Emission Factors
Emission Factors
Emission Factors
Typically, greenhouse gas emissions are reported in units of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Gases are converted to CO2e by multiplying by the gas' global warming potential (GWP). The emission factors
listed in this sheet have not been converted to CO2e. In order to do so, multiply the emissions by the corresponding GWP listed in the table below.
Gas
GWP
CH4
N2O
310
21
Source:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1995);
Second Assessment Report.
Table 1
Heating Value
CO2 Factor
kg CO2 per
mmBtu
N2O Factor
CO2 Factor
CH4 Factor
N2O Factor
Unit
25.09
24.93
17.25
14.21
21.39
19.73
26.28
22.35
24.80
103.54
93.40
97.02
96.36
95.26
94.38
93.65
93.91
102.04
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2,598
2,328
1,674
1,369
2,038
1,862
2,461
2,099
2,531
276
274
190
156
235
217
289
246
273
40
40
28
23
34
32
42
36
40
short tons
short tons
short tons
short tons
short tons
short tons
short tons
short tons
short tons
9.95
30.00
38.00
26.87
90.70
102.41
75.00
85.97
32
32
32
32
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
902
3,072
2,850
2,310
318
960
1,216
860
42
126
160
113
short tons
short tons
short tons
short tons
8.25
8.00
25.83
15.38
118.17
111.84
105.51
93.80
32
32
32
32
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
975
895
2,725
1,443
264
256
827
492
35
34
108
65
short tons
short tons
short tons
short tons
Natural Gas
Natural Gas (per scf)
Fossil-derived Fuels (Gaseous)
Blast Furnace Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Fuel Gas
Propane Gas
Biomass Fuels (Gaseous)
Biogas (Captured Methane)
CH4 Factor
kg CO2 per
mmBtu
0.001028
53.02
1.0
0.10
0.05450
0.001028
0.000103
scf
0.000092
0.000599
0.001388
0.002516
274.32
46.85
59.00
61.46
0.022
0.480
0.022
0.022
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.02524
0.02806
0.08189
0.15463
0.000002
0.000288
0.000031
0.000055
0.000009
0.000060
0.000139
0.000252
scf
scf
scf
scf
3.200
0.630
0.04379
0.002691
0.000530
scf
g CH4 per mmBtu g N2O per mmBtu kg CO2 per gallon g CH4 per gallon
0.000841
mmBtu per gallon
52.07
kg CO2 per
mmBtu
Petroleum Products
Asphalt and Road Oil
Aviation Gasoline
Butane
Butylene
Crude Oil
Distillate Fuel Oil No. 1
Distillate Fuel Oil No. 2
Distillate Fuel Oil No. 4
Ethane
Ethylene
Heavy Gas Oils
Isobutane
Isobutylene
Kerosene
Kerosene-type Jet Fuel
Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG)
Lubricants
Motor Gasoline
Naphtha (<401 deg F)
Natural Gasoline
Other Oil (>401 deg F)
Pentanes Plus
Petrochemical Feedstocks
Petroleum Coke
Propane
Propylene
Residual Fuel Oil No. 5
Residual Fuel Oil No. 6
Special Naphtha
Still Gas
Unfinished Oils
Used Oil
Biomass Fuels
0.158
0.120
0.101
0.103
0.138
0.139
0.138
0.146
0.069
0.100
0.148
0.097
0.103
0.135
0.135
0.092
0.144
0.125
0.125
0.110
0.139
0.110
0.129
0.143
0.091
0.091
0.140
0.150
0.125
0.143
0.139
0.135
75.36
69.25
65.15
67.73
74.49
73.25
73.96
75.04
62.64
67.43
74.92
64.91
67.74
75.20
72.22
62.98
74.27
70.22
68.02
66.83
76.22
70.02
70.97
102.41
61.46
65.95
72.93
75.10
72.34
66.72
74.49
74.00
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
11.91
8.31
6.58
6.98
10.28
10.18
10.21
10.96
4.32
6.74
11.09
6.30
6.98
10.15
9.75
5.79
10.69
8.78
8.50
7.35
10.59
7.70
9.16
14.64
5.59
6.00
10.21
11.27
9.04
9.54
10.35
9.99
0.47
0.36
0.30
0.31
0.41
0.42
0.41
0.44
0.21
0.30
0.44
0.29
0.31
0.41
0.41
0.28
0.43
0.38
0.38
0.33
0.42
0.33
0.39
0.43
0.27
0.27
0.42
0.45
0.38
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.08
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
Biodiesel (100%)
Ethanol (100%)
Rendered Animal Fat
Vegetable Oil
0.128
0.084
0.125
0.120
73.84
68.44
71.06
81.55
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
9.45
5.75
8.88
9.79
0.14
0.09
0.14
0.13
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
gallon
gallon
gallon
gallon
kg CO2 per
mmBtu
88.18
8.169
0.603
mmBtu
Solid, gaseous, liquid and biomass fuels: Federal Register (2009) EPA; 40 CFR Parts 86, 87, 89 et al; Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases; Final Rule , 30Oct09, 261 pp. Tables C-1 and C-2 at FR pp.
