&ufp?

JG - -

odkY
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------

"r®'gejyKtyfygonf/

rS
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------

.
.
 ouúyO§0w¬KwGif jrwfpGmbk&m;u odMum;rif;tm;
a[mMum;awmfrlcJUonfU *gxmawmf
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
w&m;tvSLonf tvSLtm;vH;k udk atmifEidk \ f ?
w&m;t&omonf t&omtm;vH;k udk atmifEidk \ f /
w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;onf arGUavsmfjcif;tm;vH;k udk atmifEidk \f ?
wPSmuke&f m t&[wåzv dk o
f nf tvH;k pHq
k if;&Jukd atmifEidk \f /
(ck'´uygXygVdawmf? ESm-64/ ck'´uygXygVdawmfjrefrmjyef? ESm-60)

tdEd́,EkdifiHrSvmí oD&dvuFmEkdifiHwGif t|uxmusrf;jrwfBuD;

usrf;jyKawmfrlaom t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ Mo0g'>rufMum;csuf
]]pMu0Vmtjynhf xdik af eawmfral om bk&m;? yapöuAk'g¨ ? &[EÅm
wdt Yk m; ypön;f av;yg; 'g,umtjzpf uyfvLS ylaZmf&jcif;xuf 4-yg'rQ
&Sad om Ak'\ ¨ w&m;awmfjrwf wpfaMumif;? wpf*gxm? wpfy'kd u f kd oift?H
avhusuf? ydcYk s? aqG;aEG;? a[majym? jzefaY 0jcif;u ydí k jrwf\}}[k
t&Sirf [mAk'a¨ Cmoonf ]]ouúyO§0w¬K}}wGif zGiq fh rkd ed MYf um;awmfrcl hJ
ygonf/
("
("rr® y't|uxm?
y't|uxm? 'kwd,wGJ? ESm-352)

.
.
 omoema&;ESifh,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme
omoema&;OD;pD;Xme

Ak'¨gbdaou

taeuZmwifygXf
(ygVd-jrefrmjyef)

jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&
omoema&;ESifh,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme
urÇmat;pmykHESdyfwdkufü ½dkufESdyfonf/

omoem - 2567 aumZm - 1385 c&pf -2024

.
 pmtkyw
f efz;kd - 1400 usyf

omoema&;ESifh,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme
omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? urÇmat;pmykEH ydS wf ukd ?f &efuek Nf rdKUü
ñTeMf um;a&;rSL; OD;Edik af tmifr;kd
rSwyf w
Hk iftrSwf (00104^00230)u
ykEH ydS x
f w
k af 0onf/

.
 Ak'¨gbdaou
taeuZmwifygXf
rmwd u m
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm

1/ ed'gef; « * »
2/ taeuZmwifygXf (ygVd-jrefrmjyef) 1
-reom00w¬mydw O'ge 1
-y#dpöorkyÜg'tEkavmrygVd 2
-y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'y#davmrygVd 4
-O'geygVd 6
-y|meypö,ak '´oygXf 8
-Z,r*Fvmy&dwyå gVd 12
3/ Ed;I aqmfyefMum;vTm 16

.
.
 ed'gef;
taeuZmwifjcif;
]]taeuZmwif}}[lí ac:qdt k yfaom jrefrmrIjyKxm;onfh pum;onf
]]taeuZmwd}}[laom ygVdpum;rS qif;oufvmaom pum;jzpfygonf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio f nf oAÁnKwÓmPfukd &&Sad wmfrNl yD; bk&m;tjzpfoYkd
a&mufawmfral omtcg b0gb0u bk&m;jzpf&efawmifw h cJah om tvdq k E´
NyD;ajrmufawmfro l jzifh ESpo
f uf0rf;ajrmufawmfrjl cif; yDwt d [keaf Mumifh
xd]k ]taeuZmwdoo H m&H}}tp&Sad om *gxmwdu Yk kd O'gef;usL;&ifah wmfrcl yhJ g
onf/ jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif O'gef;usL;&ifah wmfrcl o hJ nfh ]]taeuZmwdoo H m&H}}
tp&Sdaom *gxmawmfwdkYjzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;&Siftm; &GwfqdkylaZmfjcif;udk
]]taeuZmwifonf}}[k qdMk uygonf/ xdo k Ykd taeuZmwifjcif;udyk if
tbdou d o
f eG ;f avmif;ouJo h Ykd tcrf;tem;jzifh tav;teuf aqmif&u G f
Mu&mrS ]]Ak'g¨ bdaou taeuZmwif}}[k ac:a0:vmMuygonf/
taeuZmwiftyfaomapwD
apwDawmfonf "mwkapwD? "r®apwD? O'´ó d apwD? y&dabm*apwD
tm;jzifh av;rsdK;&Syd gonf/ bk&m;&Si\ f "mwfawmf? arGawmfponfwu Ykd kd
XmyemjyKí wnfxm;aom apwDyx k ;kd rsm;onf "mwkapwDrnfygonf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siaf [mMum;awmfrcl o hJ nfh &Spaf omif;av;axmifaom "r®uE© m¨
wdo Yk nf "r®apwDrnfygonf/ jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu f kd &nfñeT ;f í a&Tç aiGç
aMu;ç oHç cJç ausmufç opfom; ponfwjYkd zifh ylaZmfxv k yk x
f m;aom
½kyyf mG ;qif;wkawmfrsm;ESihf ,if;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk XmyemjyKum wnfxm;
onfh apwDykxdk;rsm;onf O'´dóapwDrnfygonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\
toH;k taqmifrsm;jzpfaom ausmif;awmf? aAm"dyif? oydwaf wmf? ouFe;f
awmfponfwo Ykd nf y&dabm*apwDrnfygonf/
.
 «C»

