INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION

ITU-T G.177
TELECOMMUNICATION
STANDARDIZATION SECTOR
OF ITU
(09/99)
SERIES G: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA,
DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
Internt!"n# te#e$%"ne &"nne&t!"n' n( &!r&)!t' *
Trn'+!''!"n $#n '$e&t' ", '$e&!# &!r&)!t' n(
&"nne&t!"n' )'!n- t%e !nternt!"n# te#e$%"ne &"nne&t!"n
net."r/
Transmission planning for voiceband services
over hybrid Internet/PST connections
ITU0T Re&"++en(t!"n G1233
(4re5!")'#6 CCITT Re&"++en(t!"n)
ITU0T G0SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
T!"S#ISSI$ S%ST&#S "' #&'I"( 'IGIT") S%ST&#S "' &T*$!+S
For further details, please refer to ITU-T List of Recommendations.
INTERNATIONAL TELE47ONE CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUITS G1200*G1299
Gener# (e,!n!t!"n' G1200*G1209
Gener# Re&"++en(t!"n' "n t%e trn'+!''!"n 8)#!t6 ,"r n ent!re !nternt!"n#
te#e$%"ne &"nne&t!"n
G1220*G1229
Gener# &%r&ter!'t!&' ", nt!"n# '6'te+' ,"r+!n- $rt ", !nternt!"n# &"nne&t!"n' G1290*G1299
Gener# &%r&ter!'t!&' ", t%e :0.!re &%!n ,"r+e( ;6 t%e !nternt!"n# &!r&)!t' n(
nt!"n# e<ten'!"n &!r&)!t'
G12=0*G12=9
Gener# &%r&ter!'t!&' ", t%e :0.!re &%!n ", !nternt!"n# &!r&)!t'> !nternt!"n# trn'!t G12:0*G12:9
Gener# &%r&ter!'t!&' ", !nternt!"n# te#e$%"ne &!r&)!t' n( nt!"n# e<ten'!"n
&!r&)!t'
G12?0*G12?9
A$$rt)' ''"&!te( .!t% #"n-0(!'tn&e te#e$%"ne &!r&)!t' G12@0*G12@9
Transmission plan aspects of special circ,its and connections ,sing the
international telephone connection net-or.
G.17/0G.171
4r"te&t!"n n( re't"rt!"n ", trn'+!''!"n '6'te+' G12A0*G12A9
S",t.re t""#' ,"r trn'+!''!"n '6'te+' G1290*G1299
INTERNATIONAL ANALOGUE CARRIER SYSTEM
GENERAL C7ARACTERISTICS COMMON TO ALL ANALOGUE CARRIER0
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
G1900*G1999
INDIBIDUAL C7ARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELE47ONE
SYSTEMS ON METALLIC LINES
G1=00*G1=99
GENERAL C7ARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELE47ONE
SYSTEMS ON RADIO0RELAY OR SATELLITE LINKS AND INTERCONNECTION WIT7
METALLIC LINES
G1:00*G1::9
COORDINATION OF RADIOTELE47ONY AND LINE TELE47ONY G1:?0*G1:99
TESTING EQUIPMENTS
TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS G1@00*G1@99
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TERMINAL ECUI4MENTS G1300*G1399
DIGITAL NETWORKS G1A00*G1A99
DIGITAL SECTIONS AND DIGITAL LINE SYSTEM G1900*G1999
ITU-T RECOMMENDATION G.177
TRANSMISSION PLANNING FOR VOICEBAND SERVICES OVER HYBRID
INTERNET/PSTN CONNECTIONS
Summary
This Recommendation provides transmission performance guidelines for voiceband services over
networks that are an interconnection of an IP network (e.g. "the Internet") and the PST. !s modern
telecommunications s"stems continue to evolve# h"brid networks of various kinds will become more
prevalent. This tendenc"# together with the realit" that voiceband communications will be an
important source of traffic on such networks# has led IT$%T to develop this Recommendation. The
intent is to provide to a wide audience a set of principles on transmission performance aspects of
h"brid Internet&PST connections.
Sur!"
IT$%T Recommendation '.()) was prepared b" IT$%T Stud" 'roup (* ((++)%*,,,) and was
approved under the -TS. Resolution o. ( procedure on /, September (+++.
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* &
01R2-1R3
IT$ (International Telecommunication $nion) is the $nited ations Speciali4ed !genc" in the field of
telecommunications. The IT$ Telecommunication Standardi4ation Sector (IT$%T) is a permanent organ of the
IT$. The IT$%T is responsible for stud"ing technical# operating and tariff 5uestions and issuing
Recommendations on them with a view to standardi4ing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
The -orld Telecommunication Standardi4ation .onference (-TS.)# which meets ever" four "ears#
establishes the topics for stud" b" the IT$%T Stud" 'roups which# in their turn# produce Recommendations on
these topics.
The approval of Recommendations b" the 6embers of the IT$%T is covered b" the procedure laid down in
-TS. Resolution o. (.
In some areas of information technolog" which fall within IT$%T7s purview# the necessar" standards are
prepared on a collaborative basis with IS1 and I2..
1T2
In this Recommendation the term recognized operating agency (RO! includes an" individual# compan"#
corporation or governmental organi4ation that operates a public correspondence service. The terms
dministration, RO and pu"lic correspondence are defined in the #onstitution of the ITU ($ene%a, &''(!.
IT2882.T$!8 PR1P2RT9 RI':TS
The IT$ draws attention to the possibilit" that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation ma"
involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Propert" Right. The IT$ takes no position concerning the evidence#
validit" or applicabilit" of claimed Intellectual Propert" Rights# whether asserted b" IT$ members or others
outside of the Recommendation development process.
!s of the date of approval of this Recommendation# the IT$ had not received notice of intellectual propert"#
protected b" patents# which ma" be re5uired to implement this Recommendation. :owever# implementors are
cautioned that this ma" not represent the latest information and are therefore strongl" urged to consult the
TS; patent database.
IT$ *,,,
!ll rights reserved. o part of this publication ma" be reproduced or utili4ed in an" form or b" an" means#
electronic or mechanical# including photocop"ing and microfilm# without permission in writing from the IT$.
&& R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
CONTENTS
Pa+"
( Scope# purpose and application
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(
(.( Scope
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(
(.* Purpose
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(
(./ !pplication
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(
* Terminolog"
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*
/ !cron"ms and !bbreviations
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*
< References
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<
= Performance of h"brid Internet&PST connections
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=
> Transmission channel characteristics of IP networks
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)
) Speech performance (end%to%end)
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)
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* &&&
).( Speech coder performance
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
?
