The document summarizes an experiment to study an operational amplifier as a zero-crossing detector (ZCD). The apparatus includes an op-amp IC 741C, dual power supply, connections, and function generator. The theory explains that an op-amp can act as a ZCD by setting the reference voltage to 0V. The output will switch between +Vsat and -Vsat whenever the input sine wave crosses zero. Applications of ZCDs include frequency counters, switching in power electronics, analog to digital conversion, and voltage/current regulation. The procedure connects the ZCD circuit and measures the output voltage saturation levels.
The document summarizes an experiment to study an operational amplifier as a zero-crossing detector (ZCD). The apparatus includes an op-amp IC 741C, dual power supply, connections, and function generator. The theory explains that an op-amp can act as a ZCD by setting the reference voltage to 0V. The output will switch between +Vsat and -Vsat whenever the input sine wave crosses zero. Applications of ZCDs include frequency counters, switching in power electronics, analog to digital conversion, and voltage/current regulation. The procedure connects the ZCD circuit and measures the output voltage saturation levels.
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Experiment No:-
Aim:To study Operational amplifier as ZCD.
Apparatus:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Op-amp IC 741C. Dual Power Supply. Connections. Seven Pin Connector. Variable voltage source. Function generator.
Theory:Anyone of the inverting or non-inverting comparators can be used as a zero-crossing
detector. The only change to be brought in is the reference voltage with which the input voltage is to be compared, must be made zero (Vref = 0V). An input sine wave is given as Vin. When the input sine wave passes through zero and goes in positive direction, the output voltage Vout is driven into negative saturation. Similarly, when the input voltage passes through zero and goes in the negative direction, the output voltage is driven to positive saturation .
ZCD circuit Diagram:-
ZCD input and output voltage waveforms:-
Working:During the positive half cycle, the input voltage is positive i.e. above the reference voltage. Hence the output voltage is +Vsat. During negative half cycle, the input voltage is negative i.e. below the reference voltage. The putput voltage is then Vsat. Thus the output voltage switches between +Vsat and Vsat whenever the input signal crosses the zero level. This is illustrated in the input and output voltage waveforms.
Applications:1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
To check whether the op-amp is in good condition or not.
Frequency counters. For switching purposes in power electronics. Analog to digital converter. Voltage regulator. Current regulator.
Resistor Color Codes:-
The colors brown, red, green, blue, and violet are used as tolerance codes on 5-band resistors only. All 5-band resistors use a colored tolerance band. The blank (20%) "band" is only used with the "4-band" code (3 colored bands + a blank "band").
Procedure:1) 2) 3) 4)
Connect the circuit as per diagram.
Apply voltage peak to peak at the non-inverting terminal. Observe the waveform and measure the values of +Vsat & -Vsat. Disconnect the circuit.