56409-56410. Revised emission factors for selected fuels: Federal Register (2010) EPA; 40 CFR Part 98; Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases; Final Rule, 17Dec10, 81 pp.
Steam and Hot Water: United States. Energy Information Administration (2010); Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases, 1605(b) Program , Appendix N: Emissions Factors for Steam and Chilled Water.
Table 2
CO2 Emissions for Transportation Fuels for Road Vehicles, Locomotives, and Aircraft
Fuel Type
Unit
Aviation Gasoline
8.31
gallon
Biodiesel
9.45
gallon
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
0.0545
scf
Diesel Fuel
10.21
gallon
Ethane
4.32
gallon
Ethanol
5.75
gallon
Jet Fuel (kerosene type)
9.75
gallon
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
4.46
gallon
LPG
5.79
gallon
Methanol
4.10
gallon
Motor Gasoline
8.78
gallon
Propane
5.59
gallon
Residual Fuel Oil (Resid #5; Bunker C)
11.27
gallon
Sources:
Federal Register (2009) EPA; 40 CFR Parts 86, 87, 89 et al; Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases; Final Rule , 30Oct09, 261 pp. Tables C-1 and C-2 at FR pp. 56409-56410.
LNG sourced from: US EPA (2008); Greenhouse Gas Inventory Protocol Core Module Guidance - Direct Emissions from Mobile Combustion Sources, EPA Climate Leaders, Table B-5, p. 33.
Methanol sourced from: The Climate Registry (2011); General Reporting Protocol for the Voluntary Reporting Program , Default Emission Factors, Table 13.1 US Default CO2 Emission Factors for Transport Fuels.
Table 3
Year
CH4 Factor
(g / mile)
N2O Factor
(g / mile)
1984-1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009-present
0.0704
0.0531
0.0358
0.0272
0.0268
0.0249
0.0216
0.0178
0.0110
0.0107
0.0114
0.0145
0.0147
0.0161
0.0170
0.0172
0.0173
0.0647
0.0560
0.0473
0.0426
0.0422
0.0393
0.0337
0.0273
0.0158
0.0153
0.0135
0.0083
0.0079
0.0057
0.0041
0.0038
0.0036
1987-1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009-present
0.0813
0.0646
0.0517
0.0452
0.0452
0.0391
0.0321
0.0346
0.0151
0.0178
0.0155
0.0152
0.0157
0.0159
0.0161
0.0163
0.0163
0.1035
0.0982
0.0908
0.0871
0.0871
0.0728
0.0564
0.0621
0.0164
0.0228
0.0114
0.0132
0.0101
0.0089
0.0079
0.0066
0.0066
1985-1986
1987
1988-1989
1990-1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009-present
0.4090
0.3675
0.3492
0.3246
0.1278
0.0924
0.0641
0.0578
0.0493
0.0528
0.0546
0.0533
0.0341
0.0326
0.0326
0.0327
0.0327
0.0327
0.0515
0.0849
0.0933
0.1142
0.1680
0.1726
0.1693
0.1435
0.1092
0.1235
0.1307
0.1240
0.0285
0.0177
0.0175
0.0173
0.0171
0.0169
Sources:
1984-2005 factors from: US EPA (2008); Greenhouse Gas Inventory Protocol Core Module Guidance - Direct Emissions from Mobile Combustion Sources , EPA Climate Leaders, Table 3.
2006-2009 factors from: US EPA (2011) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2009, EPA 430-R-11-005 . All Values are calculated from Tables A-97 through A-100.
Page 2 of 6
Table 4
CH4 and N2O Emissions for Highway Vehicles: Diesel and Alternative Fuels
Vehicle Type
Vehicle Year
CH4 Factor
(g / mile)
1960-1982
1983-present
1960-1982
1983-1995
1996-present
1960-present
Non-catalyst
Control
Uncontrolled
N2O Factor
(g / mile)
0.0006
0.0005
0.0011
0.0009
0.0010
0.0051
0.0012
0.0010
0.0017
0.0014
0.0015
0.0048
0.0672
0.0069
Table 5
CH4 Factor
(g / gallon)
N2O Factor
(g / gallon)
0.50
0.86
0.74
0.64
0.80
1.26
1.44
0.50
0.58
0.27
7.04
0.58
0.58
0.50
0.22
0.30
0.26
0.22
0.26
0.22
0.26
0.22
0.26
0.31
0.11
0.26
0.26
0.22
LPG non-highway vehicles assumed equal to other gasoline sources. Biodiesel vehicles assumed equal to other diesel sources.