).(.( 2%6odel e5uipment impairment factors (eifs)
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
+
).(.* Tandeming performance
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+
).(./ 1ther considerations for speech coders
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+
).* 2ffects of transmission errors and packet loss
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+
).*.( ;it errors
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(,
).*.* Packet loss
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(,
)./ 8oudness ratings and terminal characteristics
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(,
).< 3ela" and echo
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((
).<.( 3ela"
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((
).<.* 3ela" variation
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(*
).<./ 2cho control
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(/
&, R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
).= Temporal (s"llable) clipping
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(<
).> 2nvironmental (acoustic) noise
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(<
).) Idle channel noise
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(<
).? oise contrast and comfort noise
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(<
).+ ;andwidth
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(=
).(, Stabilit" loss
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(=
).(( 3istortion
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(=
? Speech transmission planning in h"brid networks
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(=
+ on%voice transmission (end%to%end)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(>
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* ,
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177
TRANSMISSION PLANNING FOR VOICEBAND SERVICES OVER HYBRID
INTERNET/PSTN CONNECTIONS
($ene%a, &'''!
1 S!-". -ur-/" a#$ a--0&!a%&#
1.1 S!-"
This Recommendation provides transmission planning guidelines for voiceband services over
connections that include Internet and PST segments# i.e. h"brid Internet&PST connections. In
particular# "voice over the Internet" or "@oice over Internet Protocol" (@oIP) connections are
considered# where at least part of the connection is over an Internet Protocol (IP) network.
PST%onl" connections (i.e. connections that begin# end# and are carried onl" on the PST) are
considered as the reference against which the performance of other connections is compared.
This Recommendation provides end%to%end transmission performance guidance for h"brid
Internet&PST connections carr"ing voiceband services. -hen one of the terminals is attached to an
IP network# it is assumed that this terminal has functionalit" defined in Recommendation :./*/.
(The terminal need not be an :./*/ terminal# but is assumed to have that functionalit".) To support
these end%to%end guidelines# guidance is given for interworking functions between Internet and
PST. The functionalit" provided b" Internet&PST gatewa"s presents special performance issues
that must be addressed to ensure high 5ualit" service. Protocol details of IP and higher level
protocols (e.g. T.P# $3P# RTP# RS@P) are not considered in this Recommendation. Rather# the
impact on performance of voiceband services of the packeti4ed aspects of IP networks# such as dela"
associated with packet assembl"# lost or discarded packets# is of primar" interest here.
The importance of user eApectations for voiceband services on h"brid Internet&PST networks is
recogni4ed. :owever# this Recommendation does not address this subBect# nor does it offer detailed
suggestions of how to assess the impact of user eApectations on the acceptabilit" of these services.
!dditional guidance on man" of these issues is available in IT$%T P%series and '.(,,%series
Recommendations.
This Recommendation also includes discussion of issues associated with the interworking functions
provided b" Internet&PST gatewa"s.
1.1 Pur-/"
This Recommendation provides guidance on basic telephon" issues involved in providing voiceband
services over h"brid Internet&PST connections. This information will also be useful to e5uipment
manufacturers# @oIP service providers# Internet Service Providers (ISPs)# software developers# and
PST providers where service goes over a gatewa" to IP networks. Traditional PST engineers will
be familiar with the telephon" aspects of this Recommendation# but will find useful the material on
Internet%specific features of voiceband services over connections that incorporate an Internet
segment.
1.2 A--0&!a%&#
It is intended that the guidelines provided in this Recommendation be applied b" e5uipment
manufacturers# @oIP service providers# ISPs# software developers# and PST providers. Those who
provide services where the PST interconnects with IP networks through a gatewa" should find this
information useful as the" design e5uipment# software and services for voiceband services over
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* 1
h"brid Internet&PST connections. !pplication of the guidelines herein b" e5uipment manufacturers#
@oIP service providers# Internet Service Providers# software developers# and PST providers should
enhance the 5ualit" of voiceband services delivered over h"brid Internet&PST connections.
0urthermore# if widespread customer acceptance of @oIP service is desired# the resulting voiceband
service 5ualit" should approach that of the PST.
The guidance in this Recommendation applies to situations&connections where at least part of the
connection is on an IP network. Special attention focussed on the "'atewa"&Inter%-orking 0unction"
(which provides the essential interworking capabilities of these h"brid connections). ! maBor
application of this Recommendation will be Internet Telephon" where the terminal (e.g. a P.) enBo"s
:./*/ stack functionalit". !s noted above# this Recommendation will use PST%onl" connections as
the reference against which the performance of other connections will be compared.
This Recommendation applies to connections where the data transfer phase occurs over h"brid
Internet&PST connections. Issues of call set%up# number translation (between PST and IP
numbering)# etc.# are not considered in this Recommendation.
This Recommendation applies to IP networks that provide voice telephon" in accordance with an" of
the scenarios described in clause =# Performance of h"brid Internet&PST connections. This
Recommendation contains general information on end%to%end 5ualit" and the wa" in which 5ualit" is
affected b" various components in the @oIP s"stem. ! description of the relationship of the
performance of terminals and of the network is also included.
1 T"rm&#0+y
This Recommendation defines the following termsC
1.1 3y4r&$ PSTN/I#%"r#"%C ! connection that includes at least one segment where traffic is
carried on the PST and at least one segment where traffic is carried on a network that uses the
Internet Protocol suite.
1.1 +a%"5ay/I6FC ! connection element that interconnects different networks and performs the
necessar" translation between the protocols used on those networks.
1.2 &#%"r5r7C The abilit" of two networks to be connected and transfer traffic from one to the
other.
1.8 H.212-4a/"$ %"rm&#a0C ! terminal that is either dedicated (e.g. a telephone set) or general
purpose (e.g. a computer running an application that performs the terminal function) and thatC
D is intended for connection to an IP networkE
D provides the functionalit" defined in Recommendation :./*/.