,if;apwDav;rsKd ;teuf O'´ó d apwDonf jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu f kd &nfreS ;f

ylaZmfxv k yk xf m;jcif;rQomjzpf&m jrwfpmG bk&m;&SiEf iS hf wdu k ½f u
kd qf ufpyfrI
r&Sad y/ xkaYd Mumifyh if tpOftvmtm;jzifh O'´ó d apwDawmftm; taeuZm
wifum ylaZmfavh&MdS uygonf/
taeuZmwifordkif;
taeuZmwifjcif;tavhonf rnfonft h csdeu f mvu pí jzpfay:
vmonf[k twdtusazmfjyEdik &f ef usr;f *eftaxmuftxm; rawGU&S&d ay/
odkYaomfvnf; ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm; xkvkyfylaZmfMuNyD;aemufydkif;wGif
ylaZmfMuolrsm; o'¨gw&m;wd;k yGm;vmap&ef a&S;ynm&SBd uD;rsm; wDxiG x f m;
aom enf;pepfaumif;wpf&yf[k ,lqzG,&f ydS gonf/
½kyyf mG ;qif;wkawmfrsm; pwifxv k yk yf al ZmfMuaom acwfumvESihf
ywfoufívnf; bk&m;&Sio f ufawmfxif&mS ; &Spd OfumvESihf oD&"d r®maomu
rif;vufxuf umvrsm; rjzpfEikd b f J rdvEd r´ if;BuD;(Menandar I)vufxuf
bDpD (155-130) 0ef;usifumvrsm;wGif pwifxv k yk yf al ZmfMujcif;jzpfEikd f
onf[k okawoeynm&Sirf sm;u ,lqMu&m taeuZmwifjcif;tavh
onfvnf; xdu k mv0ef;usifüyif pwifvmcJo h nf[k ,lqzG,&f ydS gonf/
taeuZmwifjcif;\&nf&G,fcsuf
taeuZmwifjcif;qdo k nfrmS jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sit f m; ylaZmfjcif;yifjzpf
ygonf/ tcsdKUaom yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;onf taeuZmwifjcif;udk ]]jrwfpmG bk&m;
tm; tbdou d of eG ;f avmif;jcif;? toufoiG ;f jcif;}}ponftm;jzifh rSm;,Gi;f
,lqaeMuygonf/ pifppftm;jzifrh l avmuoH;k yg;\ txGwt f jrwfq;kH aom
bk&m;&Sit f m; rnforl Q tbdou d o f eG ;f avmif;&ef rvdt k yfouJo h Ykd y&deAd mÁ ef
pHawmfrNl y;D aom bk&m;&Sit f m;vnf; toufoiG ;f í r&Edik af y/ odaYk omfvnf;
O'´ó d apwDqif;wkawmfrsm;udk aMu;? ausmuf? opfom; ponfwjYkd zifh
xkvyk yf al ZmfMuojzifh roef&Y iS ;f aom t&mrsm; yg&SEd ikd af y&m taeuZm

