzdYk tdr&f mwnfaxmif vlUabmifrmS
aexkdifjcif;jzifh bmtusKd;&SdrSmvJ? uRefawmfronf omoemawmfabmifoYdk 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKvykd gw,f/}} 'Dvdk pdwx
f m;awG ay:vmw,f/ rGejf rwfwhJ pdwx
f m;awGvYdk rajymEkid b
f ;l vm; ajymEkid yf gw,f/
,cktcsed rf mS 'g,umBu;D awGudk tdr&f iS rf awGu 'Dvdk ajymvmNyq
D v
dk Qif
b,fvadk eMurvJ? cGijhf yKEidk yf ghrvm; cGijhf yKEidk &f r,f/ 'Dtrd &f iS af ,mufsm;uawmh rdpm'd|db0rS a&GUavsmNyD;awmh opmav;yg;ukdodwJh t&d,m
olawmfaumif;b0okdY qkdufa&mufvmwJh yk*dKvfwpfOD; jzpfygw,f/
opmav;yg;ukd odjrifxm;awmh olu bmajymovJ
]]om"k ba'? t[rd yAZdmrd/}} (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
ba' = t&Sifr/ om"k = aumif;vSygay\/ t[rd = igonfd mrd = omoemabmifoYdk 0ifa&muf &Si&f [ef;jyKaytH/h
vnf;yJ/ yAZ
raumif;bl;vm; odyaf umif;w,f/ ESpaf ,mufv;Hk aumif;oGm;w,f/ ]]igvnf;yJ omoemabmif 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKr,f}}vkdY
'Dvkd jyefajymMum;NyD; ---
r[aEe y&d0ga&e wH bduKEky,H aewGm yAmaZwGm o,rd

owm&H OyouFrdwGm yAZH ,mpd/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
wd = odkY ajymMum;NyD;/ r[aEe y&d0ga&e = BuD;us,fpGm
aom tjct
H &Hjzif/h wH = xkt
d rsK;d orD;i,fu/dk bduK Eyk ,H = bduL eDrausmif;awmfo/Ydk aewGm = aqmif/ yAmaZwGm = &Si&f [ef;jyKap/
o,rd = rdru
d mG
d ,
dk w
f idk u
f vnf;yJ/ owm&H = bk&m;&Six
f o
H /Ydk OyouFrw
= csOf;uyf/ yAZH = &Sif&[ef;tjzpfukd/ ,mpd = awmif;yef avQmufxm;cJhav\/
BuD;pGmaomtjcHt&Hjzifh 'DtrsKd;orD;i,fuav;ukd bduLeDrausmif;wdu
k o
f Ydk ac:aqmifNy;D awmh &Si&f [ef;jyKapw,f? rdru
d ,
dk w
f idk -f
vnf; bk&m;&Six
f H csO;f uyfNy;D awmh &Si&f [ef;tjzpfudk awmif;yefw,f/
awmif;yefvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSmwH owm yAmaZod/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
wH = xkdowkdYom;i,fukd/ owm = vlewfwkdY\ q&mwpfql
jzpfawmfrlaom bk&m;&Sifonf/ yAmaZod = &[ef;jyKcGifhay;av\/
bk&m;&Sifuvnf; 'DowdkYom;i,fukd &Sif&[ef;jyKcGifh ay;vdkufygw,f/
t&[wzdkvf wnfoGm;MuNyD
Oabmyd 0dyeH 0awGm e pd&a0 t&[wH ygykPok/
(Zmwu?|?3?170/)
Oabmyd = ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;om;wkdYvnf;/ 0dyeH = 0dyemPfukd/ 0awGm = wkd;yGm;atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfEkdifcJhjcif;aMumifh/

e pd&a0 = rMumrD tcsdefumvtwGif;rSmyifvQif/ t&[wH =
t&[wzkdvfokdY/ ygykPok = qkdufa&mufawmfrlMuavukefNyD/
ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;om;wkdY 0dyemPfawGukd wkd;yGm;atmif
&ifhusufatmif BudK;pm; tm;xkwfEkdifwJhtwGuf rMumrD tcsdefumv
twGi;f rSm t&[wzv
dk f wnfomG ;MuNy?D raumif;bl;vm; odyaf umif;oGm;w,f/ wPSm&m*wnf;[laom oHa,mZOf taESmiftzGJUawGjzifh
tdr&f mwnfaxmif vlUabmifrmS aexkid jf cif;ukd y,fpeG NYf y;D 'Dvdk omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufum BudK;pm;tm;xkwfEkdifrIaMumifh t&[wr*f
t&[wzv
dk f qku
d o
f mG ;wJt
h wGuf tk-d em-aoa&; 'kua b;wkrYd S uGi;f vkH;uRwf vGwfroGm;Mubl;vm; vGwfoGm;MuNyD? vGwfoGm;Muawmh
bmjzpfvmovJ wpfcsdef &[ef;awmfawGu "robifrSm pkpnf;rdwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm taxu'd0oH bduL "robm,H uxH ork|mayokH ]]tm0kaom
tokum emr '[&bduK eD twaem ap0 yp,m Zmwm omrdu
p? twemyd yAZdwGm t&[wH ywGm wrd ygayoD}}wd/
(Zmwu?|?3?170/)
igY&SifwkdY ... 'Dtrnf&SdwJh bduLeDrav;[m rdrdukd,fwkdif&JU

taMumif;w&m;om jzpfonf r[kwb
f ;l ? tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;&JU taMumif;
w&m;vnf; jzpfaew,f/ bmtaMumif;w&m;vJ rdrdukd,fwkdif omoemabmif 0ifa&muf &Sif&[ef;jyKNyD; t&[wzkdvfa&mufonf
r[kwb
f ;l / xkt
d rd &f iS af ,mufsm;ukv
d nf; omoemabmif 0ifa&mufum
&Si&f [ef;jyKapNy;D awmh t&[wzv
dk u
f dk a&mufatmif &Guaf qmifay;Ekid -f
w,f ponfjzifh 'Dpum;awG ajymMuw,f/ ajymvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm
bk&m;&Sifu a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,f Zmwfvrf;uav;wpfckukd
qufNyD; a[mMum;ay;awmfrlygw,ff/
a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhz,
G Zf mwfvrf;
]]e bdua0 'gae0 wm0 {om omrduH &m*ygom armapod?
ykaAayom ayg&mPuy@daw ye r&Pygom armapoD}}wd 0wGm
twDwH tm[&d/ (Zmwu?|?3?170/)
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ 'gae0 = ,cktcgyifvQif/
{om = trsK;d orD;onf/ omrduH = tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;ukd/ &m*ygom
= &m*ausmhuGif;rS/ e armapod = vGwfajrmufapcJhonf r[kwfao;/
ykaAyd = a&S;,cif b0wkef;uvnf;yJ/ {om = trsKd;aumif;orD;Yd /dk r&Ponf/ ayg&mPuy@daw = a&S;ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;wku
ygom = aorif;ausmhuGif;rS/ armapod = vGwfajrmufapcJhzl;avNyD/
wd = odkY/ 0wGm = rdefYMum;awmfrlNyD;aemuf/ twDwH = a&S;jzpfa[mif; twdwfZmwfaMumif;ukd/ tm[&d = aqmif,l a[mMum;jyoawmfrlcJhavNyD/
cspo
f m;&[ef;wkYd ...,ckb0rSmomvQif 'DtrsK;d aumif;orD;onf
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;ukd &m*ausmhuGif;rS vGwfajrmufaponf r[kwfbl;?