2 A!r#ym/ a#$ A44r",&a%&#/
This Recommendation uses the following abbreviationsC
F'o; Per cent 'ood%or%;etter
FPo- Per cent Poor%or%-orse
!.28P !lgebraic%.ode%2Acited 8inear%Prediction
!.R !bsolute .ategor" Rating
!3P.6 !daptive 3ifferential Pulse .ode 6odulation
!3S8 !s"mmetric 3igital Subscriber 8ine
!T6 !s"nchronous Transfer 6ode
1 R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
;2R ;it 2rror Ratio
.' .omfort oise 'enerator
.S%!.28P .onBugate Structure !lgebraic%.ode%2Acited 8inear%Prediction
d;(!) d; SP8# !%weighted
d;m decibels referred to ( milliwatt
d;m,p d;m as measured at the 4ero d;r point# weighted psophometricall"
d;mp d;m# psophometricall" weighted
3T60 3ual%Tone 6ulti%0re5uenc"
2. 2cho .anceller
eif 2%6odel e5uipment impairment factor
2R8 2cho Return 8oss
'S6 'lobal S"stem for 6obile communications
'S6 20R 'S6 2nhanced 0ull Rate Speech .oder
'S6 0R 'S6 0ull Rate Speech .oder
'S6 :R 'S6 :alf Rate Speech .oder
'- 'atewa"
IP Internet Protocol
IS3 Integrated Services 3igital etwork
ISP Internet Service Provider
I-0 Interworking function
8! 8ocal !rea etwork
83%.28P 8ow%3ela" .ode%2Acited 8inear Prediction
P.62 Packeti4ed .ircuit 6ultiplication 25uipment
PPP Point%to%Point Protocol
PST Public Switched Telephone etwork
GoS Gualit" of Service
R8R Receive 8oudness Rating
RS@P Resource Reservation Set%$p Protocol
RTP Real%Time Transport Protocol
S. Switched .ommunications etwork
S8R Send 8oudness Rating
SP8 Sound Pressure 8evel
ST$ Secure Telephone $nit
T.8
-
-eighted Terminal .oupling 8oss
T.P Transmission .ontrol Protocol
T33 Telecommunications Terminal for the 3eaf
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* 2
TT9 Telet"pe
8 R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
$3P $ser 3atagram Protocol
@;3 @oiceband 3ata
@3S8 @er" :igh Speed 3igital Subscriber 8ine
@oIP @oice over Internet Protocol
@T1! @oice and Telephon" over !T6
A3S8 !3S8# @3S8 and other 3igital Subscriber 8ine Techni5ues
8 R"9"r"#!"/
The following IT$%T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which# through
reference in this teAt# constitute provisions of this Recommendation. !t the time of publication# the
editions indicated were valid. !ll Recommendations and other references are subBect to revisionE all
users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibilit" of appl"ing the
most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. ! list of the currentl"
valid IT$%T Recommendations is regularl" published.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.(,( ((++>)# The transmission plan.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.(,) ((++?)# The )-model, a computational model for use in
transmission planning.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.(,? ((+++)# pplication of the )-model * planning guide.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.(,+ ((+++)# +efinition of categories of speech transmission
,uality.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.((/ ((++>)# Transmission impairments.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.((< ((++>)# One--ay transmission time.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.((> ((+++)# Transmission performance o".ecti%es applica"le to
end-to-end international connections.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.(/( ((++>)# #ontrol of tal/er echo.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.(>? ((++))# +igital net-or/ echo cancellers.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.()/ ((++/)# Transmission planning aspects of the speech ser%ice
in digital pu"lic land mo"ile net-or/s.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.()< ((++<)# Transmission performance o".ecti%es for terrestrial
digital -ireless systems using porta"le terminals to access the 01T2.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.()= ((++)!, Transmission planning for pri%ate3pu"lic net-or/
interconnection of %oice traffic.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.()> ((++))# 0lanning guidelines for the integration of T4
technology into net-or/s supporting %oice"and ser%ices.
D ..ITT Recommendation '.)(( ((+??)# 0ulse code modulation (0#4! of %oice fre,uencies.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.)*/.( ((++>)# 1peech coders5 +ual rate speech coder for
multimedia communications transmitting at 6.7 and 8.7 /"it3s.
D ..ITT Recommendation '.)*> ((++,)# 9:, 7(, (9, &8 /"it3s adapti%e differential pulse code
modulation (+0#4!.
D ..ITT Recommendation '.)*? ((++*)# #oding of speech at &8 /"it3s using lo--delay code
e;cited linear prediction.
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* :
D IT$%T Recommendation '.)*+ ((++>)# #oding of speech at < /"it3s using #on.ugate-
1tructure lge"raic-#ode-);cited Linear-0rediction (#1-#)L0!.
D IT$%T Recommendation '.)*+ !nneA ! ((++>)# Reduced comple;ity < /"it3s #1-#)L0
speech codec.
D ..ITT Recommendation '.)>< ((++,)# =oice pac/etization * 0ac/etized %oice protocols.
D IT$%T Recommendation :.**=., ((++?)# #all signalling protocols and media stream
pac/etization for pac/et-"ased multimedia communication systems.
D IT$%T Recommendation :.*<= ((++?)# #ontrol protocol for multimedia communication.
D IT$%T Recommendation :./*/ ((++?)# 0ac/et-"ased multimedia communications systems.
D IT$%T Recommendation P.(( ((++/)# )ffect of transmission impairments.
D IT$%T Recommendation P.=> ((++/)# O".ecti%e measurement of acti%e speech le%el.
D IT$%T Recommendation P.)+ ((++/)# #alculation of loudness ratings for telephone sets.
D ..ITT Recommendation P.?* ((+??)# 4ethod for e%aluation of ser%ice from the standpoint
of speech transmission ,uality.
D IT$%T Recommendation P./(, ((++>)# Transmission characteristics for telephone-"and
(7::-79:: >z! digital telephones.
D IT$%T Recommendation P.=>( ((++>)# In-ser%ice, 2on-intrusi%e measurement de%ice *
=oice ser%ice measurements.
D IT$%T Recommendation P.?,, ((++>)# 4ethods for su".ecti%e determination of transmission
,uality.
D IT$%T Recommendation P.?>( ((++?)# O".ecti%e ,uality measurement of telephone-"and
(7::-79:: >z! speech codecs.
D R0. (??+# RT05 Transport 0rotocol for Real-Time pplications.
D R0. **,=# Resource Re1er=ation 0rotocol (R1=0! * =ersion & Functional 1pecification.
D R0. **(*# 1pecification of $uaranteed ?uality of 1er%ice.
: P"r9rma#!" 9 3y4r&$ I#%"r#"%/PSTN !##"!%&#/
0igure ( shows specific Internet&PST connection arrangements that are of interest in this
Recommendation. The terminals attached to the Internet are assumed to have :./*/ functionalit"
from the point of view of speech transmission. These terminals ma" be connected to the Internet via
a direct connection (e.g. 2thernet# Token Ring# etc.) or a dial%up connection (e.g. modem and PPP
link). The Internet and PST sections are connected through a gatewa". 0or convenience# this
gatewa" is designated with a single boA in 0igure (. In practice# the gatewa" ma" be composed of
multiple pieces of e5uipment# each with speciali4ed functions. Performance aspects of the gatewa"
are of particular interest here.
; R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
T2922@@0099
(()
(*)
(<)
(/)
S. 'atewa"
Phone
Phone
:./*/
Term.
:./*/
Term.
IP
etwork
1T2 D 0our connection t"pes are shown. See teAt for details.
F&+ur" 1/G.177 < S-"!&9&! !##"!%&# %y-"/ 9 &#%"r"/% &# %3&/ R"!mm"#$a%&#
The specific functions of the gatewa" will depend on whether the direction of transmission is from
the Internet to the PST or vice versa. In particular# the functions in the gatewa" include (but are not
limited to)C
H Internet PST
D Packet disassembl" (including "IP stack")
D Speech decoder (including error concealment# comfort noise# silence insertion# etc.)