Source:
US EPA (2008); Greenhouse Gas Inventory Protocol Core Module Guidance - Direct Emissions from Mobile Combustion Sources , EPA Climate
Leaders, Tables A-6 and A-7.
Table 6
GWP
CO2
CH4
N2O
SF6
1
21
310
23,900
HFC-23
HFC-32
HFC-125
HFC-134a
HFC-143a
HFC-152a
HFC-227ea
HFC-236fa
CF4
C2F6
C3F8
c-C4F8
C4F10
C5F12
C6F14
11,700
650
2,800
1,300
3,800
140
2,900
6,300
6,500
9,200
7,000
8,700
7,000
7,500
7,400
Source:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1995); Second Assessment Report . Use of the Second Assessment Report on Global Warming Potential v alues is consistent with current international
agreements.
Page 3 of 6
Table 6b
Blend GWP
HFC/PFC
18.2
15.4
21
1,680
1,064
2,730
3,260
1,770
2,285
1,525.5
1,427.5
1,362.5
1,944
1,725
1,832.5
15.4
4.2
1,774
1,954.8
2,532.3
2,232.3
2,060
2,011
1,349
2,930
2,652
36.7
313.3
3,300
10,175
10,350
Blend Make-up
53% HCFC-22 , 34% HCFC-124 , 13% HFC-152a
61% HCFC-22 , 28% HCFC-124 , 11% HFC-152a
33% HCFC-22 , 52% HCFC-124 , 15% HFC-152a
38% HCFC-22 , 6% HFC-125 , 2% propane
6% HCFC-22 , 38% HFC-125 , 2% propane
56% HCFC-22 , 39% PFC-218 , 5% propane
44% HFC-125 , 4% HFC-134a , 52% HFC 143a
55% HCFC-22 , 41% HCFC-142b , 4% isobutane
20% HFC-32 , 40% HFC-125 , 40% HFC-134a
10% HFC-32 , 70% HFC-125 , 20% HFC-134a
23% HFC-32 , 25% HFC-125 , 52% HFC-134a
15% HFC-32 , 15% HFC-125 , 70% HFC-134a
25% HFC-32 , 15% HFC-125 , 60% HFC-134a
47% HCFC-22 , 7% HFC-125 , 46% HFC 143a
60% HCFC-22 , 25% HCFC-124 , 15% HCFC-142b
50% HFC-32 , 50% HFC-125
45% HFC-32 , 55% HFC-125
87.5% HCFC-22 , 11 HFC-152a , 1.5% propylene
94% HCFC-22 , 3% HFC-152a , 3% propylene
88% HFC-134a , 9% PFC-218 , 3% isobutane
51% HCFC-22 , 28.5% HCFC-124 , 16.5% HCFC-142
5% HCFC-22 , 39% HCFC-124 , 9.5% HCFC-142b
46.6% HFC-125 , 5% HFC-134a , 3.4% butane
85.1% HFC-125 , 11.5% HFC-134a , 3.4% isobutane
65.1% HFC-125 , 31.5% HFC-134a , 3.4% isobutane
47.5% HFC-227ea , 52.5% HFC-134a ,
Mixture of: HFC-125 , HFC-134a , butane, pentane.
Mixture of: HFC-125 , HFC-134a , butane, pentane.
77.5% HFC-125 , 2% HFC-143a , 1.9% isobutane
Mixture of: HFC-125 , HFC-134a , HFC-143a. GWP
73.8% CFC-12 , 26.2% HFC-152a , 48.8% HCFC-22
48.8% HCFC-22 , 51.2% CFC-115
48.2% HFC-32 , 51.8% CFC-115
5% HFC-125 , 5% HFC143a
39% HFC-23 , 61% PFC-116
46% HFC-23 , 54% PFC-116
Source:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1995); Second Assessment Report . Use of the Second Assessment Report on Global Warming Potential v alues is consistent with current international
agreements.
The blended refrigerants are based on internet research to determine the constituents, and the GWP is based on the blend of HFC and PFC gases.
