AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH

Faculty of Engineering
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Laboratory Title: Study of closed loop and open loop operation of an Operational Amplifier with the
fffffffffffffffffffffffffhelp of comparators, integrator and differentiator.

Experiment Number: 02 Due Date: 02 October 2022 Semester: Fall 2022-23

Subject Code: EEE2210 Subject Name: Analog Electronics Lab Section: A

Course Instructor: Raja Rashidul Hasan Degree Program: EEE

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2. This report is my/our original work and no part of it has been copied from any other student’s work or from
any other source except where due acknowledgement is made.
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authorized by the lecturer/teacher concerned and is clearly acknowledged in the report.
I/we understand that
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Group Number (if applicable): 01 Group Submission

No. Student Name Student ID Student Signature Date

Submitted by:
1 MD. Shoaib Khan Chowdhury 20-43731-2

Group Members:

2 S M Nahidul Islam 20-42768-2

3 MD. Abid Morshed 20-42786-2
4 MD. Nakib Shahria 20-44098-2

Total Marks: Marks Obtained:

Faculty comments
1. Title: Study of closed loop and open loop operation of an Operational Amplifier with
the help of comparators, integrator and differentiator.

2. Introduction:
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC coupled high gain electronic voltage amplifier with
a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op-amp
produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands
of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals. We can get
familiarized with op-amp and its open and closed loop operations. We can get to know different
types of comparator circuits such as zero crossing, positive level, and negative level detectors
with inverting and non-inverting configurations will be experimented. We can observe the
outputs of amplifiers, integrator and differentiator.

The details Pin Configuration of IC µA741 is shown in Fig. 1.

(b) Pin # 7 (+V)

Pin # 2 (V-)

Pin # 6 (V0)

Pin # 2 (V+)
Pin # 4 (-V)

Figure-1: Pin Configuration of an op-amp (µA741)

3. Theory & Methodology:

In an op-amp there are two terminals, labeled (-) and (+). They are called differential input
terminals because output voltage, V0 depends on the difference in voltage between them, Ed
and the gain of the amplifier, A. The output voltage, V0 can be determined by Ed and the open
loop gain, A. The A is called voltage gain.

Open loop voltage gain

Systems in which the output quantity has no effect upon the input to the control process are
called open-loop control systems, and that open-loop systems are just that, open ended non-
feedback systems. For an open loop op-amp system V0 is expressed by the following
relationship:
 Output Voltage (V0) = Differential Input Voltage (Ed) × Open Loop Gain (AOL)

Here AOL is called open loop voltage gain. The value of AOL is extremely large, often
200,000 or more whereas the hence V0 becomes limited between +Vsat and –Vsat because
it can never exceed the positive or negative saturation voltage. Different types of comparator
circuits are the example of op-amps open loop operation.

In electronics, a comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents. It has two
analog input terminals V+ and V- and one output V0. A standard op-amp operating in open-
loop configuration (without negative feedback) may be used as a low-performance
comparator. When the non-inverting input (V+) is at a higher voltage than the inverting
input (V-), the high gain of the op-amp causes the output to saturate at the highest positive
voltage. When the non-inverting input (V+) drops below the inverting input (V-), the output
saturates at the most negative voltage. The op-amp's output voltage is limited by the supply
voltage.

A zero crossing detector is a comparator with the reference level set at zero. It is used for
detecting the zero crossings of ac signals. It can be made from an operational amplifier with
an input voltage at its positive input or negative input which are shown in Fig. 2(a) and Fig.
2(b), respectively.

In a non-inverting zero crossing detector when the input voltage is positive, the output
voltage is a positive value, when the input voltage is negative, the output voltage is a
negative value. In the inverting positive level detector when the input voltage is positive,
the output voltage is a negative value and when the input voltage is negative, the output
voltage is a positive value.

(a) (b)

Figure-2: (a) Inverting Zero Crossing Detector and (b) Non- inverting Zero Crossing Detector
 Figure-3: Input output wave shapes of an Inverting zero crossing detector

A positive level detector is a comparator with the reference level set at some constant
positive voltage. It is used for detecting the positive level crossing of ac signals. In a non-
inverting positive level detector when the input voltage is positive, the output voltage is a
positive value, when the input voltage is negative, the output voltage is a negative value. In
the inverting zero crossing detector when the input voltage is positive, the output voltage is
a negative value and when the input voltage is negative, the output voltage is a positive
value which are shown in Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4(b).