.
 « i »

wifjcif;tm;jzifh oef&Y iS ;f pifMu,fEikd o f nft

h jyif ylaZmfow l \ Ykd oEÅmefwiG v f nf;
o'¨gw&m;rsm; ydrk w kd ;kd yGm;vmEdik yf gonf/
odjYk zpfí taeuZmwifjcif;\ &nf&, G cf surf mS rdrw d yYkd al Zmfaom ½kyyf mG ;
qif;wkawmfrsm; oef&Y iS ;f pifMu,fap&efEiS hf o'¨gpaom ukov kd wf &m;rsm;
wd;k yGm;vmap&efjzpfygonf/
taeuZmwif&GwfqdkylaZmfjcif;
taeuZmwifjcif;udk tpOftvmtm;jzifh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;om
jyKvkyfavh&SdMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; taeuZmwifjcif;rsdK;r[kwfbJ
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sit f m; ylaZmfonft h aetm;jzifrh l vly*k Kd¾ vfrsm;vnf; &Gwq f kd
ylaZmfEidk yf gonf/ xdo k Ykd ]]taeuZmwifygVdawmf}}udk &Gwq f ykd al Zmf&mwGif
oufawmfxif&mS ;&So d nfh jrwfpmG bk&m;udk tm½Hjk yKum aeYpOf &Gwq f ykd al Zmf
ygu ydrk t kd usdK;oufa&mufygonf/
taeuZmwif&GwfqdkylaZmfjcif;tusdK;
taeuZmwifjcif;? taeuZmwifygVdawmfukd &Gwq f ykd al Zmfjcif;onf
jrwfpmG bk&m;udk ylaZmfjcif;yifjzpfí ,ckb0üyif usuo f a&r*Fvmtjzmjzm
wd;k wufjcif;? touf&n S jf cif;? tEÅ&m,fuif;jcif;? ud, k pf w d Mf unfvifjcif;
ESihf aumif;usdK;vdt k ifqE´rsm; jynf0h jcif;paom tusdK;w&m;rsm;vnf;
&&SEd ikd yf gonf/
odjYk zpfí ]]taeuZmwifygXf}}udk &Gwq f ykd al Zmfvo
kd w l Ykd teuft"dymÜ ,f
em;vnfpGmjzifh tvG,fwul &GwfqdkylaZmfEdkifMuap&ef &nf&G,fí þ
Ak'¨gbdaou taeuZmwifygXf (ygVd-jrefrmjyef)udk yHEk ydS x f w k af 0tyfyg
ownf;/
omoema&;OD;pD;Xme

.
.
 Ak ' ¨ g bd a ou
taeuZmwifygXf
taeuZmwifygVd taeuZmwif jrefrmjyef
earm wó bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ESihf jynfph kH
b*0awm awmfral om? vlewfjA[®m owå0g
t&[awm wd\ Yk &Scd ;kd aumfa&mf ylaZmftxl;udk
or®morÁK'¨ó/ cH,lawmfrlxdkufaom? opöm
av;yg; jrwfw&m;udk q&mrul
o,rÇ LÓmPfjzifh ud, k af wmfwikd f
odjrifawmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;udk
&Scd ;kd yg\/
reom00w¦mydw O'ge
taeuZmwdoHom&H? owå0gwd\ Yk oHo&mwpfavsmS uf
oE¨m0dóH tedAÁdoH/ tzefzef txyfxyf b0cE¨mtdrf
*[um&H *a0oaEÅm? y#doaE¨ae&jcif;onf qif;&JvS
'ku©m Zmwd ykeyÜKeH/ ay\/ xdaYk Mumifh igonf b0cE¨m
tdrf aqmufvyk w f wfaomolukd
&SmazG&mü odjrifEidk af om tod-
ÓmPfukd r&&Sad o;ojzifh b0aygif;
rsm;pGm oHo&mü usifvnfcJh&
avNyD/

.
 2 Ak'g¨ bdaoutaeuZmwifygXf (ygVd-jrefrmjyef)
*[um&u 'da|mod? b0cE¨mtdrfudk aqmufvkyf
yke a*[H e um[od/ wwfaom [,f wPSm? igonf
oAÁm aw zmokum b*¾g? ,ckojd rifEikd af om todÓmPfukd
*[ul#H 0docFwH/ &&So d jzifh oifu h kd jrif&NyD/ oif
0docFg&*wH pdwHå? onf ig\b0cE¨mtdru f kd aemuf
c,}rZÑÑ *g/
wPSmeH c,}rZ xyfwpfzef xyfraH qmufvyk Ef idk f
awmhrnf r[kwaf wmhay/
(3-Budrf &Gwq
f &kd ef) igonf oif\ aemufxyf
aqmufvyk rf nfh b0cE¨mtdr\ f
udavomtjcif&e,f tp&So d nf
wdu
Yk kd tNyD;wdik f csKd;zsufNyD;avNyD/
xdtYk jyif igonf t0dZmÆ wnf;[l
aom tdraf cgifxw G u f v
kd nf; tNy;D
wkid f zsufq;D NyD;avNyD/

