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    Human Factors Essay

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    Chan Sin Loon
    Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a vision condition where distant objects are seen clearly but near objects appear blurred. It is caused by the eyeball being too short or the lens being too weak to focus images clearly on the retina. Symptoms include eyestrain and headaches when doing close-up work. To protect vision and care for hypermetropia, one should get regular eye exams, wear prescription glasses or contact lenses as needed, and take breaks when doing extensive near work.

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    Human Factors Essay

    Uploaded by

    Chan Sin Loon
    9K views8 pages
    Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a vision condition where distant objects are seen clearly but near objects appear blurred. It is caused by the eyeball being too short or the lens being too weak to focus images clearly on the retina. Symptoms include eyestrain and headaches when doing close-up work. To protect vision and care for hypermetropia, one should get regular eye exams, wear prescription glasses or contact lenses as needed, and take breaks when doing extensive near work.

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    Module 9 : Human Factors Essay Question & Answer

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    Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a vision condition where distant objects are seen clearly but near objects appear blurred. It is caused by the eyeball being too short or the lens being too weak to focus images clearly on the retina. Symptoms include eyestrain and headaches when doing close-up work. To protect vision and care for hypermetropia, one should get regular eye exams, wear prescription glasses or contact lenses as needed, and take breaks when doing extensive near work.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odt, pdf, or txt
    9K views8 pages

    Human Factors Essay

    Uploaded by

    Chan Sin Loon
    Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a vision condition where distant objects are seen clearly but near objects appear blurred. It is caused by the eyeball being too short or the lens being too weak to focus images clearly on the retina. Symptoms include eyestrain and headaches when doing close-up work. To protect vision and care for hypermetropia, one should get regular eye exams, wear prescription glasses or contact lenses as needed, and take breaks when doing extensive near work.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    9.

    2 Human Performance and Limitations


    Vision
    One of your engineer was diagnosed with 'hypermetropia'. Explain the cause, effect, protection and
    care.

    9.2 Human Performance and Limitations


    What are Human capabilities, weakness and advantages ?
    Capabilities

    - the physical and mental human capabilities such as vision, hearing, information
    processing, attention and perception, memory, judgement and decision making.

    Weakness
    Physically

    - human becomes fatigued, affected by cold, can break bones in work place accidents

    Mentally

    - human can make errors, have limited perceptual powers, can exhibit poor
    judgement due to lack of skills and knowledge
    - human performance is also affected by social and emotional factors, therefore
    failure by aircraft maintenance engineers can also affect the safety of aircraft

    Age

    - Problem developing in the eye, gradually deteriorates vision, hearing deteriorates


    naturally as one grows older
    - mental capabilities are likely to degrade and eventually fail under certain conditions
    (e.g. stress)

    Fear

    - Claustrophobia, physical access and fear of heights (acrophobia)

    Information
    Processing

    - once we have formed a mental model of a situation, we often seek information


    which will confirm this model and consicously reject information which suggest
    that this model is incorrect

    Advantages

    - situation awareness : the ability to make decision and judgement

    9.3 Social Psychology


    Management, supervision and leadership
    What is Dirty Dozen ? Give 3 examples, together with their safety nets.
    - Developed by Gordon DuPont for Air Transport Canada (5m)
    - It introduced 12 areas of potential problems in H.F due to spate of maintenance related aviation
    incidents and accidents in the late 80's and early 90's
    (10m)
    Note : Choose any 3 of the following main points
    Complacency
    - Over confidence due to increasing proficiency could lead to complacency setting in
    - Errors in judgement appears
    - relaxation of one's standard in decision making
    - due to constant repetition of task
    Safety nets
    - train to expect to find faults and never sign anything you didn't do
    Lack of communication
    - worker leaving an unfinshed job without communicating to the next worker in any written/ verbal
    form assuming the next worker knows what to do
    Safety nets
    - use log books to communicate or for handover, discuss before and after work NEVER ASSUME
    Lack of knowledge
    - maintenance personnel repeating mistake over and over when carrying out a certain job.
    - lack of knowledge in how to carry out certain task because of rapid pace at which technology is
    evolving
    - increased of the knowledge required when performing certain task
    Safety nets
    - get trained on type rating of the aircraft
    - don't rely on memory
    - use relevant and up-to-date manuals
    - ask help from someone or technical representative
    Distraction
    - any occurrence requiring undivided attention
    - interuptions occurred : leave task for a reason and misses step upon return to the task
    Safety nets
    - always finish the job
    - mark uncompleted job (e.g. using masking tape)
    - when return to the job, go back 3 steps
    - use check list

    9.4 Factors Affecting Performance


    Time pressure and deadlines
    Discuss the pressure imposed on an LAE in an aircraft maintenance organisation. List at least two
    examples.
    An aircraft maintenance engineer felt various kinds of pressures imposed on him when carrying out
    aircraft maintenance tasks. Two examples are time pressure and dead lines.
    Actual Pressure
    - where specified deadlines are imposed by an external source (management or supervisors) and
    passed on to the engineers
    Perceived Pressure
    - where engineers feels there are time pressure when carrying out task, even when no deadlines are
    set
    Self Imposed Presure
    - engineers set themselves deadlines to complete a task before a break or before the end of a shift
    Thus engineers have two driving forces :
    Deadlines handed down to them and responsibilities to carry out a safe job
    The effect of time pressure and deadlines :
    Some time pressure is stimulating and may improve task performance
    Excessive time pressure :
    Either actual or perceived, external or self imposed, that due care and attention when carrying out
    task dimishes and more errors will be made. Errors can lead to incidents and accidents.