D 6anagement or regulation of dela" variation
D 2cho cancellation.
H PST Internet
D Speech encoder (including silence removal# comfort noise decisions# etc.)
D Packet assembl" (including "IP stack")
D 6anagement or regulation of dela" variation.
0our connection arrangements are considered in this Recommendation# each of which is shown in
0igure (. The" areC
() :./*/ Phone (:./*/ Internet PST Phone)
*) Phone :./*/ (Phone PST Internet :./*/)
/) Phone Phone (Phone PST Internet PST Phone)
<) :./*/ :./*/ (:./*/ Internet PST Internet :./*/)
2ach of these connection arrangements re5uires at least one use of the gatewa". :ence# connections
that are purel" PST%based or are strictl" :./*/%to%:./*/ using onl" the Internet are not the subBect
of this Recommendation.
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* 7
H This Recommendation describes factors that pla" a role in determining end%to%end GoS and
the parameters b" which GoS is characteri4ed.
= R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
; Tra#/m&//&# !3a##"0 !3ara!%"r&/%&!/ 9 IP #"%5r7/
In man" respects# transmission in IP networks is similar to transmission of voiceband services over
packeti4ed s"stems and networks. !ppendiA I&'.)>< gives an introduction to packeti4ed s"stems and
the performance issues associated with them.
Transmission in IP networks is accomplished b" assembling multiple b"tes into packets. These
packets include headers with essential information such as source and destination for the packet#
which is added at the transport and network la"ers. The si4e of the pa"load and of the header ma"
var"# depending on the application and on the nature of the protocols being used. .ommunication
between two endpoints is via a "data stream" (somewhat analogous to a connection in a connection%
oriented network such as the PST)# which usuall" consists of multiple packets. 2ach of the packets
from a given source ma" take different routes to a given destination. !s a conse5uence# packets from
a given data stream ma" arrive at the destination in an order that is different from the order in which
the" were transmitted (i.e. the packets arrive out of se5uence). Protocol features such as se5uence
numbers or time stamps allow the packets to be reassembled in the proper order at the destination.
Proper se5uencing of the packets in the data stream is the responsibilit" of the higher la"ers in the
protocol stack and is not part of the IP protocol. -hen an application re5uires the arriving packets to
be used in proper se5uence# sufficient dela" must be included to allow integration of late packets.
0or applications such as speech communications# where end%to%end dela"s as short as possible must
be maintained# it ma" be necessar" to declare "ver" late" packets as lost in order to achieve
acceptable dela". The tradeoff between long dela" (which ma" result in higher speech transmission
5ualit"# but will increase the difficult" of conversation) and dropped packets (which will result in
lower speech transmission 5ualit"# but will ease the abilit" to have an interactive conversation) must
be given careful consideration when designing @oIP services.
7 S-""!3 -"r9rma#!" '"#$-%-"#$*
6an" factors influence the overall end%to%end speech 5ualit" of @oIP services. These factors include
choice of speech coder# dela" (and an" associated echo)# overall level (loudness)# etc. Important
factors are considered# in turn# in this clause. The widespread use of digital wireless terminals (and
associated speech coding) in the PST# and the interaction of wireless s"stems with speech
processing elements in @oIP s"stems is an area for further stud".
! useful tool for assessing the relative impact of transmission planning decisions on speech
performance is the 2%6odel. The 2%6odel has been included in various IT$%T Recommendations on
transmission planning. In particular# the 2%6odel is the subBect of Recommendation '.(,).
The 2%6odel introduces the notion of "e5uipment impairment factor" (eif)# which has shown great
utilit" in capturing the effects on transmission performance of new speech signal processing devices.
Recommendation '.((/ outlines the eif methodolog".
Recommendation '.(,+ provides useful guidance on categories of voice 5ualit"# using 2%6odel
R%values# and their use in speech communications.
1verall assessment of the speech transmission 5ualit" of a h"brid Internet&PST service is
advisable. -hile it is important to assess the speech 5ualit" of various s"stem components
(e.g. speech coders# echo cancellers)# the cumulative effects of impairments from multiple speech
signal processing devices will be the limiting factor in determining user acceptabilit" of a new
service. Recommendation P.?,, provides general guidance on conducting subBective evaluations of
speech transmission 5ualit". Recommendation P.?/, provides detailed guidance for evaluation of
speech codecs.
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* )
1bBective measures of speech 5ualit" ma" also be appropriate. Recommendation P.?>( describes one
such obBective measurement algorithm for evaluation of speech codecs. !pplication of
1( R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
Recommendation P.?>( for other purposes should be made with caution. The scope of
Recommendation P.?>( must be consulted for guidance.
1T2 D IT$%T is stud"ing the issue of what new or modified obBective techni5ues can be applied to
situations relevant to @oIP. In particular# !ppendiA I&P.?>( provides a method that is 5uite robust with respect
to frame erasure.
7.1 S-""!3 !$"r -"r9rma#!"
Transmission in IP networks is characteri4ed b" periods of relativel" error%free transmission#
punctuated b" occasional bursts of lost frames. These lost frames occur when packets are lost in
transit or are discarded due to late arrival as part of a dela" management strateg" at the destination.
Thus# speech coders for @oIP applications must be evaluated in terms of their performance when
multiple se5uential frames are lost or discarded. Some @oIP applications are also likel" to encounter
high ambient acoustic noise at the sending end of the connection (e.g. when one of the endpoints is a
personal computer). :ence# it is also desirable that the speech coder shows robust performance in the
presence of acoustic background noise.
The performance effect caused b" lost or missing packets at the destination# and the associated
effects on low bit rate speech coders# is of particular concern. In man" applications# it will be
necessar" to include multiple frames of coded speech in a single IP packet. Thus# speech coders for
@oIP applications should be robust with respect to loss of multiple se5uential frames. !ccordingl"# it
is recommended that one of the '.),,%series codecs be used. These coders have been tested
eAtensivel" and have been shown to have good 5ualit" and to be robust in their performance under a
wide range of conditions. In particular# '.)*/.(# '.)*?# and '.)*+ have been evaluated for their
performance under conditions that lead to random frame loss as well as "burst"" frame loss.
:owever# the" have not been evaluated thoroughl" for one effect that ma" be peculiar to IP
transmission# vi4.# the effect of loss of multiple se5uential frames# either in isolation or in "burst""
situations. :./*/ makes specific provisions for '.)((# '.)*/.(# '.)*?# and '.)*+ (including
!nneAes ! and ;).
1pinion tests of the coder that is selected for @oIP applications should indicate that (individuall") its
overall 5ualit" under error%free conditions should be no worse than that of /* kbit&s !3P.6
(Recommendation '.)*>) coder. The ? kbit&s IT$%T .S%!.28P coder ('.)*+ and !nneA !&'.)*+)
satisfies this re5uirement# although its interworking performance with other coding technologies is
different from that of Recommendation '.)*>. 0or this reason# the provisional eif assigned to '.)*+
and !nneA !&'.)*+ is higher than the established eif for '.)*> at /* kbit&s.