y#dpöorkyÜg'tEkavmrygVd
t0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&m? rod j cif ; t0d Z Æ m [l a om
taMumif;aMumifh jyKjyifp&D ifjcif;
ocFg&wko
Yd nf jzpfuek \f /

ocFg&ypö,m 0dnmPH? jyKjyifp&D ifjcif; ocFg&[laom

taMumif;aMumifh 0dnmPfonf
jzpf\?

.
 y#dpöorkyÜg'tEkavmrygVd 3
0dnmPypö,m emr½lyH? 0dnmPf[laom taMumif;
aMumifh emrf½yk o
f nfjzpf\?

emr½lyypö,m oVm,weH? emrf½yk [

f al om taMumif;aMumifh
wnf&m tm,weajcmufrsKd;
onf jzpf\/

oVm,weypö,m zaóm? wnf&m tm,weajcmufrsKd;

[laom taMumif;aMumifh awGUxd
jcif; zóonf jzpf\?

zóypö,m a0'em? awGUxdjcif; zó [laom

taMumif;aMumifh cHpm;jcif; a0'em
jzpf\?

a0'emypö,m wPSm? cHpm;jcif; a0'em [laom

taMumif;aMumifh wyfrufjcif;
wPSmonf jzpf\?

wPSmypö,m Oyg'geH? wyfrufjcif; wPSm [laom

taMumif;aMumifh pJGvrf;jcif;
Oyg'gefonf jzpf\?

Oyg'geypö,m ba0g? pGJvrf;jcif; Oyg'gef [laom

taMumif;aMumifh jzpfaMumif;uH
b0onf jzpf\?
.
 4 Ak'g¨ bdaoutaeuZmwifygXf (ygVd-jrefrmjyef)
b0ypö,m Zmwd? jzpfaMumif;uH b0[laom
taMumif;aMumifh jzpfjcif; Zmwd
onfjzpf\?

Zmwdypö,m Z&mr&PH aomu- jzpfjcif;Zmwd [laom taMumif;

y&da'0'ku©a'greókyg,mom orÇ- aMumifh tdjk cif; aojcif; ylaqG;
0EdÅ? {0arwó au0vó 'ku©- jcif; idak <u;jcif; ud, k qf if;&Jjcif;
u©E¨ó ork'a,m a[mwd/ pdwq f if;&Jjcif; jyif;pGm yifyef;jcif;
wdo
Yk nf jzpfuek \ f ? þenf;jzifh
qif;&Jtpk oufoufonf jzpf
ay:\/

y#dpöorkyÜg'y#davmrygVd
t0dZÆm,awG0 taoo0d&m*- rodjcif; t0dZmÆ \ t&[wå
eda&m"m oc
ocFF g&eda&ma"m? r*fjzifh t<uif;rJhcsKyfjcif;aMumifh
omvQif jyKjyifpD&ifjcif; ocFg&
wdo
Yk nf csKyfuek \
f ?

oc
ocFF g&eda&m"m jyKjyifp&D ifjcif; ocFg&csKyfjcif;
0dnmPeda&ma"m? aMumifh 0dnmPfonf csKyf\?

0dnmPeda&m"m 0dnmPfcsKyfjcif;aMumifh emrf½yk f

emr½lyeda&ma"m? onf csKyf\?

emr½lyeda&m"m emrf½yk cf sKyfjcif;aMumifh wnf&m

oVm,weeda&ma"m? tm,weajcmufrsK;d onf csKyf\?
.
 y#dpöorkyÜg'tEkavmrygVd 5
oVm,weeda&m"m wnf&mtm,we ajcmufrsKd;
zóeda&ma"m? csKyfjf cif;aMumifh awGUxdjcif; zó
onf csKyf\/

zóeda&m"m awGUxdjcif; zócsKyfjcif;aMumifh

a0'emeda&ma"m? cHpm;jcif; a0'emonf csKyf\/

a0'emeda&m"m cHpm;jcif; a0'emcsKyfjcif;aMumifh

wPSmeda&ma"m? wyfrufjcif;wPSmonf csKyf\/

wPSmeda&m"m wyfrufjcif; wPSmcsKyfjcif;