a&S;,cif b0awGuvnf; 'DtrsKd;aumif;orD;av;[m a&S;ynm&Sd
olawmfaumif;wku
dY dk aorif;wnf;[laom ausmu
h iG ;f rS vGwaf jrmufapcJhzl;ygw,f qkdNyD;awmh a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,f twdwfZmwfaMumif;ukd jyefajymif;NyD; a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm bkef;BuD; ajymcsifwmuawmh 'DtrsKd;aumif;om;uav;ESihf trsK;d aumif;orD;wkYd t&[wzv
dk f wnf&jcif;onf bke;f Bu;D wkdY om0uyg&rDPft&mrSm bm&SdovJ ]]t"duma&m p qEwm}}
qkdNyD;awmh taMumif;t*Fg ESpfcsuf pkHpkHnDnD &Sd&r,fqkdwm ty'get|uxm (ty'ge?|?1?158/)rsm;rSm vm&Sdygw,f/ t"dum&
m&qkdwmu
edAmefukd &nf&G,fawmifhwNyD; jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh 0dZmrsKd;aphaumif;
p&PrsKd;aphaumif;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ qEwmmqdkwmuawmh t&[wzkdvfukd vkdvm;awmifhwaewJh qE"mwfawGu tvGef jyif;jyif;xefxef &Sd&rSm jzpfygw,f/
edAm efudk &nf&,
G af wmifw
h Ny;D jyKpyk sKd ;axmifcw
hJ hJ t"dum& aumif;rI
ukov
dk q
f w
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h Qif o'g-oDv-okwpm*-ynmvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;yJ jzpfygw,f/
a&S;a&S; b0awGuwnf;u t&[wzv
dk &f aMumif;jzpfwhJ 'D o'g-oDvokw-pm*-ynmvdkY ac:qkdtyfwJh olawmfaumif;OpmawGukd qnf;yl;
&SmazGcJhwJh olawmfaumif;awG jzpfMuw,f/ a&S;a&S; bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU
omoemawmftwGif;rSmuwnf;u 'D o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynm
ac:wJh olawmfaumif;OpmawGukd qnf;yl; &SmazGcJhjcif;wnf;[laom
t"dum&aumif;rIuo
k v
dk af wGu 'Db0rSm t&[wzv
dk &f atmif tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,yp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeMuygw,f/
ar;jref;oifhaom ar;cGef;wpfck
'DZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wdkY[m a&S;a&S; bk&m;&SifwdkY&JU omoemawmfwGif;rSmuwnf;u o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynm
-pm*-ynmqkdwJh olawmfaumif;
OpmawGESifh jynfhpHkcJhkd;rSefvQif 'DtrsKd;orD;uav;[m tb,faMumifh
wd& pmefbb
kH 00,f orifrsK;d oGm;jzpfae&ygovJ[k ar;&ef &Sv
d mjyefw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ 0dok'dr*t|uxm
|uxmESifh oarm[0daem'eD
t|uxm
t|uxmwkrYd mS tyg,fra&mufEikd b
f ;l qkw
d hJ tzGiahf wG vm&Sad eygw,f/
'DtzGiahf wGu b,fvo
dk abmvJ a&S;OD;pGm 0do'k rd *t|uxmtzGiu
hf kd
ajymMu&atmif --rdem ye aPe orEm*awm 0dyaum Ak'omoae
v'maom v'ywda|m ed,w*wdaum plVaomwmyaEm emr
a[mwd/ (0dok'd?2?240/)
'Dt|uxm&JU qkv
d &dk if;udk ajymMu&atmif --- olawmfaumif;Opm
ig;yg;xJrSm okwqkdwJh tMum;+tjrif = A[kkwrsm;jym;jcif;qkdwJh
t*Fg&yfwpfckvnf; yg0ifaeygw,f/ a&S;ykdif;u ajymcJhNyD;ygNyD --1/ ky+f emrfukd [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG y&rwfoYdk qku
d af tmif xk;d xGi;f odwhJ
emrlyy&dap'Pf -2/ ,if;ky+f emrfw&Ydk UJ taMumif;w&m;awGudk [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG odwhJ
odkYr[kwf aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI y#dporkyg'foabmw&m;awGukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGmodwJh yp,y&d*[Pf -'DPftjrifESpfrsKd;ESifh jynfhpHkvQif A[kkwt*FgESifh jynfhpHkNyD
jzpfaMumif;udk a&S;ykdif;u &Sif;jycJhNyD;NyD? 0dok'dr*t|uxmuvnf; -]]'DPftjrifEpS rf sK;d ESihf jynfph akH ewJh 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk
pD;jzef;aewJh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf[m Ak'jrwfpGmomoemawmfrSm oufom&mudk &&So
d mG ;Ny?D axmuf&m wnf&mudk &&So
d mG ;Ny?D aumif;&mok*wdqdkwJh vm;&m*wd jrJNyD? plVaomwmyef = aomwmyefnDaxG;jzpfNyD --qdkNyD;awmh zGifhqkdxm;w,f/ (0dok'd?2?240/)
wpfzef oarm[0daem'eD t|uxmBuD;uvnf; --{0H ocFga& ovauwGm Xdw ye bduK 'oAv
omoae rlvH MowdPH emr a[mwd? ywd|m v'g emr? plVaomwmyaEm emr a[mwd ed,w*wdaum/ (tbd?|?2?242/)
'Dvkd taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom kyf+emrf = "r = ocFg&w&m;awGudk aumif;pGm ydik ;f jcm; rSwo
f m;vsuf wnfaewJh a,m*g0p&
&[ef;awmf[m udk,fawmftm; q,fyg; Pfawmftm; q,fyg;ESifh
jynfhpHkawmfrlwJh bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfrS rcJGEkdifavmufatmif
tjrpfwG,foGm;NyD? axmuf&m wnf&mudk &&SdoGm;NyD? plVaomwmyef
jzpfNyD? vm;&m*wd jrJNyD/ (tbd?|?2?242/)
'Dvkd zGiq
hf x
dk m;jyefw,f/ 'gaMumifh o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqdkwJh olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaewJh olawG[m wd& pmefb0odkY ra&mufEkdifawmhbl;? wd& pmef rjzpfEdkifawmhbl; r[kwfvm;vdkY
'Dvkdawmh ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/
bke;f Bu;D taeeJY pOf;pm;rdwhJ tcsuEf pS cf suaf wmh &Syd gw,f/ yxrtcsufuawmh olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;xJu A[kkwt*Fg&yfESifh
jynfhpHkjcif; 0dyemynmESifh jynfhpHkjcif;qkdwJh 'Dt*Fg&yf ESpfckuawmh
'DtrsK;d orD;uav; orifb0 a&muf&dSNy;D rS aemufaemuf b0rsm;pGmxJu wpfckckaom b0rSm bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmfESifh MuHKckdufrSm 'D
olawmfaumif;Opm ig;yg;vH;k ESihf jynfph akH tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwcf w
hJ ,f/
orifb0odkY ra&mufcifu jynfhjynfhpHkpHk tm;rxkwf&ao;bl;vkdYawmh
qdkp&m &Sdygw,f/ 'guawmh ,lqcsufwpfckaygh/
aemufwpfcsufuawmh 'DtrsKd;orD;uav;[m orifruav;b0odkY ra&mufcifrSm om0uwkdY odoifhodxkdufwJh kyfemrf y&rwf
w&m;awGudk om0uyg&rDESifh avsmfnDpGm jynfhjynfhpHkpHk odcJhao;[ef
rwlbl;vdkYvnf; ,lq&ygw,f/ Oyrm -- "mwfBuD;av;yg;avmufom
IczhJ ;l wmvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEidk yf gw,f? kyw
f &m;avmufuo
kd m IczhJ ;l wmvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifygw,f? emrfw&m;awGudkvnf; tenf;tusOf;avmuf wpfcsKdUwpf0ufavmuf wpfvHk;p ESpfvHk;pavmufom
odczhJ ;l wmvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEikd yf gw,f? y#dpo
rkyg 'fukd rIczhJ ;l ao;wmvnf; jzpfaumif; jzpfEdkifygw,f/
tu,f om0uwpfOD;[m "mwfBuD;av;yg;avmufudkom
a&S;a&S;b0awGu IcJhzl;w,fqdkvQifvnf; 'Db0rSm r*fzkdvfedAmefudk
&Ekdifavmufatmif tm;ay;axmufyHhEkdifwJh yg&rDrsKd;aph jzpfEkdifw,fvkdY
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;u rdrd&JU yg&rD'DyeDrSm qHk;jzwfxm;awmfrlygw,f/

b,fvydk if jzpfcsijf zpfygap? 'DtrsK;d orD;uav;[m orifruav;
jzpfNyD;wJh aemufydkif;umv0,f a&S;a&S; bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmfwGi;f rSm o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqkw
d hJ olawmfaumif;Opm &wemawGudk &&Sdatmif yg&rDrsKd;aphawGudk xlaxmifcJhw,fqdkwJh tcsufudkawmh ajymEkdifygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ
wom yapuAk'A 'k o
m0umeH oaAoH ywem p tbde[
D ma&m
p pdwaAm/ (ty'ge?|?1?155/)
yapuAk'bk&m;&SifESifh Ak'om0u (= bk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0u)
tm;vHk;wdkYrSm --1/ rdrd vdv
k m;awmifw
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2/ rdrd vdv
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w&m;ESprf sK;d jzpfMuygw,f/ aemufxyf t|uxmu xyfziG x
hf m;ao;w,f --aroH ye oaAord t"duma&m p qEwmwd 'G*ForEm*awma,0 tbdeD[ma&m a[mwd/ (ty'ge?|?1?158/)
'Dbk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0utm;vHk;wkdY[m --1/ t"dum& aumif;rIukodkvf&Sdjcif;
2/ rdrd arQmfrSef;xm;onfh aAm"dPfukd vkdvm; awmifhwwJh qE"mwf&Sdjcif;qdkwJh -'Dt*FgESpfyg;ESifh jynfhpHkygrSom rdrdvdkvm;awmifhwaewJh aAm"d-
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toufwpfacsmif;ukdyif pGefYvTwf&Jol
]]'H b,H r,SH yd,omrdu OyEH b0dwd/}}/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?170/)
'H b,H = ab;'kuonfum;/ r,SH = ig\/ yd,omrdu

= cspcf ifjrwfE;kd tyfwhJ t&Sif orifzBdk u;D \ oEmef/ OyEH = jzpfay:aewJh
ab;'kuonf/ b0dwd = jzpfayvdrfhr,f/
'Dab;'kuuawmh {uEtm;jzifh igcspfjrwfEdk;tyfwJh ig&JU t&Sif
orifzdkBuD;&JU oEmef jzpfay:aewJh ab;'ku jzpfayvdrfhr,f? 'Dvkd
ESvHk;ykdufNyD;awmh cyfjrefjref 'DtoHjrnfaewJh orifBuD;xHudk ajy;vmw,f/ ajy;vmNyD;awmh -tkrkcD a&m'rmem?
