Total Station Lab Manual
Total Station Lab Manual
Total Station Lab Manual
INTRODUCTION
The most commonly used surveying instrument is the total station. A total station is the
combination of an electronic theodolite, an electronic distance measuring device (EDM), and a
microprocessor with memory unit. The original name of this instrument of this type was electronic
tacheometer but HEWEET PACKARD introduced the name TOTAL STATION.
With this instrument, we can determine angles and distance from the instrument to the points to
be surveyed with the aid of trigonometry, the angles and distances may be used to calculate the relative
position (EASTING, Northing and Elevation) of surveyed points.
All total stations have an electronic distance measuring device (EDM) and electronic angles
scanning which measure the angles and distance and displayed digitally. The horizontal distance, the
height difference and coordinates are calculated automatically and all measurements and additional
information can be recorded.
The EDM instrument transmit an infrared beam, which is reflected back to the unit with the help
of a prism (by total internal reflection), and the EDM used timing measurements to calculate the distance
travelled by the beam. With the exceptions, the EDM instrument requires that the target be highly
reflective and a reflecting prism is normally as the target.
Most of the total stations, include data recorders. The raw data (angles and distances) and the coordinates of points sighted are recorded along with same additional information. The data thus recorded
can be directly downloaded to a computer at a later time. The use of a data recorder further reduces the
recording errors and eliminates the need for a person to record data in the field.
At present, TOTAL STATION is widely used in many survey sites. Sometimes it is not fully used
since the users are unaware of its full optional capability. Total station used for levelling comes under the
classification indirect levelling. It can maintain considerable accuracy and is hence for many public work
such as construction of roads, airports and harbours.
The total station is mounted on a tripod and levelled before use. Meanwhile the PRISM mounted
on pole (TARGET ROD) of known height. The mounting bracket includes the aids for aiming the
instrument. The prism is mounted so that its reflection point is aligned with the centre of the pole on
which it has been mounted. Although the tip of the pole is placed to be surveyed, the instrument must be
aimed at the prism. So it will calculate the position of the prism and not the point to be surveyed, since
the prism is directly above the tip. The height of the pole may be subtracted to determine the location of
the point that can be done automatically. The pole must be held up right, and a bubble level attached to
give the technician holding the pole upright particularly if there is any wind and as a result at such
occasions, the reading may be taken by not sighting at the prism but on the tip of the pole where it
touches the ground. The angle from north would then be fixed and telescope could be raised to the level
of the prism, adjusting only the angle of inclination.
Note Laser plummet model (The instrument is equipped with the laser plummet. The laser
plummet is not set to be ON at factory shipping.)
Turn on the laser plummet function by pushing the [Laser] key and [F4] [PLUM.ADJ]
key.
Match the position by the tripod so that the laser mark coincides with the ground mark.
The centring knob is loosened, and the upper plate is pushed by the tip of a finger,
and a centre mark is matched to the ground mark.
Loosen the horizontal clamp screw, rotate the instrument by 90, and confirm the
vial of the circular vial is at the centre position. Correct the vial with the leveling
screw when the vial comes off from the center position.
(A)
B)
Levelling screw
Levelling screw
3.
fatigue.
When it is hard to see the reticle due to poor brightness, press [ILLU] + [F3] [RETICLE]
to access the RETICLE INTENSITY ADJ. screen. Use the left and right arrow to adjust
the reticle intensity.
First loosen the recessed screw with a screwdriver, then rotate the locking knob until
the arrow points upward, and lift the instrument up.
Attachment
Mount the instrument on the tribrach with the guide marks coinciding, and rotate the
locking knob until the arrow points downwards.
The guide and guide mark must be fitted to attach the instrument.
When the tribrach does not need to be attached or detached, or the instrument is to be
transported, tighten the recessed screw with a screwdriver
to fix
the locking knob.
Guide
mark
STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS
TOTAL STATION SURVEYING
INTRODUCTION
1. General:
Total station is a combination of Electronic Theodolite and Electronic Distance Meter (EDM)
in one unit. This instrument directly measures 3D co-ordinates, slope, horizontal and vertical
distances. This has large internal memory of 3000 points to store field data and can be directly
down loaded to the computer from the instrument through interface cable.
2. Electronic Distance Meter:
This is used to measure directly, to an acceptable accuracy, the distance between any two inter
- visible points in the survey system. The technique of EDM eliminates the need for chaining
or taping.
3. Principle of EDM:
The basic principle is the indirect determination of the time required for a light beam to travel
between two stations and by using frequency the distance is displayed.
4. Basic Functions of EDM:
1. It generates the carrier and measuring wave frequencies.
2. It modulates and demodulates the carrier wave.
3. It measures the phase difference between the transmitted and received waves.
4. It displays the result of measurement.
Top handle
Collimator
Focus ring
Eyepiece ring
Eyepiece
Laser indicator
Plate vial
SD & USB cover
Display panel
Key board
Detaching knob
Tangent screw
Levelling screw
Base plate
Leveling the Total Station must be accomplished to sufficient accuracy otherwise the
level
Head should be directly over survey
point
hand
Insert battery in instrument before
levelling
Step 3: Plumb
will
be
activated
screen appears.
IF NECESSARY Move the
position
to make
large
Adjust the height of the tripod legs to level the circular level bubble. Note: Do not move
the legs from their position just lengthen or shorten them, one at a time, as necessary to
bring the bubble into centre.
At this time your instrument should be very close to level and very close to the ground
point, check the plummet & circular level bubble to verify this. If this is not the case you
must repeat the Plumb & Rough Leveling steps above, otherwise, continue on to the next
step.
