Chapter

Chapter 6

Problems

313
313

PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
1.
Example 6.1,
with rectangular
rectangular profiles
I. Aluminum
Aluminum fins,
fins. similar
similar to
to the
the ones
ones in Example
6.1. with
profiles are
are used
to remove
remove heat
heat from
from a surface
surface whose temperature
temperature is 150C. The
The temperature
temperature of
of the ambian1bient
aluminum is 168
ent air
air is 20C.
20C. The
The thermal
the1'mal conductivity
conductivity of
of aluminum
16$ W/m'
\Vl'['ll ' K. The
The natural
natural convecconvec2 K. The fins are 150 nun
tive
tive coefficient
coefficient associated
associated with
with the
the surrounding
surrounding air
air is 35 \V/m
\Wn12'K.
The fins
150 mm
long.
thick. (a) Determine
Determine the temperature
long. 5 mm wide,
wide. and
and 11 mm
mm thick.
temperature distribution
distribution along
along a
fin
elements. (b)
Approximate the total
total heat loss for
fin using
using five
five equally
equally spaced elements.
(b) Approximate
for an array
array of
of
50 fins.

'
_,'
)

2. For
For the
temperature of
the aluminum
aluminum fins
fins in problem
problem I,
1. determine
determine the temperature
ofaa point
point on the fin
fin 45 mm
from the base. Also
Also compute
compute the
total heat that
from
the fraction
fraction of
of the total
that is lost through
through this
this section
section of
of

the fin.
3. A
A pin fin,
fin with
with a circular
array of
fin. or
or spine,
spine. is a fin
circular cross section.
section. An
An array
of aluminum
aluminum pin
pin fins
fins are
remove heat from
from a surface
temperature is 120C. The
The temperature
temperature of
used to
to remove
surface whose temperature
of the
ambient
natural eonconambient air
air is 25C.
25C. The
The thermal
thermal conductivity
conductivity of
of aluminum
aluminum is 168
168 \VIm
Wfm - K. The
The natural
vective coefficient
\V/m2 - K. The
veetive
coefficient associated
associated with
with the surrounding
surrounding air
air is 30 Wfmz
The fins
fins are 100
100 mm
long
respective diameters
Determine the
long and
and have respective
diameters of
of44 mm. (a)
(a) Determine
the temperature
temperature distribution
distribution
along
Approximate the total
along a fin
fin using
using five
five equally
equally spaced elements.
elements. (b)
(b) Approximate
total heat loss for
for an
array
array of
of 100
100 fins.

4. A
A rectangular
rectangular aluminum
aluminum fin
fin is used to
to remove
remove heat from
from a surface
surface whose
whose temperature
temperature is
80C. The
ambient air
varies between
between 18C and 25C.
The temperature
temperature of
of the ambient
air varies
25C. The
The thermal
thermal coneonductivity
ductivity of
of aluminum
aluminum is 168 \vIm'
Wfrn - K. The
The natural
natural convective
convective coefficient
coefficient associated
associated wit
withh the
surrounding
surrounding air
air is 25 W/m2.
Wfntz - K.
K. The
The fin is 100
100 nun
mm long,S
long. 5 mm
n1m wide,
wide. and I1 mm
n1m thick.
thick. (a) DeDetermine
termine the
the temperature
temperature distribution
distribution along
along a fin
fin using five
five equally
equally spaced elements
elements for
for both
both
ambient
ambient conditions.
conditions. (b)
(b) Approximate
Approximate the total
total heat loss for
for an array
array of
of 50 fins for
for each amambient
bient condition.
condition. (c)
(e) The
The exact
exact temperature
temperature distribution
distribution and heat loss for
for a fin
fin with
with a neglinegligible
gible heat loss at its tip
tip is given
given by
_

/if(L - X)]ajjl
hp

x) _ T! _ cosh [:\[k:m(L

T(x) - Tf

T -T _
b

cosh
cosh

[/ifCL)]

i:\/'g(L}:|

i
VhpkAc

hp
/if(L)])(T

= \/kpkzt, (tant{
(ta11l1|:\/T4c(L}:|)(T,
Q =
- Tr)
b
f)
Compare your
your finite
finite element
element results
Compare
results to the exact
exact results.
results.