tkrck D = rsu&f nfusaom rsuEf mS &So
d nf/ a&m'rmem = ikad <u;vsuf -]]omrd wGH r[Aavm? u {wH ygoH oEma&wkH e oudod?
a0*H ZaewGm qdEm[d eH/}} (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
omrd = t&Sif/ wGH = oifonf/ r[Avm = BuD;rm;aom tm;&Sdaom yk*dKvfonf/ a[mw
a[mwd = jzpfygay\/ u = tb,f taMumif;aMumif/h {wH ygoH = xkad usmu
h iG ;f uk/d oEma&wHk = aumif;pGm aqmif,ltHhaomiSm/ (0g) oEma&wHk = vGwfajrmufaptHhaomiSm/ e oud-
od = rpGrf;EkdifygtHhenf;/ a0*H = vsifjrefwJh t[kefudk/ ZaewGm =

jzpfap/ eH = xkdausmhuGif;ukd/ qdEm[d = jzwfawmufvkdufyg/
]]t&Sif ...oifonf cGet
f m;Bu;D rm;wJh yk*Kd vjf zpfygvsuf 'Dausm-h
uGi;f ukd aqmif,zl &Ydk ef bmaMumifh rpGr;f Ekid &f ovJ? vsijf refaom t[ke-f
jzihf 'Dausmu
h iG ;f ukd jzwfawmufvu
dk pf rf;yg}}qkNd y;D wku
d w
f eG ;f w,f/ tJ'v
D kd
wkdufwGef;vkdwJhtwGuf *gxmav;wpfck acgifqkH;pNyD;awmh qkdw,ff/
]]0dur a& [&dyg'? 0dur a& r[mrd*/
qdE 0g&wduH ygoH? em[H {um 0ae &ar}}wd/
(Zmwu?|?3?171/)
a& [&dyg' = a&Ttqif;uJhodkY 0g0if;aom ajc&Sdawmfrlygayaom

tdk orifzkdBuD;/ 0dur = BudK;pm; tm;xkwfvkdufprf;yg/ a& r[mrd* =
tkd orifrif;BuD;/ 0dur = tm;xkwfvdkufprf;yg/ 0g&wduH = okH;vGef;wif xm;tyfaom/ ygo
ygoH = ausmhuGif;ukd/ qdE = jzwfawmufvkdufprf;yg/ t[H = uRefawmfronf/ {um = Muifazmfryg wpfudk,fwnf;onf/ [kwmG = jzpf/ 0ae = awmtwGi;f / e &ar = arGUavsmf
aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufrI r&SdEkdifyg/
wpfO;D tay:wpfO;D wG,w
f maewJh &m* xif&mS ;&Sad ewke;f uawmh
'Dpw
d x
f m;uav;awG &Sad umif;&SEd idk yf gw,f/ 'Dausmu
h iG ;f ukd vGwaf tmif
kef;prf;yg? 'DausmhuGif;BuD;udk jzwfawmufypfprf;yg? awmxJrSm uRefawmfr wpfu,
dk w
f nf; aer,fqv
dk Qiaf wmh raeEkid b
f ;l ? b,fvdk raeEkid -f
ovJ
t[H w,m 0dem {udum 0ae e &rdmrd? wdaPm'uH ye
t*a[wGm okdwGm r&dmrDwd 'awd/ (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
t[H = uReaf wmfronf/ w,m = t&SiEf iS /hf 0dem = auGuiG ;f Ny;D / {udum = wpfudk,fwnf;onf/ [kwGm = jzpf/ 0ae = awm-
twGi;f / e &rdmrd = arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
dk f ESpo
f ufrI r&SEd idk yf g/ wdaPm'uH = jruftpm aomufa&ukd/ t*a[wGm = rpm;aomufrl/
okdwGm = cef;ajcmuf/ r&dmrd = ao&aytHh/ wd = odkY/
'awd = xif&Sm;jyay\/
uReaf wmfr wpfu,
kd w
f nf; awmxJrmS ae&r,fqv
dk Qiaf wmh b,fvdkrS rarGUavsmfEkdifygbl;/ jruftpma&pmawGukd rpm;okH;EkdifawmhbJ
tom;ta&awG cef;ajcmufNyD; aoausysufpD;&ygvdrfhr,fqkdNyD;awmh
'Dvdk ajymw,f/ ajymvku
d w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm orifzBdk u;D u bmjyefajymovJ
]]0durmrd e yga&rd? blr okrmrd a0*om/
'aVm 0g&wdaum ygaom? yg'H ar y&duEwd/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?171/)
ba' = t&Sifr/ t[
t[H = igonf/ 0durmrd = 0D&d,udk jyKvkyf
aeyg\/ ygoH = ausmhuGif;ukd/ qdEdwkH = jzwftHhaomiSm/ e yga&rd =
rpGrf;Ekdifyg/ tyd = pifppftm;jzifhaomfum;/ qdaZ,sm emr = jywfrlvnf; jywfav&m\/ wd = okdY ESvHk;ydkuf/ a0*om = vsifjrefaom t[kejf zif/h yga'emyd = ajcjzifv
h nf;yJ/ blr = ajrBu;D uk/d okrm rd
= uefausmuf aeyg\/ 0g&wdaum ygaom = okH;vGef;wif uspfxm;tyfaom ausmhuGif;BuD;onfum;/ 'aVm = cdkifjrJ aeyg\/ ar
= ig\/ yg'H = ajcuk/d y&duEwd = ta&wku
Yd dk jzwfvsuf xuf0ef;usirf S
jywfawmufapyg\/
vsifjrefaom t[kefjzifh 'DajrBuD;ukd igonf uefausmufaeygw,f/ vGwv
f v
dk w
G jf im;qkw
d hJ 'Dpw
d "f mwfjzifh igonf ke;f uefaeygw,f/
'DBudK;u okH;vGef;wifuspfxm;wJh BudK;jzpfawmh odyfckdifcHhaew,f/ 'gaMumifh ig&JUajcaxmufawGukd jzwfawmufapEkdifwJh pGrf;tm; 'DBudK;rSm
txift&Sm;&dSaeygw,f qkdNyD;awmh jyefajymw,f/ tJ'D tcsdeftcgrSm

'Dorifruav;u orifzkdBuD;ukd bmajymovJ
]]rm bm,d omrd t[H twaem Aave vk'uH ,mpdwGm w0
ZD0dwH tm[&dmrd/}} (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
omrd = t&Sif/ rm bm,d = raMumufygeJY/ t[H = uRefawmfronf/ twaem = rdrd\/ Aave = pGrf;tm;jzifh/ vk'uH = rkqkd;ukd/