Page 4 of 6
Table 7
Subregion
AKGD (ASCC Alaska Grid)
AKMS (ASCC Miscellaneous)
AZNM (WECC Southwest)
CAMX (WECC California)
ERCT (ERCOT All)
FRCC (FRCC All)
HIMS (HICC Miscellaneous)
HIOA (HICC Oahu)
MROE (MRO East)
MROW (MRO West)
NEWE (NPCC New England)
NWPP (WECC Northwest)
NYCW (NPCC NYC/Westchester)
NYLI (NPCC Long Island)
NYUP (NPCC Upstate NY)
RFCE (RFC East)
RFCM (RFC Michigan)
RFCW (RFC West)
RMPA (WECC Rockies)
SPNO (SPP North)
SPSO (SPP South)
SRMV (SERC Mississippi Valley)
SRMW (SERC Midwest)
SRSO (SERC South)
SRTV (SERC Tennessee Valley)
SRVC (SERC Virginia/Carolina)
Source:
US EPA (2011); eGRID2010 Version 1.1 Year 2007 Data.
This is a representational map; many of the boundaries shown on this map are approximate because they are based on companies;
not on strictly geographical boundaries.
Source:
USEPA eGRID2010 Version 1.0 December 2010.
Page 5 of 6
CO2 Factor
CH4 Factor
N2O Factor
1,284.72
535.73
1,252.61
681.01
1,252.57
1,220.11
1,343.82
1,620.76
1,692.32
1,722.67
827.95
858.79
704.80
1,418.74
683.27
1,059.32
1,651.11
1,551.52
1,906.06
1,798.71
1,624.03
1,004.10
1,779.27
1,495.47
1,540.85
1,118.41
0.02711
0.02265
0.01880
0.02829
0.01776
0.04119
0.13515
0.09105
0.02879
0.02897
0.07698
0.01634
0.02622
0.09050
0.01741
0.02740
0.03255
0.01837
0.02363
0.02122
0.02452
0.02180
0.02057
0.02364
0.01987
0.02226
0.00744
0.00448
0.01657
0.00623
0.01399
0.01525
0.02171
0.02089
0.02905
0.02919
0.01520
0.01364
0.00335
0.01310
0.00990
0.01703
0.02779
0.02593
0.02889
0.02920
0.02242
0.01115
0.02960
0.02457
0.02548
0.01908
Table 7b
Electricity Emission Factors (Non-baseload); Used for Green Power / REC Calculations
Subregion
CO2 Factor
CH4 Factor
N2O Factor
(lb CO2/MWh)
(lb CH4/MWh)
(lb N2O/MWh)
1,363.19
1,462.30
1,211.84
1,045.30
1,096.19
1,286.41
1,645.57
1,630.89
1,905.18
1,988.69
1,204.91
1,279.58
1,234.06
1,397.80
1,384.20
1,671.96
1,803.64
1,982.05
1,554.38
1,958.22
1,435.24
1,171.05
1,945.66
1,551.05
1,917.25
1,661.11
1,520.21
0.03499
0.06168
0.02056
0.03942
0.01969
0.04340
0.12294
0.10618
0.03525
0.05359
0.06069
0.04331
0.03765
0.04408
0.03155
0.03329
0.03209
0.02430
0.02317
0.02540
0.02503
0.02825
0.02402
0.02850
0.02598
0.03801
0.03223
0.00695
0.01218
0.00931
0.00474
0.00563
0.01150
0.02133
0.01852
0.02998
0.03298
0.01341
0.01575
0.00488
0.00699
0.01619
0.02219
0.02733
0.03148
0.01645
0.02775
0.01314
0.00691
0.02969
0.02169
0.03005
0.02451
0.01841
Table 8
CO2 Factor
(kg / unit)
CH4 Factor
(g / unit)
N2O Factor
(g / unit)
Units
0.364
0.519
0.167
0.185
0.172
0.163
0.107
0.286
0.031
0.036
0.070
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.0006
0.0084
0.032
0.047
0.007
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.0005
0.0091
vehicle-mile
vehicle-mile
vehicle-mile
passenger-mile
passenger-mile
passenger-mile
passenger-mile
passenger-mile
0.168
0.194
0.0009
0.0009
0.0053 passenger-mile
0.0061 passenger-mile
Sources:
US EPA (2008); Climate Leaders Greenhouse Gas Inventory Protocol Core Module Guidance, Optional Emissions from Employee Commuting, Business Travel and Product Transport.
Air travel sourced from: Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2011); 2011 Guidelines to Defra / DECC's GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting. Status Final; Version 1.0; updated July 7,
2011.
Table 9
Page 6 of 6