Turn the instrument until it is parallel to two footscrews.
Centre the electronic level of the first axis by turning the two footscrews. Arrows show the
direction of rotation required. When the electronic level is cantered the arrows are
replaced by checkmarks.
Centre the electronic level for the second axis by turning the last footscrew. An arrow
shows the direction of rotation required. When the electronic level is cantered the arrow is
replaced by a checkmark.
When the electronic level is cantered and three checkmarks are shown, the instrument has
Enter key
Laser key
Power supply key
key
Function key
Illumination key
ESC
Operation keys
Key
[POWER]
[ESC]
[ILLU]
Description
ON/OFF of power supply.
Returns to previous screen or cancels an operation.
Turns the illumination of the LCD display and telescope reticle
on and off.
Accepts the selected (highlighted) choice or the displayed screen
value.
Displays the laser plummet and the LD point screen when you
push the Laser key.
(Refer to 2.5 LD POINT, Laser pointer, 3.2 Laser plummet).
At the numerical value screen, the numerical value and the sign
. displayed are input. The English characters printed right
under numeric of each key are input.
Pressing [ILLU]+[ESC] key causes a help menu to appear in
MODE A or MODE B or causes a help message to appear.
[ENT]
[LASER]
[Alphanumeric]
[HELP]
Function keys
Display
F. Key
Description
MODE A
[MEAS]
F1
[TARGET]
[0 SET]
[S.FUNC]
[MODE]
MODE B
[DISP]
F2
F3
F4
F5
F1
[ANG SET]
F2
[HOLD]
F3
[CORR]
F4
[MODE]
F5
[Other functions]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[ ]
[ ]
[RETICLE]
F1
F2
F3
F4
F1
F2
F3
[LCD]
[ILLU]
F4
F5
[CLEAR]
[SELECT]
F5
F5
].
Alphanumeric input
The Laser pointer function turns the laser beam on continuously to become the aiming point so
that visual confirmation is possible.
a. When the [F2] [ RED MARK] key is pressed after pressing the [Laser] key, the Laser
pointer function is turned on. The Laser indicator is turned on and the
4. TARGET SETTING
The target mode and its Constant of current
setting are shown at the left of the battery mark.
For example in case of each Constant 0, Reflector
less (Non-Prism); N 0, Prism; P 0
Pressing [F2] [TARGET] changes the target mode.
The target mode is changed sequentially as follows. Reflector sheet - Prism - Reflectorless
The selected target mode is stored in the memory even if the power is turned off. So, next
time you can use the same mode after turning on.
The target Constant differs according to the selected target mode. So, confirm the target
mode and its Constant shown at the top screen after changing the target.
The measurement range and accuracy of Reflectorless are based on the condition that laser
beam is emitted perpendicular to the white side of the Kodak Gray Card. The measurement
range may be influenced by the shape of the target and its environment. There is a
possibility that the range may vary when the target does not satisfy the conditions above at
survey work.
The WARNING (Laser Power) screen is displayed when Message ON is selected, and then
[F1] [MEAS] key is pressed.
Pressing [F1] [MEAS] one time selects Second MEAS setting and twice selects QUIT.
There is a possibility that the instrument cannot calculate correctly when receiving
reflected laser beam from forth and back directions in case of measuring the target on the
road.
There is a possibility that synthesized values are calculated and the distance may become
longer or shorter than the actual one when the operator measures the target of slope or
sphere or rugged shape.
There is a possibility that the instrument cannot calculate correctly collecting the reflected
laser beam from a man or a car that comes and goes in front of the target.
It is sometimes possible to measure without prism under special conditions like in the close
distance, targeting on a wall surface. However, there is a possibility including some errors in
this case, so be sure to select the reflectorless mode.
The target constant should be correctly selected and confirmed in case that the reflector
sheet is used at the prism mode and the prism is used at the reflector sheet mode.
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4. ANGLE MEASUREMENT
Measuring an angle
NOTE
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NOTE
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5. DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
40
The LTS-200 series has two distance measurement modes of primary MEAS and second
MEAS. Pressing the [F1] [MEAS] one time goes to primary MEAS and twice goes to second
MEAS.
You can freely select and allocate your desired measurement mode in primary MEAS and
second MEAS by the initial setting 2. The MEASURE SHOT is set at primary MEAS and
TRACK CONT is set at second MEAS as a factory default setting.
MEASURE SHOT means the distance measurement by the shot mode.
MEASURE CONT means the distance measurement by the continuous mode.
TRACK SHOT means the fast distance measurement by the shot mode.
TRACK CONT means the fast distance measurement by the continuous mode.
Confirm the target constant before beginning the distance measurement.
Pressing the [F1] [MEAS] after collimating the telescope at the prism starts shot distance
measurement with the MEAS text blinking. Distance measurement is completed and the
MEAS text stops blinking the moment the distance measured by shot measurement is
displayed. During continuous measurement, the MEAS text keeps on blinking. Pressing
41
the [F1] [MEAS] again terminates both distance measurement and blinking of the
MEAS text.
Pressing[F5][MODE]and [F1] [DISP] cycles through the sets of
display items:H.angle/H.dst./V.dst., H.angle/V.angle/S.dst., and
H.angle/V.angle/H.dst./S.dst./V.dst.
Pressing the [ESC] or [F2] [TARGET] or [F5] [MODE] during distance
measurement stops it.
If the shot count for distance measurement has been set to 2 or more in initial setting
2, the distance is measured for the specified number of times to display the averaged
value.