,mpdwGm = awmif;yef/ w0 = oif\/ ZD0dw H = toufukd/
tm[&dmrd = wpfzef jyefNyD; aqmif,l ay;ygtHh/
]]t&Sif ... bmrS raMumufygeJY uRefawmfr\ pGrf;tm;jzifh
rkq;dk Bu;D ukd awmif;yefNy;D awmh oif&h UJ toufudk &atmif aqmif,al y;ygr,f/}}
]]oap ,mpem, e oudmrd? rr ZD0dwrd 'wGm w0 ZD0dwH
tm[&dmrd/}} (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
oap = tu,f/ ,mpem, = awmif;yefjcif;jzif/h e ou
d mrd
= oif&JUtoufudk aqmif,ljcif;iSm rpGrf;EkdifcJhonf jzpfygtHh/ rr =
uRefawmfr\/ ZD0dwrd = toufukdaomfvnf;yJ/ 'wGm = ay;vSL/
w0 = t&Si\
d H = toufu/dk tm[&dmr
f / ZD0w
mrd = igaqmif,al ytH/h
tu,f awmif;yefvrYdk S oif&h UJ toufudk &atmif raqmifay;EkdifcJhbl;qkdvQif uRefawmfr&JUtoufukd pGefYvTwfNyD; oifh&JUtoufukd
&atmif aqmifay;ygr,f/ 'Dvdk ajymqkNd y;D bk&m;tavmif; orifBu;D ukd
oufom&m&apw,f? oufom&m&apkHavmufuav;wGifyJvm;qkdawmh r[kwfao;bl;? aoG;tvdrf;vdrf; uyfaewJh bk&m;tavmif;
orifBuD;ukd ayGUykdufNyD;awmh &yfwnfaevdkufw,ff/
oefvsufawG vSHawG ukdifNyD;awmh urmysufwJhtcg avmifwJhrD;uJhokdY a'gotrsufawG ajcmif;ajcmif;xGufvsuf Murf;wrf;wJh ukd,f trlt&m pdwt
f rlt&mawGeYJ vmaewJh rkq;dk udv
k nf; orifruav;u
jrifNy/D jrifwt
hJ csed t
f cgrSm orifrav;u orifzBdk u;D ukd bmajymovJ
]]omrd vk'aum tm*pwd? t[H twaem AvH u&dmrd? wGH
rm bm,d/}} (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
omrd = t&Sif/ vk'aum = rkqkd;BuD;onf/ tm*pwd = vmaeay\/ t[H = uReaf wmfronf/ twaem = rdr\
d / AvH = tm;tpGr;f ukd/ u&dmrd = jyKvkyf jyaytHh/ wGH = oifonf/ rm bm,
bm,d =
raMumufygvifh/
]]t&Sif ...rkq;dk Bu;D awmh vmaeNy?D uReaf wmfronf uReaf wmfr\ pGr;f tm;awGudk xif&mS ; jyKvyk Nf y;D jyygawmhr,f/ oifbmrS raMumufygeJY}} qkdNyD;awmh orifzkdBuD;ukd oufom&m &apNyD;awmh rkqdk;BuD;vmaeonfh c&D;&ifqidk b
f ufudk olu ajcvSr;f Ny;D awmh oGm;vdu
k w
f ,f/
ao&JwJhpdwfxm; r&Sdbl;vm; &Sdaew,ff/ toufukd pGefYvTwfNyD;awmh
olwpfyg;ukd u,fwifr,fqw
dk hJ 'Dpw
d "f mwf &Sad ew,f/ oifw
h ifah vsmufywfwJh wpfae&mrSm &yfvkdufw,f/ &yfNyD;awmh rkqkd;ukd &Sdckd;w,f/
&Sdckd;NyD;awmh bmajymovJ
]]omrd rr omrdaum ok0P0aPm oDvmpm&oraEm? toDw-d
o[meH rd*geH &mZm/}} (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
omr
omrd = t&Sifrkqkd;/ rr = uRefawmfr\/ omrdaum = t&Sifocifonf/ ok0P0aPm = a&Ttqif;ESifhwlaom tqif;&Sdygay\/
oDvmpm&oraEm = ukd,fusifhoDv usifh0wfy#dywf tmpm&ESifh
d [meH rd*geH = &Spaf omif;aom om;orifjynfph yHk gay\/ toDwo
wkdY\/ &mZm = &Sifbk&ifjzpfygay\/
uRefr&JU t&SifocifjzpfwJh orifzkdBuD;ukd Munfhvdkufr,fqkdvQif

a&Ttqif;eJYwlwJh tqif;vnf; &Sdygw,f? ukd,fusifhoDvawGeJYvnf;
jynfhpkHw,f? tusifhtmpm& usifh0wfy#dywfawGeJYvnf; jynfhpkHygw,f?
&Spaf omif;aom om;orifw&Ydk UJ &Sib
f &k ifvnf;jzpfaew,f/ 'Dvdk ponfjzifh bk&m;tavmif;&JU *kPfaus;Zl;awGukd ajymqkdNyD;awmh bk&m;tavmif; orifrif;&JU &yfwnfaepOf tcsdeftcgrSm rdrdukd owfzkdY&eftwGuf rkqkd;ukd avQmufxm;awmif;yefw,f/ b,fvkdvJ
]]tw&k yvmomed? t
o edAm[ vk'u/
to
yXrH rH 0"dwGme? [e ypm r[mrd*}}Ed/ (Zmwu?|?3?171/)
vk'u = &ufpufMurf;MuKwfvSayaom toifrkqkd;/ t
o =
to
oefvsuu
f /dk edAm [ = oefvsut
f rd rf S xkwaf qmifvu
dk yf gawmh/ yvmomed = aygufzufwkdYukd/ tw&k = cif;usif; xm;ygavmh/ yXrH =
a&S;OD;pGm/ rH = uReaf wmfruk/d 0"dwmG e = owfjzwfNy;D / ypm = aemufumv/ r[mrd*H = om;orifzkdBuD;ukd/ [e = owfjzwfygavmh/
]]toifrq
k ;dk ... oefvsut
f rd rf S oefvsu"f m;Bu;D ukd xkwaf qmifvkdufyg? tom;awG xkyfzkdY&eftwGuf aygufzufawGukdvnf; toifh
cif;usi;f Ny;D xm;vku
d yf g? a&S;OD;pGm uReaf wmfrukd owfyg? uReaf wmfrukd
a&S;OD;pGm owfNyD;wJh aemufykdif;rSm orifzkdBuD;ukd owfyg}} qkdNyD;awmh
'Dvdk olu avQmufxm;awmif;yefvkdufw,f/ tJ'D tcgrSmawmh bmjzpfvmovJ
wH okwGm vk'aum ]]rEkblwm wm0 omrdu twm,
twaem ZD0dwH e y&dpZEd? t,H wd&p
&p
& p me*wm ZD0dwH y&dpZwd?
rEkbmom, p r"ka&e oa&e uaxwd?}} (Zmwu?|?3?172??)