$nder conditions of burst" /F missing frames# it is recommended that the proportion of Poor%or%
-orse Budgements should not increase b" more than ,.( relative to that of /*%kbit&s !3P.6 for the
error%free case. Similar re5uirements for loss of multiple se5uential frames# as noted above# have not
been determined.
The use of speech coders that are alread" in wide use in digital wireless s"stems (or newer coders
that are under consideration for such applications) should be considered for use in @oIP s"stems.
-hile the transmission characteristics of wireless channels and those of IP s"stems ma" differ#
speech coders for wireless applications are designed to be robust with respect to coded frames that
have been corrupted# declared unusable# and discarded. :ence# the" eAhibit properties that are
desirable in a speech coder for @oIP applications. 6oreover# since it can be eApected that an
increasing number of voice calls will include an IP&PST gatewa" and a wireless terminal# it is
desirable that both s"stems should be using the same speech coder. In particular# it is recommended
that# when possible# onl" one encode&decode of speech be performed. To achieve this# it will be
necessar" to establish appropriate methods for communicating the t"pe of codec in use so that the
IP&PST gatewa" does not do speech encoding or decoding in these situations. The obBective is to
eliminate tandem processing b" speech coders whenever possible.
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* 11
7.1.1 E-M$"0 ">u&-m"#% &m-a&rm"#% 9a!%r/ '"&9/*
The subBective performance of a speech coder is convenientl" captured b" the 25uipment
Impairment 0actor (eif) of the 2%6odel (see Recommendation '.((/ for a summar" of these eifs and
methods for eAtracting eifs from subBective data). 2%6odel eifs are empiricall" (subBectivel")
determined and provide a useful metric for comparing speech coders on a scale of subBective
performance (i.e. speech 5ualit"). The eif for a given codec captures the subBective effect of speech
impairments that are introduced b" the speech codec. Performance of multiple codecs (whether of
the same or of different t"pe) arranged in tandem is an important consideration for the overall speech
5ualit" of a connection. The eif also captures the effects of such arrangements. !ll other things being
e5ual# a lower eif is better than a higher eif. 0or speech coders with e5ual eifs# other considerations
(such as dela" or bit rate) ma" pla" decisive roles in choice of a speech coder. ! current list of eif
assignments for man" speech codecs# including those that are available as options in
Recommendation :./*/# is found in !ppendiA I&'.((/.
The processing dela" associated with a codec is also captured in the 2%6odel# but is not part of the
eif.
7.1.1 Ta#$"m&#+ -"r9rma#!"
In some calling scenarios# the speech signal will be subBected to encodings b" more than one speech
codec. !n obvious eAample is the :./*/ :./*/ eAample illustrated in 0igure (. The transmission
path passes through two gatewa"s. :ence# speech will be encoded and decoded two times b" a
speech codec. 1ther important cases will be calls where one of the voice terminals is a wireless
terminal# digital answering machine# or digital voice mail s"stem. In these cases# the abilit" of the
@oIP codec to operate well (from a subBective standpoint) in tandem with the other codec must be
given proper consideration.
In general# tandeming of speech codecs leads to an overall degradation in speech 5ualit". If
e5uipment impairment factors are available# the 2%6odel (Recommendation '.(,)) ma" be used to
assess the potential impact of multiple speech codecs in the transmission path.
$se of a '.)(( codec in the @oIP terminal will lead to toll 5ualit" results on the PST and IS3 and
normal digital wireless s"stem performance when terminated in a digital wireless network.
7.1.2 O%3"r !#/&$"ra%&#/ 9r /-""!3 !$"r/
!s noted above# use of speech codecs has a number of possible negative effects on voice services.
3esigners of @oIP services using speech coders should consider the re5uirements of such services as
the" build their networks. In particular# the effects of speech coding on the following applications
should be consideredC
H Speaker Recognition D Speech codecs should not have an adverse affect on the abilit" of
humans or machines to recogni4e and identif" a talker.
H Speech Recognition D Speech codecs should not have an adverse affect on the abilit" of
humans or machines to recogni4e speech content.
H TeAt%to%Speech (TTS) D The artificial speech generated b" speech production s"stems ma"
not have the same characteristics as real speech. Since modern speech codecs eAploit such
characteristics# it is possible that coding of artificial speech ma" generate uneApected
impairments.
7.1 E99"!%/ 9 %ra#/m&//&# "rrr/ a#$ -a!7"% 0//
0or @oIP applications# two primar" t"pes of transmission errors ma" occurC
() bit errors on the transmission facilit"E and
*) lost or discarded IP packets.
11 R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
7.1.1 B&% "rrr/
;it errors ma" occur on transmission facilities. !s a result# IP packets arriving at a destination ma"
be corrupted. The IP la"er will detect corrupted IP headers# but will not detect errors that occur in the
pa"load of the IP packet# i.e. the coded speech. :igher level protocols must detect corrupted speech
frames. -hether such detection and correction is handled at the Transport 8a"er or at the !pplication
8a"er# and how detection and correction of errors is achieved# ma" ultimatel" affect the overall
5ualit" of speech transmission.
7.1.1 Pa!7"% 0//
! potentiall" more severe performance issue is that of lost or discarded IP packets. !n IP packet ma"
be lost due to congestion in the IP network. !n IP packet ma" also be discarded at the destination.
This would occur# for eAample# when a packet is sufficientl" late that the destination declares the
packet lost. 3iscarding packets that are ver" late is preferable to having the destination increase
dela" and dela" variation b" potentiall" waiting for long time periods (see ).<# 3ela" and echo).
8oss of a single IP packet will result in loss of one or more coded speech frames# depending on the
speech coder in use and the number of frames per packet. !s noted above# the speech coder should
be robust with respect to loss of coded frames. In particular# if multiple frames are assembled into an
IP packet# the performance of the speech coder must be assessed under frame loss conditions that
reflect those of the network in use. The impact of large percentages of frame loss (as much as
*,%/,F) should be assessed.
7.2 Lu$#"// ra%&#+/ a#$ %"rm&#a0 !3ara!%"r&/%&!/
Two important characteristics of telephone sets are the Send 8oudness Rating (S8R) and the Receive
8oudness Rating (R8R)# as defined in Recommendation P.)+. S8R and R8R define# respectivel"# the
acoustic%to%electric efficienc" of the transmitter and the electric%to%acoustic efficienc" of the
receiver. Transmitters and receivers for @oIP applications ma" not be t"pical telephone voice
terminals. 1ther possibilities include headsets with microphone# stand%alone microphones together
with separate loudspeakers# and built%in microphone and speakers (as available in laptop computers).