314

Chapter
Chapter 6

Analysis of
of One-Dimensional
One-Dimensional Problems

J.~
X;

5.
integral I SihpTfdX
for a situation
situation in which
which the
the heat
heat transfer
Evaluate the
the integral
sikprfdx for
transfer coefficient
coefficient It
5. Evaluate
Xi
Xi
varies linearly
linearly over
over a given
given element.
element.
varies
6. The
The front
front window
window of
of a car
car is defogged
defogged by supplying
supplying warm
warm air
air at
at 90F
90F to
to its inner
inner surface.
surface. The
The
glass
conductivity or
k = 0.8
approximately If-I
114in.
glass has
hasaa thermal
thermalconductivity
ofk
0.8 W/m
Wlm - Cwith
"C with a thickness
thickness of
ofapproximately
in.
With
running at
coefficient associated
With the
the supply
supply fan
fan running
at moderate
moderate speed,
speed. the
the heat
heat transfer
transfer coefficient
associated
2 -- K. The
with
air is 50 W/m
with the
the air
\Vf]|'|2
The outside
outside air
air is at
at a temperature
temperature of
of 20F
20F with
with an associated
associated
heat
the inner
inner and
heat transfer
transfer coefficient
coefficient of
of 110 W/m2
Win12 - K. Determine
Determine (a)
(a) the
the temperatures
temperatures of
of the
and
outer
the heat
heat loss
loss through
through the
the glass
the area
area of
outer surfaces
surfaces of
of the
the glass
glass and
and (b)
(b) the
glass if the
of the
the glass
glass is
approximately
approximately 10 ft2.
7. A wall
accompawall of
of an industrial
industrial oven
oven consists
consists of
of three
three different
different materials,
materials. as shown
shown in the
the accompanying
nying figure.
figure. The
The first
first layer
layer is composed
composed of
of 10 em
cm of
of insulating
insulating cement
cement with
with a thermal
thermal conconductivity
0.12 W/m
em of
board with
ductivity of
of0.12
W.-m - K. 111e
The second
second layer
layer is made
made from
from 20 cm
of g-ply
8-ply asbestos
asbestos board
with a
thermal conductivity
conductivity of
of 0.071 W/m
Wfm -- K. The
The exterior
exterior consists
consists of
of 12-cm
12-cm cement
cement mortar
mortar with
with
thermal
a thermal
and
thermal conductivity
conductivity of
of 0.72
0.72 W/m2
Wfmz -- K. The
The inside
inside wall temperature
temperature of
of the
the oven
oven is 250C,
250C. and
the
the outside
outside air
air is at
at a temperature
temperature of
of 35C
35C with
with a convection
convection coefficient
coefficient of
of 45 W/m2
Wfmi - K.
Determine
the composite
composite wall.
wall.
Determine the
the temperature
temperature distribution
distribution along
along the
6O

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- = 3s=C. h= 45 \Wm3 K
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-i

xX

T1=

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"1

(21

(2)
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44

8. Replace
the inside
the oven
Replace the
the temperature
temperature boundary
boundary condition
condition of
ofthe
inside wall
wall of
ofthe
oven in problem
problem 7 with
with
air
400C and
air temperature
temperature of
of40UC
and an associated
associated convection
convection coefficient
coefficient of
of 100 W/m2
\Vl'lll2'- K. Show
Show the
the
contribution
this boundary
rix and
rix of
contribution of
ofthis
boundary condition
condition to
to the
the conductance
conductance mat
matrix
and the
the forcing
forcing mat
matrix
of
element
the temperature
along the
element (I).
(1). Also
Also determine
determine the
temperature distribution
distribution along
the composite
composite wall.
wall.
9.
9. The
The equation
equation for
for the
the heat
heat diffusion
diffusion of
of a one-dimensional
one-dimensional system
system with
with heat
heat generation
generation in a
Cartesian
coordinate system
Cartesian coordinate
system is
7