wH = xkdpum;ukd/ okwGm = Mum;/ vk'aum = rkqkd;onf/
rEkblwm = vlom;jzpfMuukefaom olwkdYonf/ omrdu =
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;\/ twm, = tusKd;iSm/ twaem = rdrd\/ ZD0dwH
= toufudk/ e y&dpZEd = rpGefYvTwfEkdifMuukefonfomvQifwnf;/
tx = xkdokdYjzpfygvsuf/ t,H = orifronfum;/ wd&p
&p
& pme*wm
= wdd&pmefyif jzpfjim;aomfvnf;yJ/ ZD0dwH = toufukd/ y&dpZwd =
Ydk mompum;jzif/h r"ka&e
pGev
Yf w
T
f aeay\/ rEkbmom, = vlwb
oa&e p = om,mzG,f csKdNrdefaom toHjzifhvnf;/ uaxwd = ajymqkdaeay\/}}
yg&rD&SdwJh olawmfaumif;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ taMumif;rvSvkdY
wd& pmefb0 a&mufaeaomfvnf; twdwb
f 0u avhusichf w
hJ hJ vlw&Ydk UJ
bmompum;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh arhaysmufrIawGu r&SdMubl;/ bmjzpfvv
Ydk J b0csi;f u tvGef eD;uyfaew,f/ 'gaMumifh vlwYdk bmompum;jzpfwJh csKdNrdefwJh toHjzifh olu ajymjyaew,f/
vlom;awGaomfrv
S nf;yJ rdr&d UJ tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;twGuf toufukd rpGefYEkdifwJh yk*dKvfawG &SdMuygw,f/ 'Dorifrav;[m wd& pmefyif
jzpfaeaomfvnf; rdr&d UJ tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;twGuf toufudk pGev
Yf w
T -f
EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;awG &Sdaew,f? bm-'gevJ ZD0dwy&dpm*-'geyJ? rdrd
toufukd pGefYvTwfvSL'gef;aewJh 'Dorifruav;ukd MunfhvkdufvQif
b,fvkdyk*dKvfvJ oDvmpm&*kPorE = uk,
d u
f sio
hf v
D wnf;[laom
*kPaf us;Zl;awGEiS hf jynfph akH ewJh oDvqkw
d hJ ajray:rSm &yfwnfNy;D awmh
rdrd&JU toufukd pGefYvTwfvSL'gef;jcif;qkdwJh pm*w&m;ukd jyKpkysKd;axmif
raebl;vm; jyKpkysKd;axmifaew,f/
okdYaomf 'Dorifruav;u 'Db0rSmom pNyD; 'Daumif;rIukokdvf
jyKovm;qkdawmh 'Dvkd r[kwfygbl;/ a&S;a&S; bk&m;&SifwkYd&JU omoemawmftwGi;f rSmvnf; taMumif;tm;avsmpf mG edAm efa&mufaMumif;jzpfwhJ
yg&rDrsK;d aphaumif;awGudk xlaxmifcw
hJ hJ olawmfaumif;wpfO;D jzpfEidk -f
ygw,f/ aemufwpfck vlwkdY&JU bmompum;jzifh 'Dvkd csKdNrdefwJhtoHjzifh
ajymaeawmh rkqdk;BuD;u bmpOf;pm;ovJ
ZD0dw'getvSL
]]tZ rdm p ywdaem pm ZD0dwH 'mrd/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?172/)
tZ = ,aeY/ t[H = igonf/ rdm p = orifruav;\

vnf;aumif;/ tm = orifruav;\/ ywdaem p = t&Sifd H = toufu/dk 'mrd
ocifjzpfaom orifzBdk u;D \vnf;aumif;/ ZD0w
= igay;vSLaytHh/
wpfzufu &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom pdwfxm;&SdwJh rkkqkd;BuD;&JU
pdwx
f m;awG ajymif;vJ roGm;bl;vm; ajymif;vJomG ;w,f/ pdwx
f m;awG
ajymif;vJoGm;NyD; 'Dorifruav;tay: MunfndKwJh pdwfxm;jzifh
rkqdk;BuD;u bmajymovJ
]]e ar okwH 0g 'd|H 0g? bmoE
bmoE rmEko rd* /
wG ba' okcD a[m[d? {aom pmyd r[mrda*g/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?172/)
ar = igonf/ rmEko = vljzpfaom bmompum;ukd/ bmoE

bmoE
= ajymqkdwwfaom/ rd* = orifrukd/ e okwH 0g = Mum;vnf;
rMum;pzl;yg/ e 'd|H 0g = jrifvnf; rjrifpzl;yg/ ba' = tkt
d &Sio
f rifr/
wG = oifonfvnf;/ okcD = pdwfcsrf;omjcif;onf/ a[m[d =
jzpfygapawmh/ {aom pmyd r[mrda*g = orifzkdBuD;onfvnf;yJ/
okcD = csrf;omjcif;&Sdonf/ a[m[
a[m[d = jzpfygapavmh/
vlwkdY&JU bmompum;ukd ajymMum;aewJh orifqkdwm igonf
Mum;vnf; rMum;pzl;yg? jrifvnf; rjrifz;l yg? 'gaMumifh ]]&Sirf oifvnf;
csrf;omjcif; jzpfygap? 'DorifzkdBuD;vnf; csrf;omjcif; jzpfygap}}
qkNd y;D awmh rkq;dk Bu;D u orifZeD;armifEu
HS dk csr;f omcGihf ay;vdu
k yf gw,f?
csrf;omcGifh ay;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bmjzpfvmovJ
wd wH tmvydwGm yke ]]wG {aom pmyd r[mrda*gwd a'Gyd
Zem okcD ed'Kum a[mxm}}wd wH ormaowGm vk'aum
aAm"dow oEu
d H *Em 0god,m prygoH qdEw
d mG yga' v*ygouH
oPduH eD[&dwGm ESmkem ESmkH? rHaoe rHoH? pare prH y#dyga#wGm
yg'H [awe y&drZd/ (Zmwu?|?3?172/)
wd = okdYvQif/ wH = xkdorifrukd/ tmvydwGm = ajymqkdNyD;aemuf/ yke = wzef/ wG = oiforifronfvnf;aumif;/ {aompmyd
r[mrda*g = orifzBkd u;D onfvnf;aumif;/ a'Gyd Zem = ESpOf ;D om;ukeaf om yk*Kd vw
f o
Ydk nfvnf;/ okcD = csr;f omjcif;&Sd Muukeo
f nf/ ed'K um
= qif;&Jjcif; uif;Muukefonf/ a[mx = jzpfMuukefavmh/ wd =
odv
Yk Qi/f wH = xko
d rifri,fu/dk ormaowGm = oufom&m&ap\/
vk'aum = rkqkd;BuD;onf/ aAm"dow = bk&m;tavmif;
orifBuD;\/ oEduH = txHokdY/ *Em = oGm;/ 0god,m = yJcGyfjzifh/
prygoH = om;a&jzifh okH;vGef;wif uspfxm;wJh ausmhuGif;BudK;ukd/
qdEw
d mG = jzwf/ yga' = ajcwku
Yd /dk v*ygou
gouH = Niw
d ,
G af ewJh ausm-h
uGif;ukd/ oPduH = jznf;jznf;oufom/ eD[&dwGm = xkwfaqmiff/
ESmkem = taMumwpfckjzifh/ ESmHk = taMumwpfckukd/ rHaoe =
tom;wpfckjzifh/ rHoH = tom;wpfckukd/ pare = ta&jzifh/ prH =
ta&uk/d y#dyga#wGm = qufpyfap/ yg'
yg'H = orifzBdk u;D \ ajcaxmufukd/ [awe = vufjzifh/ y&drZZd = qkyfe,fokH;oyf ay;av\/
rkq;dk Bu;D u bk&m;tavmif; orifBu;D xH oGm;Ny;D awmh om;aumifwkdY&JU om;a&jzifh okH;vGef;wif uspfxm;wJh ausmhuGif;BudK;ukd yJcGyfjzifh
jzwfawmufvu
dk yf gw,f? ajcaxmufrmS Niu
d yfaewJh ausmu
h iG ;f awGu-dk