Oyg'geeda&ma"m? aMumifh pGv
J rf;jcif; Oyg'gefonf
csKyf\/

Oyg'geeda&m"m pGv
J rf;jcif; Oyg'gefcsKyfjcif;aMumifh
b0eda&ma"m? jzpfaMumif;uH b0onf csKyf\/

b0eda&m"m jzpfaMumif;uH b0csKyfjcif;

Zmwdeda&ma"m? aMumifh jzpfjcif;Zmwdonf csKyf\/

Zmwdeda&m"m Z&mr&PH aomu- jzpfjcif;Zmwd csKyfjcif;aMumifh

y&da'0'ku©a'greókyg,mom ed½k- tdkjcif; aojcif; ylaqG;jcif; idk
ZÑ EdÅ? {0arwó au0vó 'ku©- a<u;jcif; ud, k qf if;&Jjcif; pdwf
u©E¨ó eda&ma"m a[mwd/ qif;&Jjcif; jyif;pGmyifyef;jcif;wkdY
onf csKyfukef\/ þenf;jzifh
qif;&Jtpkoufoufonf csKyf\/
.
 6 Ak'g¨ bdaoutaeuZmwifygXf (ygVd-jrefrmjyef)
O'geygVd O'gef;usL;&ifah wmfrjl cif;
,'g [a0 ygwkb0EdÅ "r®m? t&d,r*fÓmPfEiS hf twlwuG
tmwmydaem psm,awm jAm[®Pó ó// jzpfuek af om aAm"dyu©, d w&m;
txó uc ucFF g 0y,EdÅ oAÁm? oHk;q,fhckepfyg;wdkYonf udav
,awm yZmemwd oa[wk"r®H/ omudk avmifuRr;f ylyefwwfaom
vHv Yk 0D&, d &Sad om? raumif;rIukd
½IUd NrdK§ ufwwfaom orm"d&adS om?
raumif;rIukd tNy;D wdik yf ,fNy;D aom
ynm&Sad om &[EÅmtm; pifppf
xif & S m ;jzpf a y:vmMuuk e f \ /
xdktcg taMumif;ESifhwuGjzpf
aom y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fw&m;udk tjym;
tm;jzifh odaomaMumifh xd&k [EÅm
tm; ,Hrk mS ;jcif; 0dpu d pd mä tm;vH;k
wdo Yk nf uif;aysmufcsKyfNidr;f Mu
avuke\ f }}[k (O'gef;usL;&ifah wmf
rl\)/
,'g [a0 ygwkb0EÅd "r®m? t&d,r*fÓmPfEiS hf twlwuG
tmwmydaem psm,awm jAm[®Pó/ jzpfuek af om aAm"dyu©, d w&m;
txó uc ucFF g 0y,EÅd oAÁm? oHk;q,fhckepfyg;wdkYonf udav
,awm c,H ypö,meH ta0'd/ omudk avmifuRr;f ylyefwwfaom
vHv Yk 0D&, d &Sad om? raumif;rIukd
½IUd NrdK§ ufwwfaom orm"d&adS om?
raumif;rIukd tNy;D wdik yf ,fNy;D aom
ynm&Sad om &[EÅmtm; pifppf
xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmMuuke\ f / xdo k Ykd
.
 O'geygVd 7
aAm"dyu©, d w&m; oH;k q,fch ek pf
yg;wkdY jzpfay:vmMu&m tcgü
(t0dZmÆ wPSmpaom) taMumif;
w&m;wd\ Yk uif;&muke&f m edAmÁ ef
udk odjrifaomaMumifh xd&k [EÅm
tm; ,Hrk mS ;jcif; 0dpu
d pd mä tm;vH;k
wdoYk nf uif;aysmufcsKyfNidr;f Mu
avukef\}}[k (O'gef;usL;&ifh
awmfrl\)/
,'g [a0 ygwkb0EÅd "r®m? t&d,r*fÓmPfEiS hf twlwuG
tmwmydaem psm,awm jAm[®Pó/ jzpfuek af om aAm"dyu©, d w&m;
0d"ly,H wd|wd rm&aoeH? oH;k q,fch ek pfyg;wdo Yk nf udav-
ol&da,m0 Mobmo,}rEÅvduH©/ omudk avmifuRrf;ylyefwwf
aom vHv Yk 0D&,d &Sad om? raumif;
rIudk ½dIUNrd§Kufwwfaom orm"d
&daS om? raumif;rIukd tNy;D wkid f
y,fNy;D aom ynm&Sad om &[EÅm
tm; pifppf xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmMu
uke\ f / xdt k cgü aumif;uifukd
xGe;f vif;awmufyapaom aerif;
onf (avmutrdu k f tarSmifwu
kd f
udk y,fazsmufzsufqD;vsuf)
wnfaeouJo h Ykd (xd&k [EÅmonf)
udavom tp&Sdaom rm&fppf
onf taygif;udk y,fazsmufzsuf
qD;vsufwnfae\}}[k (O'gef;
usL;&ifhawmfrl\)/
.
 8 Ak'g¨ bdaoutaeuZmwifygXf (ygVd-jrefrmjyef)
y|meypö,ka'´oygXf
1/ a[wkypöa,m / / [dwfajcmufyg;jzpfí aus;Zl;jyK
wwfaom w&m;/