    9.4 Factors Affecting Performance


    Shiftwork
    Describe the problems of shift work.
    Shift handover is the source of many errors.
    Lower productivity - due to reduce in performance and output cause by fatigue, sleep disruptions,
    (poor job performance) emotional issues and working long shift hours
    High Error rate

    - due to physical and mental fatigued

    High Absentee rate

    - due to family related issues/ family stress.


    For example, child care cause shift workers to take short period of time off

    Physical problems

    - personnel injuries due to lack of concentration (or errors) cause by fatigue

    Health problems

    - Long periods of night work can be bad to the health of shift workers.

    Psychological problems

    - problems of rotating shift work especially working at night :


    Lack of sleep, fatigue, and emotional

    Dissatisfaction and poor morale

    - sources of dissatisfaction and poor morale are :


    long hours, high work load, disturbed wake sleep cycles and
    increase domestic conflict.

    Note

    : Shift work disturbs normal sleep cycles.

    9.5 Physical Environment


    Describe 4 main physical environment factors which can affect maintenance personels.
    The interaction between Liveware and the environment can cause stress.
    For Base maintenance, people working inside the hangar and those working in the 'Line' are
    subjected to heat, noise, illumination and fumes.
    NOISE
    - noise in workplace can have both short term and long term negative effects
    - interfere with verbal communication
    - damage workers hearing and
    - mask warning signals
    - noise level above 90 dB for 8 hours will cause hearing damage
    - extensive noise can cause annoyance, and create irritability
    HEAT
    - comfortable temperature for most people in normal clothing is 20C
    - above 30C : discomfort and DECREASE in efficiency;
    attention of the person becomes LESS;
    INCREASE in heart rate, blood pressure and sweat;
    can cause heat stroke.
    - at 10C
    : at low temperature, the body rapidly lose feeling and control in the hands
    FUMES
    - exposure to various kinds of fluids and chemicals which gives off vapour fumes
    - Inhalation can cause serious health implication and also other problems such as eye irritation
    ILLUMINATION
    - inappropriate or insufficient lighting can lead to mistake in work task or increase time required to
    do the job/ work
    - when using 'task lighting' (portable lighting), should be placed close to the work as possible
    - arrange so that it does not cause glare

    9.7 Communication
    Discuss the recommended handover procedure at the end of the shift. Which procedure would you
    use as priority and why ?
    Shift handover
    - between shift supervisors to ensure accurate, reliable information across the shift is handover
    Walk throughs
    - supervisors and certifying staff to meet and exchange detailed information related to individual
    jobs and tasks.
    - A more effective way to communicate this information is for the incoming shift and out going
    personnel to go on the task issues while examining the actual job on the hangar floor or at the work
    place.
    Task handover
    - Handing over a task directly to another person.
    - It is done face to face using verbal and written communication task card or non routine cards are
    accurately completed
    - Identifying at what stage in the task the job has reached
    Any deviations from normal working procedures MUST be clearly highlighted.
    It is CAA's requirement that any deviation is recorded by outgoing person and during verbal
    communication and walk through the deviation as reinforced.
    Handing over a task for somebody to complete at a later stage.
    Total reliance has to be placed on written communication, a single medium, with no means to
    question and test a trueunderstanding by the person who is expected to finish the job.
    E.g. Schedule task and Unschedule task
    Contact telephone no.

    9.8 Human Error


    Error models and theories
    Describe the SHEL Model and how it is used in the study of HF
    The SHEL model is used to aid in the understanding of HF, the inter-relationship between
    the aviation system, resources, environment and the human component (Liveware)
    - This model was developed by Edwards in the year 1972
    - SHEL model is a name derived from the initial letters of it's components
    S SOFTWARE
    - maintenance procedures (e.g. SOP, MOE), maintenance manuals, checklists
    - from a safety point of view, misinterpretation of procedures, confusing manuals or poorly
    designed checklist (e.g. checklist not in sequence)
    can affect the Airworthiness of aircraft
    H HARDWARE
    - the physical structure of the aircraft, tools, test equipments, design of the flight deck
    - Not enough tools, inappropriate equipments, poor aircraft design
    can affect maintenance of aircraft
    - must be maintenance friendly
    E ENVIRONMENT (conditions in hangar, workshop, offices)
    - physical environment, temperature, weather, working conditions, organisation structure and
    climate
    - uncomfortable work place, extreme temperature, noise, poor lighting
    can affect safety of the aircraft
    L LIVEWARE (people at the centre of the model)
    - the maintenance engineers, supervisors, technicians, planners, managers, their capabilities,
    limitations and interaction between Liveware with Liveware
    - shortage of manpower, lack of supervision, lack of support from management, team work
    can also affect the maintenance and safety of the aircraft

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