awmh jznf;jznf;av; tomt,m xkwfaqmifay;vkdufw,f/ xkwfaqmifay;NyD;awmh taMum-taMumcsif; tom;-tom;csif; ta&ta&csi;f qufpyfNy;D awmh qkyef ,fay;vku
d w
f ,f? qkyef ,fay;vdu
k af wmh
bmjzpfvmovJ
oHk;OD;om;wdkY\ arwm"mwfpGrf;tm;
wcFPan0 r[mow yl&dwyg&rdwmEkbma0e vk'u
p arwpdwmEkbma0e rd*d,m p arw"rmEkbma0e ESmkrHoprmed
ESmkrHopar[d C#
,ok/ (Zmwu?|?3?172/)
C#,
wcFPan0 = xkdcPtwGif;yifvQif/ r[mow = bk&m;d yg&rdwmEkbma0e p = jznfu
tavmif;awmforifrif;Bu;D \/ yl&w
h sihf
qnf;yl;tyfcNhJ y;D aom yg&rDawmfw\
Ydk wefc;dk awaZmf tmEkabmfaMumifh
= rkq;dk \/ arwpw
d m Ekbma0e p = arwmvnf;aumif;/ vk'u
pdwf\ wefckd;awaZmf tmEkabmfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ rd*d,m =
orifri,f\/ arw"rmEkbma0e p = arwm"r\ wefckd;awaZmf
tmEkabmfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ ESmkrHoprmed = taMum-tom;ta&wkdYonf/ ESmkrHopar[d = taMum-tom;-ta&wkdYjzifh/ C#,ok = qufpyf oGm;Muavukef\/
tHMhH ozG,rf aumif;bl;vm; odyaf umif;w,f/ jznfu
h siq
hf nf;yl;cJ-h
wJh bk&m;tavmif;awmf orifrif;BuD;&JU yg&rDawmf wefckd;awmf[kef
'gu taMumif;wpfck? rkqdk;BuD;&JU arwmpdwf&JU tmEkabmf 'gu
taMumif;wpfc?k orifruav;&JU orifzBdk u;D tay: xm;&Sw
d hJ arwm"rw&Ykd UJ tmEkabmf 'gu taMumif;wpfc?k 'DtmEkabmfawG&UJ pGr;f tm;aMumifh taMum-taMumcsif; tom;-tom;csif; ta&-ta&csif;
tm;vkH; qufpyfoGm;Muw,f/ arwmtmEkabmf&JU pGrf;tm; rBuD;rm;bl;vm; odyfBuD;rm;w,f/ yg&rDawmfwefcdk;tmEkabmfwkdY&JU pGrf;tm;vnf; rBuD;rm;bl;vm; BuD;rm;w,f/
orifruav;\ tEkarm'emw&m;
'gaMumifh ,ckvkd todPf&SdwJh b0awGrSm o'g-oDv-okwpm*-ynmqkdwJh yg&rDaumif;rI ukokdvfawGukd xdxdrdrduav; jzpfatmif jznfu
h sihf qnf;yl;xm;zkYd rvkb
d ;l vm; vkt
d yfw,f/ aemufb0twGuf raocsmwJh uHawGudk xlaxmifNy;D arQmv
f ifah ecJv
h Qif aocsmrI
&SdEkdifyghrvm; r&SdEkdifbl;?
bk&m;tavmif; orifzkdBuD;vnf; &yfwnfaeNyD? &yfwnfaewJh
tcsed t
f cgrSmawmh orifrav;uvnf; bk&m;tavmif; orifrif;Bu;D
csr;f ompGm 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfaewm csr;f ompGm &yfwnfaewmukd
jrifawGU&wJhtwGuf odyf0rf;omoGm;w,f? 0rf;omoGm;wJhtwGuf
rkqkd;BuD;ukd bmajymovJ rkqkd;BuD;ukd orifrav;u tEkarm'em
0rf;ajrmufzG,f w&m;pum;uav; a[mjyw,f/
]]{0H vk'u eEk? o[ oaA[d wdbd/
,xm[rZ eEmrd? rkwH 'doGm r[mrd*H/}}
(Zmwu?|?3?172/)
vk'u = toifrkqkd;/ rkwH = ausmhuGif;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;aom/ r[mrd*H = orifzBdk u;D uk/d 'doGm = awGUjrif&/ t[H = igonf/
tZ = ,aeY/ eEmrd ,xm = ESpfouf 0rf;ajrmuf&ouJhodkY/ {0
{0H =
twl/ oaA[d = cyfodrf;OkH tvkH;pkHukefaom / wdbd =
k ;dk Bu;D onfvnf;/
aqGrsK;d taygif;wdEYk iS /hf o[ = twlwuG/ wHG = oifrq
eEk = ESpfouf0rf;ajrmuf&ygapownf;/
]]uRerf ESpo
f uf0rf;ajrmufovdk oifrq
k ;dk Bu;D vnf; ESpo
f uf 0rf;ajrmufygapownf;}}qdkNyD; 'Dvdk 0rf;ajrmufzG,fpum; orifrav;u
ajymMum;ygw,f/
wpfO;D eJw
Y pfO;D tckvdk MuKH awGUwJh tcsed t
f cguav;rSm 'Dvdk arwm"mwfawG ul;vl; qufqw
H m[m ukov
dk w
f &m;awG wk;d yGm;zkt
Yd aMumif;
rjzpfbl;vm; jzpfoGm;w,f/ &efaxmifyvTm;aeMur,fqkdvQifawmh
tukokdvfw&m;awG xyfjzpfNyD; xyfcgxyfcg rwkd;yGm;Ekdifbl;vm;
wkd;yGm;Ekdifw,f/ ukokdvfqkdwm ,lwwfr,fqkdvQif ae&mwumrSm
r&Ekdifbl;vm; &Ekdifw,f/ tukokdvfqdkwmvnf; ,lwwfr,fqkdvQif
ae&mwumrSm r&Ekdifbl;vm; &Ekdifw,ff/ tJ'Dvkd 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
jzpfNy;D wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm bmjzpfvmovJ bk&m;tavmif; orifBu;D u
pOf;pm;NyD/
rkqkd;BuD;\ rSDckdtm;xm;&m
]]t,H vka'g r,SH t0a,m Zmawm? r,myd t0a,ae0 b0dwkH 0wd}} (Zmwu?|?3?172/)
t,H vka'g = rkqkd;BuD;onfum;/ r,SH = ig\/ t0a,m
= rScD t
dk m;xm;&monf/ Zmawm = jzpfcahJ vNy/D r,myd = igonfvnf;yJ/
t = xkdrkqkd;\/ t0a,ae0 = rSD&mwnf&momvQif/ b0wHk =
jzpfjcif;iSm/ 0wd = oifhvSay\/
toufcsr;f oma&;twGuf rScD t
dk m;xm;&m rjzpfb;l vm; jzpfomG ;w,f/ tu,fom 'Drq
k ;dk uom toufcsr;f omcGihf ray;cJb
h ;l ausm-h
uGi;f ukd jzwfawmufNy;D rukoay;cJb
h ;l qkv
d Qif bk&m;tavmif; orifBu;D
touf&iS Ef ikd rf vm; r&SiEf ikd b
f ;l ? 'Dvkd olawmfaumif;qkw
d mu MuzH efNyD;awmh aus;Zl;wifwwfzkdY rvkdbl;vm; vkdtyfw,f/ 'gaMumifh
olawmfaumif;wkdY\ pdwfxm;u b,fvkdoabm&SdovJ ]]igonf 'Drkq;dk ukd trDjS yKNy;D awmh csr;f omokc &&Sw
d ,f? rkq;dk Bu;D ukd igu trSjD yKNy;D
csrf;om&ovkd igonfvnf;yJ rkqkd;\ rDSckdtm;xm;&m jzpfapr,f}}vkdY
olawmfaumif;jzpfwJh bk&m;tavmif; orifBuD;u pOf;pm;w,f/
pOf;pm;NyD;awmh bmvkyfovJ
a*gp&blr,
d H 'd|H {uH rPduE H w 'wGm ]]or awm y|m,
ygPmwdygwm'Ded rm u&d? rdem uk#KrH oPaywGm 'g&au
aygaoaEm 'geoDvm'Ded yknmed ua&m[D}}wd wam0g'H 'wGm
t&nH yg0dod/ (Zmwu?|3?172-173/)
aAm"doawm = bk&m;tavmif;awmf orifBu;D onf/ a*gp&blr-d
,H = vSnfhvnfusufpm;&m ajrt&yf/ 'd|H = awGUjrifcJhzl;aom/ {uH
rPduEH = ywjrm;wkH;BuD;wpfckukd/ w = xkdrkqkd;tm;/ 'wGm =
ay;/
rdrdu awmxJ vSnfhvnf usufpm;aepOf tcgu jrifawGUcJhzl;wJh
ywjrm;wkH;BuD;wpfck &Sdw,f? 'Dywjrm;wkH;BuD;ukd ay;vkdufw,f/ om;orifawGtwGuf 'Dywjrm;wH;k Bu;D u tok;H usovm; tok;H rusygbl;?