2/ tm&r®Pypöa,
,mm / / tm½Hkajcmufyg;jzpfí aus;Zl;jyK
wwfaom w&m;/

3/ t"dywdypöa,m / / tBuD;trSL;jzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwf

aom w&m;/

4/ teEÅ&ypöa,m / / tjcm;rJw
h pfpyfwnf; tMum;r&Sd
jzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom w&m;/

5/ oreEÅ&ypöa,m / / aumif;pGm (tjcm;rJ)h wpfpyfwnf;

tMum;r&Sd twm;tqD; r&Sdí
aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom w&m;/

6/ o[Zmwypöa,m / / wpfNydKifeuf twlwuGjzpfí

aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom w&m;/

7/ tnrnypöa,m / / tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSerf í

DS aus;Zl;
jyKwwfaom w&m;/

8/ edó,ypöa,m / / rS&D mwnf&mjzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwf

aom w&m;/
.
 y|meypö,ka'´oygXf 9
9/ Oyedó,ypöa,m / / tm;BuD;aom rD&S mtaMumif;jzpfí
aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom w&m;/

10/ yka&Zmwypöa,m / / a&SUüjzpfEiS í

fh aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom
w&m;/

11/ ypämZmwypöa,m / / aemufrSjzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwf

aom w&m;/

12/ tmao0eypöa,m / / tzefwvJvJ rS0D t

J yf xHrk rT ;f tyf
onfjzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom
w&m;/

13/ ur®ypöa,m / / jyKvkypf &D ifjcif;jzihf ADZrsKd;aphjzpfí

aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom w&m;/

14/ 0dyguypöa,m / / tusKd;&v'fjzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwf

aom w&m;/

15/ tm[m&ypöa,m / / axmufychH ikd cf hH apwwfonfjzpfí

aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom w&m;/

16/ £`Ed´ ,ypöa,m / / tpd;k &onfjzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwf

aom w&m;/

.
 10 Ak'g¨ bdaoutaeuZmwifygXf (ygVd-jrefrmjyef)
17/ psmeypöa,m / / uyfí pl;pl;pdu
k pf u
kd f ½Iwwfonf
jzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom w&m;/

18/ r*¾ypöa,m / / uRwv f w

G x
f u
G af jrmufaom enf;
vrf;jzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom
w&m;/

19/ orÜ,kwåypöa,m / / twlwuG,OS Nf yD; a&mpyfaeonf

jzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom w&m;/

20/ 0dyÜ,kwypö
åypöa,m / / twlwuG ra&mpyf r,SOpf yfonf
jzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom w&m;/

21/ twd¬ypöa,m / / ypöKyÜefü xif&Sm;pGm &SdqJjzpfí

aus;Zl;jyKwwfaom w&m;/

22/ ewd¬ypöa,m / / r&Sdonfjzpfí r&SdrS aus;Zl;jyK

wwfaom w&m;/

23/ 0d*wypöa,m / / uif;rJch sKyfaysmufonfjzpfí aus;Zl;

jyKwwfaom w&m;/

24/ t0d*wypöa,mwd /
wypö / ruif;onfjzpfí aus;Zl;jyKwwf
aom w&m;/

.
 y|meypö,ka'´oygXf 11
Z,r*Fvmy&dwÅygVd
Z,aEÅm aAm"d,m rlav? omuD0ifrif;wdkY\ ESpfouf
ousmeH eEd´0¹kaem/ jrwfEdk;jcif;udk &Tifvef;wdk;yGm;
{0ar0 Za,m a[mwk? apwwfawmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;
Z,ók Z,r*Fav/ &Sifonf or®morÁK'¨ÓmPfawmf
BuD; yGix hf eG ;f ay:aygufawmfr&l m
aAm"danmifyif\ atmufajc
yv’ifaAGt&yfü a'0ykwårm&f
udavomrm&f rpöKrm&f tbdocF g
&rm&f rm&fig;yg;wdu Yk kd atmifjrif
awmfro l uJo h Ykd þenf;twlom
vQif oifonfvnf; atmifjrifoifh
atmifjrifxdkufaom atmifjrif
jcif;r*Fvmonf jzpfygapownf;/