;JT
. 0
k --?+q=
-3-Y1; + q' = 0
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Chapter
Chapter 66

Problems
Problems

315

The rate
rate of
of thermal
thermal energy
energy generation
generation q'
q represents
represents the
the conversion
ofenergy
from electrielectriThe
conversion of
energy from
cal. chemical,
chemical. nuclear,
nuclear. or
or electromagnetic
electromagnetic forms
thermal energy
within the
the volume
volume of
of a
cal,
forms to thermal
energy within
given system. Derive
Derive the contribution
contribution of
of q'
q to
to the load
matrix. Consider
Consider a strip
strip of
of heating
elgiven
load matrix.
heating elements
rear glass of
producing a uniform
uniform heat
heat generation
ements embedded
embedded within
within the rear
of a car
car producing
generation at a
W/m3 The
The glass has a thermal
conductivity of
W/m .OC
rate of
of approximately
approximately 7000 Wfms.
thermal conductivity
of kk =
= 0.8 Wfm
- C
with
approximately 6 mm. The
The heat transfer
coefficient associated
with the
with a thickness
thickness of
of approximately
transfer coefficient
associated with
20C
car is approximately
W/m2. - K. The
The outside
20C air
air inside
inside the back of
of the car
approximately 20 Wfmz
outside air
air is at a temtem2 K. Determine the
perature
perature of
of -5C
5C with
with an associated
associated heat transfer
transfer coefficient
coefficient of
of 50 W/m
WI1112
Determine
temperatures
temperatures of
of the inner
inner and outer
outer surfaces
surfaces of
of the glass.
10.
10. Verify
Verify the evaluation
evaluation of
of the
the integral
integral given
given by Eq.
Eq. (6.23):
(6.23):

X:
I

Si(C2\Ir')dX = 6% W; i'

Xi

11. Verify
Verify the evaluation
evaluation of
of the
the integral
integral given
given by Eq. (6.26):
(6.26):

t(

X; (
Cl --- dSjd"')

C1
Cl

dX = --(-\i', +
+ \)1,)
st-)I
dXdX
ec
/Xi c -i
dXdX ax = -(-qr.
The
an axial
length efdue
due to
The deformation
deformation of
ofan
axial element
element of
oflength
to the change
change in its temperature
temperature is given
given
I

Xi

12.
2.

by

where 851-r is the

the change in the
the length
length of
of the
the element.
ct is the thermal
thermal expansion
expansion coefficient
coefficient of
of
where
element. (X
the material,
thermaterial. ami
and tlT
AT represents
represents the
the temperature
temperature change.
change. Formulate
Formulate the contribution
contribution of
0fthermal strains
strains to the strain
strain energy
energy of
of an element.
element. Also
Also formulate
formulate the stiffness
stiffness and the load
load matrices
trices for
for such an element.
element.
2
13.
ns of
ion to remove
of a rectangular
rectangular cross sect
section
remove a total
total of
of 200 W
W from
from a 400-cm
400-cm:
13. You are to size fifins
surface
he surrounding
surface whose
whose temperature
temperature is to
to be kept
kept at 80C.
80C. The
The temperature
temperature of
of tthe
surrounding air
air is
2 K. Be25C,
coefficient value
value is 25 W/m
25C. and you
you may assume that
that the
the natural
natural convection
convection coefficient
\Vfl'|'l2
- K.
cause of
ions on the amount
extended more
of restrict
restrictions
amount of
of space,
space. the fins
fins cannot
cannot be extended
more than
than 100
100 mm
from
materials: aluminum.
from the
the hot
hot surface.
surface. You may
may select
select from
from the following
following materials:
aluminum. copper.
copper. or
or
steel. In a brief
with your
final design.
brief report.
report. explain
explain how
ho\v you
you came up with
your final
design.