rdrdtwGuf tokH;rusaomfvnf; rkqkd;BuD;twGufawmh 'Dywjrm;
&wemBu;D u tok;H rusb;l vm; tok;H usaew,f/ 'gaMumifh awmxJrSm usifvnfusufpm;cJhpOf tcsdeftcgu rdrdusufpm;aewJh e,fajr
twGi;f rSm awGU&Scd w
hJ hJ 'Dywjrm;&wemBu;D ukd rkq;dk Bu;D tm; ay;Ny;D awmh
bmajymovJ
or = taqG/ awm = aeYr/S y|m, = p/ ygPmwdygwm'Ded = ygPmwdygwm tp&SdwJh raumif;rI tukokdvfwdkYukd/ rm u&d =
rjyK rusifhygvifh/
rdem = ywjrm;jzifh/ uk#KrH = OpmESpfwkYdukd/ oPaywGm =

wnfxm;ap/ 'g&au = om;r,m;wku
Yd /dk aygaoaEm = jyKpk arG;jrLvsuf/ 'geoDvm'Ded = 'ge-oDvtp&Sdukefaom/ yknmed = aumif;rI
ukokdvfwdkYudk/ ua&m[
ua&m[d = jyKpkysKd;axmifyg/ w
wd = okdYvQif/ w
t&nH
= xkdrkqkd;tm;/ Mo0g'H = tqkH;trMo0g'ukd/ 'wGm = ay;NyD;/ t&n
= awmtwGif;okdY/ yg0dod = 0ifcJhavNyD/
ywjrm;Bu;D ay;Ny;D awmh ]]taqG 'DaeYupNy;D olUtoufowfjcif;
tp&SdwJh raumif;rIawGukd rjyKvkyfygESifh? 'Dywjrm;&wemjzifh pnf;pdrf
OpmESpaf wGudk wnfatmifxm;Ny;D awmh om;r,m;wdu
Yk dk jyKpk vkyaf uR;vsuf 'ge-oDv tp&SdwJh aumif;rI ukokdvfawGukd jyKpkysKd;axmifyg}}vkdY
'Dvkd rkqkd;BuD;tm; tqkH;tr Mo0g'ay;NyD; awmtwGif; 0ifoGm;MuNyD/
Zmwfawmfaygif;cef;
owm rH "ra'oeH tm[&dwmG ZmwuH oarm"maeod? ]]w'g
vk'aum qaEm ta[mod? rd*D '[&bduKeD? rd*&mZm ye t[ar0
ta[mod}}Ed/
'DtwdwfZmwfaMumif; a'oemawmfukd jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf
aqmif,l a[mjyNy;D Zmwfawmfudk aygif;awmfryl gw,f/ xdt
k csed t
f cgrSm
rkq;dk Bu;D u yg&rDjznfzh uf jrif;Nr;D qJG armifqef[k todrsm;aom t&Si-f
qErax&f&UJ tavmif;vsm jzpfygw,f? orifrav;uawmh ,ckb0rSm
tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;ESiw
hf uG rdbawGudk rdpm 'd|ad usmu
h iG ;f rS vGwaf tmif
tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;ukdvnf; &m*ausmhuGif;rS vGwfatmif t&[wzkdvf
wnfatmif xkwaf qmif u,fwifay;wJh bduL eDruav; jzpfygw,f/
orifzkdBuD;uawmh bkef;BuD;wdkY bk&m;tavmif;awmfyJ jzpfygw,ff/
'gaMumifh a&S;olawmfaumif;wko
Yd nf rdru
d ,
dk w
f idk v
f nf; &m*ausm-h
uGif;rS vGwfatmif kef;uefovkd rdrdeJY qufpyf&m yk*dKvfawGukdvnf;
&m*ausmu
h iG ;f rS vGwaf tmif ke;f uefwhJ vkyif ef;&yfawGudk rjyKMubl;vm; jyKMuw,f/ &m*ausmhuGif;rS rdrdvnf; vGwfajrmufw,f/ rdrdeJY
pyfqdkif&m yk*dKvfawGvnf; &m*ausmhuGif;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;MuwJhtwGuf td-k em-aoa&; 'kua b;qd;k Bu;D wdrYk S vGwaf jrmufroGm;Mubl;vm; vGwaf jrmufomG ;Muw,f/ 'Dvdk vGwaf jrmufatmif a&S;olawmfaumif;awGu bmvkyfMuovJ
o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmvdYk ac:qkt
d yfwhJ olawmfaumif;Opm
ig;yg;ukd rdrw
d &Ydk UJ oEmef wnf&adS tmif xdxrd rd d BuKd ;pm; tm;xkwjf cif;qdkwJh vkyfief;&yfawGukd jyKMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh rdrdwkdY&JU oEmef o'goDv-okw-pm*-ynmac:wJh olawmfaumif;OpmawGeJY jynfhpkHatmif
jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhjcif;qkdwJh yg&rDrsKd;aphaumif;vnf; &SdcJhr,fqkdvQif
rdrdwkdYvnf; 'Db0rSmyJ &m*ausmhuGif;rS vGwfajrmufNyD; roGm;Ekdifbl;vm; vGwfajrmufoGm;Ekdifw,f/
'gaMumifh o'g-oDv-okw-pm*-ynmqkw
d hJ olawmfaumif;OpmawGeJY jynfhpkHatmif txl;ojzifh 'DaeY a,m*Drsm; 'DaeYtvSL&Sifrsm;
bmvkyMf u&rvJ 0dyembm0em ur|mef;awGudk pepfwus pD;jzef;wwfzkdY rvkdbl;vm; vkdtyfw,f/ vkdtyfawmh okwqkdwJh olawmfaumif;Opmt& rdrdwkdYu 'kuopmtrnf&aewJh kyfawG emrfawGukd
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odNyD/ tJ'Dvkd odNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'D'kuopm
trnf&aewJh taMumif;w&m;ESiw
hf uGaom cEmig;yg; kyef mrfEpS yf g;awGudk bmvky&f rvJ tedp- 'ku- tew vuPma&; ok;H wef wifNy;D awmh wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemI&r,f/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh tedpv
uPm q,fcsuf 'kuv
uPm ESpq
f ,fh
ig;csuf tewvuPm ig;csu?f aygif;vdu
k af wmh vuPmBu;D ok;H wef
IuGufav;q,f qkdNyD;awmh a&S;a&S;q&mawmfBuD;rsm;u ac:a0:

ok;H pGx
J m;ygw,f/ tJ'D Iuu
G af v;q,fudk pepfwus IEidk cf rhJ ,fqv
dk Qif
rdrw
d v
Ydk nf; &m*ausmu
h iG ;f rS vGwaf jrmufomG ;Ekid w
f ,f/ rdrw
d eYdk YJ qufpyfaewJh olawmfaumif;awGvnf; &m*ausmhuGif;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;Ekdifw,f/ vGwfajrmufoGm;Ekdifatmif udk,fhwGufukd,fhwm usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuyg qkdNyD;awmh bk&m;&Sif&JU tvkdawmftwkdif;
aus;Zl;awmf&iS f v,fwq
D &mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u qkq
d ;Hk rxm;wJh vuFmuav; 'Dw&m;xJrSm xnfhoGif;ay;ygvkdY avQmufxm;MuwJhtwGuf
tJ'DvuFmuav;eJY w&m;odrf;Mu&atmif -
udk,fhwGufukd,fhwm usifhMuHyg
]]qkyd ed [
Yf w
k &f m pOf;pm;ygavmh cEmbm& yuum; ,k,cifrif
pdeaf &Tqif jyKjyifyu
dk af xG; eifauR;arG;vnf; ta&;ra&muf oJa&arSmufokdY eifhaemufryg eifvkd&mukd b,fcgrvdkuf eifhtBudKufESifh
wkdufkdufzDvm qefYusifygcJh/}}
rdrdwkdY&JU cEmtdrfBuD;ukd jyefNyD;awmh qef;ppfMunfhyg? cEmbm&
yu? yuqkw
d mu ig;ck tpktyHu
k dk ac:w,f/ lyuEm a0'emuEm
onmuEm ocFg&uEm 0dnmPuEm qkdNyD;awmh rdrdwkYd&JU oEmefrSm
cEm b,fESpfyg;&SdovJ ig;yg;??