ty&mZdwyv’auF? cyford ;f ukeaf om jrwfpmG bk&m;

oDao ykxk0dyku©av/ &S i f w k d Y \ or® m orÁ K '¨ t jzpf o d k Y
tbdaoau oAÁAk'¨geH? a&mufa wmf r l & m tbd a ou
t*¾yÜawåm yarm'wd/ r*Fvm cH,al wmfr&l mjzpfaom ajr
wumwdx Yk uf tOD;txdyjf yKzG,f
txl;wifw h ,f tjrifjh rwfq;kH jzpf
aom aAm"dyifajcajrtjyif ty&m
Zdwyv’iaf wmfü oAÁnKwÓmPf
txGwt f xdyo f Ykd &a&mufawmfrl
aom jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio f nf MunfE;l
.
 12 Ak'g¨ bdaoutaeuZmwifygXf (ygVd-jrefrmjyef)
&Tiaf ysmf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpf
awmfro l uJoh Ykd þenf;twlom
vQif oifonfvnf; atmifjrifrI
txGwt f xdyof Ykd a&mufonfjzpf
í MunfEl;&Tifaysmf 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om jzpfygapownf;/

okeu©wHå okr*FvH? tcsed wf ikd ;f tcsed w f ikd ;f (aumif;

okyÜbmwH ok[k|dwH/ aomtusiphf ½du k Ef iS hf jynfph akH om)
okcaPm okrk[kawåm p? oift h m; aumif;aomeu©wEf iS hf
ok,d|H jA[®pm&dok/ ,SOw f aJG eonf jzpfygay\/ tcsed f
wdik ;f tcsdew f ikd ;f (aumif;aom
tusifph ½du k Ef iS jhf ynfph akH om) oifh
tm; aumif;aom usufoa&
r*Fvm&Sdjcif;onf jzpfygay\/
aeYwikd ;f aeYwikd ;f (aumif;aom
tusiphf ½du k Ef iS hf jynfph akH om) oifh
tm; aumif;aom eHeufr;kd aomuf
tvif;a&mufjcif;onf jzpfygay
\/ aeYwikd ;f aeYwikd ;f (aumif;aom
tusif h p ½d k u f E S i f h jynf h p H k a om)
oifhtm; aumif;aom Ekd;Mum;
x<ujcif;onf jzpfygay\/ tcdu k f
cPwkid ;f tcdu k cf Pwdik ;f (aumif;
aomtusiphf ½du k Ef iS hf jynfph akH om)

.
 Z,r*Fvmy&dwÅygVd 13
oift h m; aumif;aom tcdu k cf P
onf jzpfygay\/ tcdu k t f wefY
rk[w k w
f ikd ;f tcdu k t
f wefY rk[w k f
wdik ;f (aumif;aomtusiphf ½du k Ef iS hf
jynfhpHkaom) oifhtm; aumif;
aom tcdu k tf wefY rk[w k o f nf
jzpfygay\/ (aumif;aom tusihf
p½duk Ef iS hf jynfph akH om) jrwfaom
tusifu h kd usifah vh&o dS wl üYkd ay;
vSLylaZmfjcif;onfvnf; aumif;
pGm ylaZmfjcif;rnfygay\/