(a) (b)

Figure-4: (a) Inverting positive level detector and (b) Inverting negative level detector

Condition for inverting configuration:

I. If Ei > Vref, then V0 = -Vsat
II. If Ei < Vref, then V0 = +Vsat
 (a) (b)

Figure-5: Input output wave shapes of an inverting detector. (a) Positive Level and (b)
Negative Level

A negative level detector is a comparator with the reference level set at some constant
negative voltage. It is used for detecting the negative level crossing of AC signals. In a non-
inverting negative level detector when the input voltage is positive, the output voltage is a
positive value, when the input voltage is negative, the output voltage is a negative value. In
the inverting negative level detector when the input voltage is positive, the output voltage is
a negative value and when the input voltage is negative, the output voltage is a positive
value. The wave shapes are shown in Fig. 6(a) and Fig. 6(b).

(a) (b)
Figure-6: (a) Non-inverting positive level and (b) Non- inverting negative level
Condition for non-inverting configuration:
I. If Ei > Vref, then V0 = +Vsat
II. If Ei < Vref, then V0 = -Vsat
 (a) (b)
Figure-7: Input output wave shapes of a non-inverting detector. (a) Positive Level and (b)
Negative Level

Transfer Characteristic Graphs

Transfer characteristic of a comparator is a graph where input and output relationship of that
specific comparator can be represented.

Table 1: Transfer characteristics of different types of comparator circuits.

Types of Comparator Non-Inverting Inverting
Zero Crossing Detector

Positive Level Detector

Negative Level Detector

Closed Loop Voltage Gain
The very high gain of an open loop op-amp system is of no real use as it makes the amplifier
both unstable and hard to control. The smallest of input signals, just a few micro-volts, (μV)
would be enough to cause the output voltage to saturate and swing towards one or the other
of the voltage supply rails losing complete control of the output. A resistor or other
components are used to reduce the gain of the system by feeding back a portion of the output
voltage to the input. This type of circuit is called a closed loop amplifier because a closed
circuit path exists between the output and the input. Integrator and differentiator are the
example of closed loop operation.

Op-amp Integrator is an operational amplifier circuit that performs the mathematical

operation of Integration which ensures an output voltage which is proportional to the integral
of the input voltage. In other words the magnitude of the output signal is determined by
closed loop gain of the circuit which isA_CL=-1/(R_in C_f ) and the input current through
the feedback loop charges or discharges the capacitor as the required negative feedback
occurs through the capacitor.

Figure-8: Op-Amp Integrator

The input signal to the differentiator is applied to the capacitor. The capacitor blocks any DC
content so there is no current flow to the amplifier summing point, X resulting in zero output
voltage. The capacitor only allows AC type input voltage changes to pass through and whose
frequency is dependent on the rate of change of the input signal. The magnitude of the output
signal is determined by the closed loop gain of the circuit which is 𝐴𝐶𝐿 = −𝑅𝑓 𝐶𝑖 .

Figure-9: Op-amp Differentiator

4. Circuit Diagram:

Figure-1: Inverting zero crossing detector.

Figure-2: Non-inverting zero crossing detector.

Figure-3: Inverting positive level detector.

Figure-4: Inverting negative level detector.

Figure-5: Non-inverting positive level detector.

Figure-6: Non-inverting negative level detector.

 Figure-7: Op-Amp Integrator.

Figure-8: Op-amp Differentiator.

5. Apparatus:
Serial No Component Name Rating Quantity
1 Resistor 47 kΩ, 3.3 kΩ, 10 kΩ, 4
100 kΩ
2 DC Source ±30 V 1
3 IC-µA741 - 1
4 Function Generator 25Vp-p, 1MHz 1
5 Capacitor 0.1 µF 1
6 Oscilloscope - 1
7 Breadboard - 1
8 Connecting Wires - -
9 NI Multisim 14.0 - -

6. Simulation & Results:

Simulation-1: Inverting zero crossing detector.

Simulation-2: Non-inverting zero crossing detector.

Simulation-3: Inverting positive level detector.

 Simulation-4: Inverting negative level detector.

Simulation-5: Non-inverting positive level detector.

Simulation-6: Non-inverting negative level detector.

Simulation-7: Op-Amp Integrator.

 Simulation-8: Op-amp Differentiator.

7. Discussion:
In this experiment, we studied about closed loop and open loop operation of an Operational
Amplifier. We used comparators, integrator and differentiator to run this experiment. For
open loop op-amp circuit, we did zero crossing, positive level, and negative level detectors
with inverting and non-inverting circuit. We got familiarized with op-amp and its open and
closed loop operations. We used the application ‘NI Multisim 14.0’ to complete the
experiment. We got our outputs and results accurately.

8. References:
[1] Op-amp comparator, http://www.circuitstoday.com/op-amp-comparator
[2] Robert F. Coughlin, Frederick F. Driscoll, “Operational amplifiers and linear integrated
ssscircuits”, Prentice-Hall, 1982, 2nd Edition, The University of Michigan, 10 Dec 2007.
[3] Lab Class.
[4] Lab Manual.