lyuEmu kyfw&m;? a0'emuEmpwJh usefcEmav;yg;u emrfw&m;? tJ'D kyef mrfEpS yf g; cEmig;yg;qkw
d hJ 0efxyk u
f kd rdrw
d u
Ydk oHo&mwpfavQmufrSm xrf;aqmifvmMu&w,f/ rdrdwkdY xrf;aqmifxm;wJh
'DcEmig;yg; kyef mrfEpS yf g;qkw
d hJ 0efxyk 0f efy;dk Bu;D &JU oabmu b,fv-kd
&SdovJ
]]qkyd ed [
Yf w
k &f m pOf;pm;ygavmh cEmbm& yuum; ,k,cifrif
pdeaf &Tqif jyKjyifyu
dk af xG; eifauR;arG;vnf; ta&;ra&muf oJa&arSmufokdY eifhaemufryg eifvkd&mukd b,fcgrvdkuf eifhtBudKufESifh
wkdufkdufzDvm qefYusifygcJh/}}
'DcEmig;yg;ukd pdefawG a&TawG qifay;&w,f? ,k,ykdufaxG;rI
trsK;d rsK;d ukd jyKay;&w,f? vufonf;eDuav;awG EIwcf rf;eDuav;awG
qk;d ay;&w,f? rsu&f pfuav; uGi;f ay;&w,f? tarmufuav; a&SUu
csvkduf aemufu csvkdufeJY qHyifuav;awGukd trsKd;rsKd; jyKjyifay;&w,f? ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;&SdwJh tusuav;awGukd 0wfqifay;&w,f/ 'Dvdk
ykpH t
H rsK;d rsK;d ajymif;vJNy;D b,fvykd if jyKjyifyu
kd af xG;jcif; ,k,cHrk ifjcif;awG jyKay;aeaomfvnf; 'DcEmig;yg;u rdrw
d &Ydk UJ tvkt
d BuKd uu
f dk vku
d -f
ygwJhoabm &Sdyg&JUvm; r&SdMubl;/
rvScsifbl;vm; vScsifw,f? rdrd&JU lyum,uav; ysdKjrpfEke,f
wifw
h ifw
h ,fw,f Icsipf zG,t
f qif;eJY jynfph aHk pcsiaf omfvnf; 'DcEmig;yg;u rdrd&JUtvkdtwkdif; wnfaeEkdifwJhoabm &Sdovm; r&Sdbl;/
]]kyf0gEke,f? IpzG,fESifh wifhw,f&Tef;pdk? eifvSvkdvnf; ttkdpm&if; oluoGif;\/}}
O',b'rif;om;ESifh O',b'grif;orD;
b,fpm&if;xJ oGif;vkdufovJ ttkdpm&if;yJ oGif;vkdufw,f?
]]aemufqw
k v
f Ydk jyefrysKo
d nf a&SUuko
d m tkpd jr}J }qdw
k t
hJ wkid ;f aemufxyf
ysKv
d mw,fvYdk r&Syd gbl;? wpfaeYxufwpfaeY b,fbufudk oGm;aeovJ
tdkwJhbufudkyJ oGm;aew,f? O',b'ZmwfrSm bk&m;tavmif;awmf
O',b'rif;om;ESifh O',b'g rif;orD;uav;wkdY ]]wpfOD;u t&if
uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;vQif wpfO;D u jyefvmNy;D ajymjyMupwrf;}}qkNd y;D uwdopm
xm;cJMh uw,f/ 'gayrJh oufwrf;&Snw
f u
hJ mv jzpfMuygw,f/ O',b'
rif;om;uav;u t&if uG,fvGefoGm;NyD? uG,fvGefoGm;wJh tcsdeftcg

ewfjynfa&mufawmh odMum;rif;BuD; jzpfNyD? odMum;rif;pnf;pdrfu
Bu;D us,v
f eG ;f awmh O',b'grif;orD;eJY xm;cJw
h hJ uwdopmukd jyefNy;D
ajymjyzkdY&ef ckepf&ufavmuf arhoGm;w,f/ wm0wom ewfjynfrSm
ckepf&uf vlUjynfrSm ESpfaygif; ckepf&m MumoGm;w,f/ tckvkdom ESpfaygif; wpf&mwrf;atmuf a&mufaeNyDqkdvQif rSDEkdifyghrvm; rrDSEkdifawmhbl;/
ewfjynfoufwrf;jzifh a&wGuv
f Qiaf wmh ckepf&ufyJ &Syd gao;w,f?
ckepf&ufjynfhawmh owd&wmeJY jyefvmw,f/ bkHckepfqifh txyfrSm
O',b'g rif;orD;av;uvnf; wpfa,mufx;D wnf; pHjref;aewJt
h csed f
jzpfygw,f/ nbuftcsed rf mS qif;vmygw,f? qif;vmawmh yxraeYrmS
tifrwef acsmarmvSywJh vkviftoGif aqmifNyD;awmh vlysKdpum;
vmajymw,f qkdMupdkY?
vufaqmifb@mawGu bmawGygvmovJ yxraeYrmS vufaqmifb@mtjzpf a&Tvifyef;xJrSm a&T'*Fg;awG tjynfhxnfhNyD;awmh
vmajymw,f/ O',b'g rif;orD;uav;uvnf; vufrcHvu
dk yf gbl;?
'kw,
d aeYrmS aiGvifyef;xJrmS a&T'*Fg;awG xnfNh y;D awmh vmajymw,f/
wwd,aeYrSmawmh aMu;vifyef;xJrSm aiG'*Fg;awG xnfhNyD;awmh
vmajymw,f/ (Zmwu?|?3?108-109/)
okH;nOfhwkdifwkdif 'Davmuf tapmifhtMuyfawGrsm;wJh txJu
'if;b,fvkdrsm; 0ifvmNyD; vlysKdpum; vmajym&ovJ qkdNyD;awmh
O',b'g rif;orD;av;uvnf; pOf;pm;w,f/ pOf;pm;NyD;wJh tcgrSm
olu bmjyefar;ovJ olwpfyg;wku
Yd tvkrd &Sw
d hJ yk*Kd vw
f pfa,mufxH
vmNy;D vlysKv
d n
S w
hf ,fqv
dk Qif wpfaeYxufwpfaeY vufaqmifb@mawG wk;d wk;d Ny;D om ay;ykMYd uygw,f/ b,ftaMumif;aMumifh wpfaeYxuf-
wpfaeY wkd;wdk;NyD; ray;bJ avsmhavsmhNyD; ay;&ovJvdkY ar;Munfhw,f/
ig[m uRr;f usiv
f rd m wJh ukeo
f nfwpfO;D jzpfygw,f/ oifu wpfaeYxufwpfaeY ykdykdNyD; tkdtkdrvmbJ ysKdysKdvmw,fqkdvQifawmh igu
wk;d ay;Ekid yf gw,f? ,ckawmh oifu wpfaeYxufwpfaeY ysKyd sKNd y;D rvmbJeJY ydkydkNyD; tkdtdkvmw,f/ 'gaMumifh ig wdk;ray;Ekdifygbl;vkdY jyefajymw,f/ rrSefbl;vm; rSefaew,f/
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