y'ud©PH um,urH®? (aumif;aom tusifph ½du k Ef iS hf

0gpmurH® y'ud©PH/ jynfhpHkaomoif\) udk,fjzifhjyK
y'ud©PH raemurH®? aom tjyKtrlonf tusKd ;pD;yGm;
yPD"d aw y'ud©aP/ udk jzpfapwwfaom aumif;jrwf
y'ud©Pmed uwGme? aom um,uH tjyKtrljzpfyg
vbEÅaw¬ y'ud©aP/ ay\/
(aumif;aomtusifhp½dkufESifh
jynfph akH omoif\) EIwjf zifah jymqdk
aom tjyKtrlonf tusK;d pD;yGm;
udk jzpfapwwfaom aumif;jrwf
aom 0pDut H jyKtrl jzpfygay\/
(aumif;aomtusifhp½dkufESifh
jynfph akH omoif\) pdwjf zifBh uHpnf
aomtjyKtrlonf tusKd;pD;yGm;
.
 14 Ak'g¨ bdaoutaeuZmwifygXf (ygVd-jrefrmjyef)
udk jzpfapwwfaom aumif;jrwf
aom raemuH tjyKtrl jzpfyg
ay\/
oifonf xdak umif;jrwfaom
um,uH aumif;jrwfaom 0pDuH
aumif;jrwfaom raemuHwu Ykd kd
aqmufwnfEidk jf cif;onf jzpfyg
apownf;/ xko d v
Ykd Qif oifonf
aumif;jrwfaom tusifu h w
H u Ykd kd
jyKrlaqmufwnfEdkifjcif;aMumifh
aumif;usKd;pD;yGm; csrf;omwdkYudk
&&SEd ikd af yonf/
aumif;jrwfaomtusifhuHwdkY
udk jyKrlaqmufwnfMuukeaf om
olwo Ykd nf aumif;usKd;pD;yGm;csrf;
omwdkYudk &&SdMuukefonfjzpfí
ud,k pf w d Ef pS jf zm csr;f omjcif; &SMd u
avukef\/

aw tw¬v'¨g okcdwm? xd k o l w d k Y o nf Ak ' ¨ j rwf p G m

0d½lV§m Ak'¨omoae/ omoemawmfjrwfBuD;ü t&d,m
ta&m*g okcdwm a[mx? r*fÓmPf t&d,mzdv k Óf mPf &&Sd
o[ oaAÁ[d Ómwdbd/ onfhwdkifatmif ynmÓmPfwdkY
onfvnf; pnfyifw;kd yGm;Edik Mf u
avuke\ f / wd;k yGm;Edik Mf uygapukef
ownf;/

.
 Z,r*Fvmy&dwÅygVd 15
xdkolwdkYonf tvHk;pHkaom
aqGrsKd;rdwfaqG taygif;wdkYESifh
wuG tema&m*grsKd;pHw k rYkd S uif;
a0;Muukeo f nfjzpfí ud, k u f sef;
rmjcif; pdwfcsrf;omjcif;wdkYonf
jzpfMuygapukefownf;/

taeuZmwifygXf ygVd-jrefrmjyef NyD;\/

.
 EdI;aqmfyefMum;vTm

þpmtkyu f kd trsm;jynfoo l Ykd jzefaY 0vSL'gef;vsu&f ydS gonf/ þodv Yk LS 'gef;

&mwGif jzefaY 0vSL'gef;Edik rf t I ay: rlwnfí &Gwq f ykd al Zmfowl Ykd ta&twGuf
ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmNy;D ydrk &kd w
G q f Mkd ujcif;tm;jzifh bke;f usuo f a&wd;k a&;? ÓmPfynm
wd;k wufjrihrf m;a&;? atmifjrifrt I xGwt f xdyo f aYkd &muf&adS &;? ab;Oy'f
tEÅ&m,fuif;pifa&;twGuf tqifajyapMurnf jzpfygonf/
þpmtkyu f kd rdru
d , kd w f idk f vSL'gef;vdyk gu vdt k yfaom pmtkyt f a&
twGuu f kd rSmMum;Ekid yf gaMumif;ESifh rSmMum;onht f a&twGurf sm;udk xkwaf 0
ay;rnf jzpfygonf/ þ0efBuD;XmerSwpfqihf vSL'gef;ay;apvdyk guvnf;
oufqikd &f m vSL'gef;oiho f nhaf e&mrsm;odYk ulnjD zefaY 0 vSL'gef;ay;oGm;rnf
jzpfygonf/
yg0ifvLS 'gef;vdo k rl sm;&Syd gu -
omoema&;ESi, fh Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme
tNrJwrf;twGi;f 0ef zke;f -067 3406506
067 3408441
09 5106274
'kw, d tNrw J rf;twGi;f 0ef zke;f -067 3406008
09 440792399
odYk qufo, G vf LS 'gef;Ekid yf gonf/
þpmtkyu
f dk tvG,w
f ul jyefvnfu;l ,lEikd &f eftwGu-f
www.mahana.org.mm, www.mora.gov.mm, www.dra.gov.mm,
www.dpps.gov.mm, www.kbrl.gov.mm, ww.itbmu.org.mm,
omoema&;qdik &f m 0bfqu kd af jcmufcw
k w
Ydk iG v
f nf; download jzihf ul;,lí
ylaZmfjzefaY 0Edik yf gonf/