:andsets and headsets provide specified means to control input and output levels. $suall" the
fre5uenc" characteristics are also well suited for telephon". !coustic echo is also less of a problem
since the acoustic coupling loss is generall" over =, d;. :andsets and headsets t"picall" provide
significantl" greater background noise reBection than stand%alone microphones. -hen stand%alone
microphones and speakers are used in hands%free situations# the performance is highl" dependent on
several factors# including the linearit" of the e5uipment and their positioning. The acoustic coupling
also need proper echo%control in the form of half%dupleA switching solutions or full%dupleA echo
cancellation solutions. The echo canceller must cope with background noise (e.g. office
environment) and double%talk conditions (when users speak at the same time)# and cancel the echo in
single%talk (normal working) conditions. Poor echo performance mainl" affects the user at the other
end of the connection.
The sending and receiving fre5uenc" response of microphones# loudspeakers# ear%pieces and
headsets should be matched to the audio bandwidth used. 0or narrow%band telephon" the bandwidth
should be I/,,%/<,,J :4 with a flat fre5uenc" response (within / d;).
-hile 8oudness Ratings of non%traditional voice terminals are# in principle# eas" to specif"# the
measurement procedures to verif" compliance have not been defined. 'eneral guidance can be
provided. !ctive speech levels in the network have an average of about *, d;m# with a standard
deviation of about = d;m. These values usuall" produce acoustic levels at the output of a "t"pical"
telephone receiver that are centred at about ?, d; SP8. ! "t"pical" talker should produce an active
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* 12
speech level (as measured according to Recommendation P.=>) of about *, d;m at the , d;r point#
which should produce an acoustic level of about ?, d; SP8 at the output of the receiver.
-hen traditional telephone sets or handsets are used# the" should meet the re5uirements in
Recommendation P./(,. ew work is under wa" in IT$%T to define performance characteristics for
a digital voice terminal intended for use in packeti4ed s"stems.
7.8 D"0ay a#$ "!3
2Atremel" long transmission times will result in difficult" in conducting interactive conversations.
!s dela" increases# interaction between users will degenerate to "push to talk" or "over and out"
st"le of conversation. If widespread acceptance and use of IP%based voice services is desired# these
situations should be minimi4ed.
7.8.1 D"0ay
In modern digital telecommunication networks# dela" is a ke" performance parameter whose
increase should be minimi4ed. !lthough the dela" of IP networks ma" eAceed the t"pical dela" of the
PST# the degradation caused b" additional dela" might be compensated for b" benefits provided b"
new network and service capabilities. These tradeoffs need to be 5uantified.
3ela" can have two effects on voice performance. 0irstl"# it increases the subBective effect of an"
echo impairment. Secondl"# as indicated in Recommendation '.((<# even when echo is controlled#
one%wa" dela"s above (=, ms can interfere with the d"namics of voice conversation# depending
upon the t"pe of conversation and degree of interaction. Recommendations '.((< and '.(/( and
!nneA !&'.()/ give additional information regarding effects of dela" and echo.
In addition# dela" can impair the performance of particular voiceband data applications# some
applications being even more sensitive to the dela" than voice applications. Total dela" of h"brid
Internet&PST networks should be limited# even with the use of echo control. Recommendation
'.((< should be consulted for additional information.
7.8.1.1 C$"! $"0ay
6odern speech codecs operate on collections of speech samples known as frames. 2ach input frame
is processed into a compressed frame. The coded speech frame is not generated until all speech
samples in the input frame have been collected b" the encoder. Thus# there is a dela" of one frame
before processing can begin. In addition man" coders also look into the succeeding frame to improve
compression efficienc". The length of this advance look is known as the look%ahead time of the
coder. The time re5uired to process an input frame is assumed to be the same as the frame length
since efficient use of processor resources will be accomplished when an encoder&decoder pair (or
multiple encoder&decoder pairs operating in parallel on multiple input streams) full" uses the
available processing power (evenl" distributed in the time domain). Thus# the dela" through an
encoder&decoder pair is normall" assumed to beC
* K frame si4e L look%ahead
If the output facilit" is running at the same rate as the speech codec (e.g. an ? kbit&s facilit" for
'.)*+)# then an additional frame of dela" is incurred when clocking the compressed frame to the
facilit". Thus# the maAimum dela" attributable to codec%related processing in conventional s"stems
(i.e. the PST) isC
/ K frame si4e L look%ahead
If the output facilit" is an IP network# then the frame output b" the encoder will instantaneousl" be
dropped into an IP packet. The additional dela" re5uired for IP packet assembl" and presentation to
the underl"ing link la"er will depend on the link la"er. -hen the link la"er is a 8! (e.g. 2thernet)#
this additional time ma" be 5uite small.
18 R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
If multiple speech frames are grouped together into a single IP packet# further dela" is added to the
speech signal. This dela" will be the duration of one eAtra speech frame for each additional speech
frame added to the IP packetC
( L () K frame si4e L look%ahead
where is the number of frames in each packet.
7.8.1.1 IP %"rm&#a0 4u99"r&#+ $"0ay
!udio cards and telephone cards in P.s usuall" include large internal buffers# in order to provide a
fiAed rate interface to !&3 and 3&! converter and an as"nchronous interface to the application la"er.
!dditionall"# modems and network adapters use internal buffers to increase network access
efficienc". The" have been optimi4ed for data transmission where dela" is not a problem# but this
optimi4ation ma" not be appropriate for voice transmission where dela" is a critical issue.
There are also software buffering dela"s. !pplication or device drivers can store large amounts of
data in order to process them easil" and efficientl" or to manage the dela" Bitter in received packets.
7.8.1.2 H.212 -a!7"%&?a%&#/4u99"r&#+ $"0ay/
Packeti4ation dela" ma" be introduced while packets are being constructed. ;uffering dela" ma" be
introduced when the" are being disassembled.
Packeti4ation dela" is the time re5uired to collect enough information to fill a packet. -hen fiAed
length packets are used with a frame%oriented codec# packeti4ation can introduce an additional dela"
if the packet length differs from the frame length of the codec.
;uffering dela" is due to 5ueuing in the receiver and is usuall" used to compensate for network Bitter.
@oice pla"back re5uires e5uall" spaced (in time) packets but network dela"s are variable# thus the
receiver must dela" packets that arrive earl" to s"nchroni4e them with those arriving later.
7.8.1.8 N"%5r7 %ra#/m&//&# $"0ay/
Transmission dela" is the time spent b" packets to reach their destination during transmission
through the network. .omponents of network dela" includeC
D the transmission dela"# introduced b" sending a packet over a link (e.g. sending a *=> b"te
packet over a >< kbit&s link takes /* ms)E
D the propagation dela"# due to signal propagation over ph"sical link. This dela" is usuall"
negligible if links are shorter than (,,, kmE
D the node dela"# due to router 5ueuing and processing of packetsE
D the protocol dela"# due to packet retransmissions (if used# e.g. for T.P) or network access
(e.g. .S6!%.3 for 2thernet)E
D gatewa" dela"# introduced b" interconnection between networks (e.g. packet
disassembl"&assembl" and speech coding&decoding).
etwork transmission dela"s ma" be negligible in fiAed S.s. :owever# significant transmission
dela"s ma" be encountered in data networks (e.g. modem links or IP networks).
7.8.1 D"0ay ,ar&a%&#
Packeti4ed transmission s"stems eAhibit variable dela" in packet deliver" times. 3ela" variation ma"
have a negative impact on speech transmission 5ualit". 3epending on the nature of dela" variations#
the result ma" be eAperienced as time warping in speech or as impairments associated with lost
speech packets.
3ela" variations especiall" affect the performance of modems with auto%ranging echo cancellers.
!ccordingl"# a guideline for limiting dela" variation is desirable and is for further stud".
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* 1:
7.8.2 E!3 !#%r0
.urrent assessment of dela" in h"brid Internet&PST connections indicates that echo control is
re5uired for all t"pes of calls. .ontrol of echo from the PST should be provided in the gatewa"
between the IP network and the PST.
The :./*/%based terminal on the IP network should control echo from that terminal. 2cho from a
four%wire :./*/%based terminal will be primaril" acoustic.
7.8.2.1 E!3 9rm H.212-4a/"$ %"rm&#a0/
0igure * illustrates the echo path that ma" arise at the :./*/%based terminal. -hen the terminal is
using a microphone and loudspeaker as the transmitter and receiver# the echo will be due to acoustic
coupling between transmitter and receiver. The eAisting PST infrastructure probabl" will not
provide ade5uate echo protection if the acoustic coupling loss in the terminal is too low and the
dela" is too high. Recommendation :.**=., indicates that control of acoustic echo from the :./*/
terminal is the responsibilit" of the terminal. In order to provide echo protection all :./*/%based
terminals should meet the -eighted Terminal .oupling 8oss (T.8
-
) obBective of <= d;# as is
specified for digital wireline terminals in Recommendation P./(,. Such acoustic isolation ma" be
achieved relativel" easil" in standard handset terminals b" careful design. :owever# in hands%free
operation (e.g. microphone and speaker)# other more compleA techni5ues ma" have to be used. 0or
eAample# introduction of advanced echo control technolog" capable of increasing acoustic isolation
in hands%free terminals ma" be needed (standard echo cancellers ma" not be capable of providing
sufficient isolation in a non%linear acoustic environment).
T2922@30099
:./*/ Internet '- Phone
2nd
1ffice
PST
F&+ur" 1/G.177 < A!u/%&! "!3 +"#"ra%"$ a% %3" 8-5&r" H.212 %"rm&#a0
7.8.2.1 E!3 9rm %3" PSTN
0igure / illustrates the echo path that arises at the PST end of the connection due to a poor
impedance match at the <%to%* wire conversion point. In this configuration an echo canceller is
applied in the Interworking 0unction to control echo. The echo cancelling function ma"# in practice#
be implemented at an" location within the s"stem. :owever# practical considerations (i.e.
capabilities of eAisting echo cancellers) indicate that the appropriate location is in the gatewa".
T2922@90099
:./*/ Internet 2. '- PST Phone
2nd
1ffice
F&+ur" 2/G.177 < E@am-0" 9 "!3 !a#!"00"r $"-0ym"#% % !#%r0 "!3 9rm %3" PSTN
1; R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
;ased on the eAisting PST infrastructure# the gatewa" should provide echo cancellation. It is likel"
that such echo cancellers will# in some configurations# be working in tandem with the PST echo
control devices. This should not degrade the overall echo control function in the connection. In
addition# effects of interaction of echo cancellers in the gatewa" with signal processing devices in the
PST (e.g. P.62 or conference bridges) is under stud" in IT$%T.
Recommendation '.(>? provides specifications for digital network echo cancellers. !t a minimum#
echo cancellers deplo"ed in the gatewa" should meet these re5uirements.
7.8.2.2 V&!"4a#$ $a%a !#/&$"ra%&#/
The issue of whether network echo control devices# such as echo cancellers# significantl" degrade
certain t"pes of voiceband data transmission is unresolved. !dditional information on this subBect is
available in !ppendiA I&'.(>?.
7.: T"m-ra0 '/y00a40"* !0&--&#+
Temporal speech clipping is the loss of speech signal at an" time# and can occur when# for eAample#
voice activit" detection is used# when low bit rate coders change rate# or during protection switching
and uncontrolled slips. The subBective impact of clipping depends on four factorsC duration of clipE
percentage of speech clippedE fre5uenc" of clippingE and overall speech activit". ;ased on the results
of detailed subBective tests# two guidelines (specified in Recommendation '.((>) to maintain good
speech 5ualit" areC
D clipping of speech segments >< ms should alwa"s be avoidedE and
D clipped segments < >< ms should be kept below ,.* per cent of active speech.
7.; E#,&r#m"#%a0 'a!u/%&!* #&/"
!coustic noise at the transmitting end of a connection will have a negative impact on the
performance of speech coders. The speech coders found in the '.)*A%series have been tested for the
effects of environmental noise at the sending end of the connection. :owever# some codecs have
been tested more eAtensivel" than others. !ll have been shown to be fairl" robust under conditions
that included addition of circuit noise or speech babble to the input speech. If a particular t"pe of
background noise will be dominant in a given application# it is advisable to verif" that performance
of the speech codec is satisfactor" under those conditions.
Pick%up of environmental noise with non%standard handsets ma" present special problems for the
5ualit" of speech when low bit rate codecs are used. In these situations# selection of a speech codec
that is robust in the presence of acoustic background noise is especiall" important.
7.7 I$0" !3a##"0 #&/"
Idle channel noise in @oIP applications should be negligible. If present# however# background idle
channel noise should be less than >? d;m,p# a value consistent with Recommendation '.(,>.
7.= N&/" !#%ra/% a#$ !m9r% #&/"
oise contrast occurs when background noise is interrupted due to digital speech processing# such as
echo cancellation using centre clippers# and voice activit" detection (silence removal). .omfort noise
is noise that can be introduced to mask the negative effects of noise contrast. Recommendations on
noise contrast limits# and comfort noise values# are for future stud".
0or comfort noise insertion# some digital cellular s"stems (e.g. 'S6) use an approach where noise
parameters are eAtracted at the sending end and transmitted to the receiving end at a low bit rate. It is
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* 17
then possible to reconstruct (to good approAimation) the background noise. This approach should
provide superior subBective performance for voice users of circuits using voice activit" detection and
1= R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
comfort noise insertion. The voice activit" detectors and comfort noise generators described in
!nneA ;&'.)*+ and !nneA !&'.)*/.( both operate in this fashion.
The best (subBective) performance will be reali4ed when the noise inserted at the receiving end
matches# as closel" as possible# the background noise at the sending end. The following comments
on .'s can be madeC
H the noise used should match the background noise# both in fre5uenc" content and levelE
H level of the inserted noise should match that of the background noiseE appropriate level
measurements and adBustments should be done using d;m,pE
H the time course of changes in the level of the inserted noise should match# as closel" as
possible# the level changes that occur in the background noise.
7.) Ba#$5&$%3
To maintain good speech 5ualit" and intelligibilit"# a minimum passband of /,,%/<,, :4 (/ d;
points) should be delivered. 0or non%waveform coders# traditional measurement methods using
single%fre5uenc" sine waves ma" not be ade5uate to evaluate effective bandwidth and level stabilit".
!t the date of this Recommendation# there are no industr"%accepted methods to assess bandwidth of
these non%linear s"stems.
7.1( S%a4&0&%y 0//
0or @oIP s"stems interfacing digitall" to the PST# a minimum loss of > d; is recommended
between the digital input and output paths of the @oIP s"stem at the access port of the terminal. This
guideline is provided to assure that singing does not occur when the handset terminal is used under
conditions different from those to which the T.8
-
measurement applies (e.g. placing a handset on a
hard surface should not cause singing).
7.11 D&/%r%&#
3istortion in packeti4ed s"stems such as Internet Telephon" will be due primaril" to the operation of
speech codecs. It is essential that high 5ualit" speech codecs are used and that the" have been
thoroughl" tested (subBectivel") to ensure that there are no anno"ing effects.
= S-""!3 %ra#/m&//&# -0a##&#+ &# 3y4r&$ #"%5r7/
The 2%model (Recommendation '.(,)) is the recommended approach for use b" network designers
and transmission planners to describe and plan for handling the impairments that affect the 5ualit" of
transmitted speech. This approach uses "the 25uipment Impairment 0actor 6ethod"
(Recommendation '.((/)# and is intended for use in a wide variet" of transmission planning
scenarios. Table ( shows sample 2%6odel calculations for combinations of dela" and e5uipment
impairment factor. Recommendation '.(,? provides general guidance for using the 2%6odel in
transmission planning. Ie values in Table ( are taken from !ppendiA I&'.((/. .ells in the table are
shaded according to the categories defined in Recommendation '.(,+.
R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))* 1)
Ta40" 1/G.177 < R-,a0u"/ 9r &#$&!a%"$ !m4&#a%&#/ 9 I" a#$ "#$-%-"#$ m"a# #"-5ay $"0ay
Ie value
, = ) (, (= (+ (+ *, *>
'.)(( 'S6%
20R
'.)*>M/* '.)*+ '.)*/.(M>./ '.)*+!L@!3
w& *F loss
'.)*/.(M=./ 'S6%0R '.)*+!
L@!3
w& <F
loss
3ela"
(ms)
'.)*?M(> '.)*/.(M>./
L@!3
w& (F loss
IS%=<
N, +< ?)
=, +/ ?> ?/ )< >)
(,, +* ?) ?= ?* )) )/ )/ )* >>
(=, +, ?= ?/ ?, )= )( )( ), ><
*,, ?) ?* ?, )) )* >? >? >) >(
*=, ?, )= )/ ), >= >( >( >, =<
/,, )< >+ >) >< =+ == == =< <?
/=, >? >/ >( =? =/ <+ <+ <? <*
<,, >/ =? => =/ <? << << </ /)
<=, =+ =< =* <+ << <, <, /+ //
1T2 ( D R%values in this table have been calculated using the indicated values for Ie and T (TOTaOTr&*) along with the
default values from Table /&'.(,) for all other parameters.
1T2 * D $nless indicated otherwise# eAamples do not include packet loss or @oice !ctivit" 3etection (@!3).
1T2 / D ;lackened cells indicate combinations of dela" and codec that are impossible to reali4e.
) N#-,&!" %ra#/m&//&# '"#$-%-"#$*
There are a variet" of user applications used on the PST that must continue to operate properl" on
h"brid connections. These include facsimile# encr"ption of voice and data (e.g. ST$%III)# !S.II file
transfer# and use of special terminals. Packet loss and&or effects of low bit rate speech coding ma"
limit the success of man" of the more stringent applications. 3ifficulties associated with low bit rate
coding re5uire special care to ensure that these applications continue to operate at level that is
satisfactor" to end%users. These applications includeC
H 0aA D Proper faA transmission over h"brid Internet&PST connections will re5uire special
consideration. The role of the gatewa" will be central to this process. 2ach of the scenarios
shown in 0igure ( must be considered.
H 3T60 D 3T60 signals from the @oIP terminals ma" be used to interact with 3T60%based
services such as message retrieval. Thus# the @oIP s"stem should support good end%to%end
transmission of 3T60 signals. Since some speech codecs will corrupt 3T60 signals#
special considerations ma" be necessar" to ensure acceptable 3T60 transmission. 0or an
eAample of t"pical 3T60 re5uirements# see !SI&TI!&2I!&<><%;%+>.
H .all Progress Signals D It is also eApected that call progress signals# such as audible ringback
and bus"# not be seriousl" degraded b" the @oIP s"stem. 3etailed guidelines are for further
stud".
H TT9 3evices and T33 3evices D The ver" low bit rate terminals are used on the PST and
ma" find use on h"brid connections.
1( R"!mm"#$a%&# G.177 '()/))*
ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS SERIES
Series ! 1rgani4ation of the work of the IT$%T
Series ; 6eans of eApressionC definitions# s"mbols# classification
Series . 'eneral telecommunication statistics
Series 3 'eneral tariff principles
Series 2 1verall network operation# telephone service# service operation and human factors
Series 0 on%telephone telecommunication services
S"r&"/ G Tra#/m&//&# /y/%"m/ a#$ m"$&a. $&+&%a0 /y/%"m/ a#$ #"%5r7/
Series : !udiovisual and multimedia s"stems
Series I Integrated services digital network
Series P Transmission of television# sound programme and other multimedia signals
Series Q Protection against interference
Series 8 .onstruction# installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant
Series 6 T6 and network maintenanceC international transmission s"stems# telephone circuits#
telegraph"# facsimile and leased circuits
Series 6aintenanceC international sound programme and television transmission circuits
Series 1 Specifications of measuring e5uipment
Series P Telephone transmission 5ualit"# telephone installations# local line networks
Series G Switching and signalling
Series R Telegraph transmission
Series S Telegraph services terminal e5uipment
Series T Terminals for telematic services
Series $ Telegraph switching
Series @ 3ata communication over the telephone network
Series R 3ata networks and open s"stem communications
Series 9 'lobal information infrastructure and Internet protocol aspects
Series S 8anguages and general software aspects for telecommunication s"stems