Total Station

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TOTAL STATION

Objective: To study different parts of Total station and temporary adjustments and also use of
surveying
Description: Total station surveying - defined as the use of electronic survey equipment used to
perform horizontal and vertical measurements in reference to a grid system (e.g. UTM, mine grid),&
Total Station Instrument is an instrument with combined digital electronic theodolite, EDM and
Microprocessor

Equipment: Total station (Leica TS02 Total Station)


SKETCH:

Figure 03: Parts of Total Station

Instrument Setup Procedure (Leica TS02 Total Station):


TRIPOD:
1. Set up the tripod at the appropriate height.
2. Visually check that the tripod is level and centered over the ground point.
3. Press the tripod legs into the ground to guarantee a firm foothold.
4. Attach the instrument to the tripod and “center” the foot screws.

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PLUMB:
5. Turn on the instrument. The laser plummet will be activated automatically, and the
Level/Plummet screen appears. If this screen does not appear, press user key 1.
6. IF NECESSARY Move the position of the tripod legs to make large adjustments to center the
plummet over the ground point.
7. Use the footscrews to make small adjustments to center the plummet over the ground point.

ROUGH LEVELING:
8. Adjust the height of the tripod legs to level the circular level bubble. Note: Do not move the legs
from their position just lengthen or shorten them, one at a time, as necessary to bring the bubble
into center.

FINE PLUMB & LEVEL:


9. At this time your instrument should be very close to level and very close to the ground point, check the
plummet & circular level bubble to verify this. If this is not the case you must repeat the Plumb & Rough
Leveling steps above, otherwise, continue on to the next step.
10. Turn the instrument until it is parallel to two footscrews.
11. Center the electronic level of the first axis by turning the two footscrews. Arrows show the direction
of rotation required. When the electronic level is centered the arrows are replaced by checkmarks.
12. Center the electronic level for the second axis by turning the last footscrew. An arrow shows the
direction of rotation required. When the electronic level is centered the arrow is replaced by a checkmark.
13. When the electronic level is centered and three checkmarks are shown, the instrument has been
perfectly leveled up.
14. IF REQUIRED, Center the instrument precisely over the ground point. Loosen the instrument from
the tripod (loosen only) and slide the instrument over the point while sighting.

Instruments Procedure (LEICA TS02 TOTAL STATION):

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Advantages of Total Station Surveying:
Relatively quick collection of information

 Multiple surveys can be performed at one set-up location.

 Easy to perform distance and horizontal measurements with simultaneous


calculation of project coordinates (Northings, Eastings, and Elevations).

 Layout of construction site quickly and efficiently.

 Digital design data from CAD programs can be uploaded to data collector.

 Daily survey information can also be quickly downloaded into CAD which eliminates
data manipulation time required using conventional survey techniques.

Disadvantages of Total Station Surveying:


 Vertical elevation accuracy not as accurate as using conventional survey level and
rod technique.
 Horizontal coordinates are calculated on a rectangular grid system. However, the
real world should be based on a spheroid and rectangular coordinates must be
transformed to geographic coordinates if projects are large scale.
Examples : highways, large buildings, etc.
 As with any computer-based application “Garbage in equals Garbage out”. However,
in the case of inaccurate construction surveys “Garbage in equals lawsuits and
contractors claims for extras.”

Self- operating Total Station

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Total Station Field Operating Procedure :
1- Set up and level TSI over a point
2- Enter the following data (the instrument coordinates and elevation, the height of the
instrument and reflector)
3- Aim the telescope on the reflector and make sure of the proper alignment of both the TSI
and reflector
4- After alignment, the return signal level is automatically optimized and displayed
5- Make the required measurement by pressing the appropriate buttons and follow the
manufacturer instructions

MEASUREMENT OF A CLOSED TRAVERSE

Objectives:
1. To become familiar with using a total station to measure horizontal angles, horizontal
distances and height differences.
2. To become familiar working with angles expressed in degrees, minutes, seconds format.
3. To apply a compass rule adjustment to the traverse (polygon) measured in the previous
lab session.
4. To balance the traverse with respect to elevation and reference it to a know bench mark.

Equipments:
Total station, tripod, prism & rod, tape.

Sample layout :

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Instructions:
1. There will be 4 or 5 points polygon for this lab (In the shown figure, the closed traverse
ABCDA). Locate the figure to be measured (as directed by your instructor).
2. Prepare your field book for recording horizontal angles, horizontal distances and height
differences.
3. Draw a sketch to show the location of the figure to be measured and label the vertices.
4. Begin your measurements by setting up on one of the points; this becomes your
instrument station for the first set of measurements.
5. Enter the current temperature and barometric pressure on the instrument .

6. Measure the heights of the total station and the prism and then enter them on the
instrument.
7. The interior angles of the figure are to be measured as “angles to the right.”
8. Set your horizontal angle to zero while sighting the rod on the backsight point.
9. Measure the horizontal distance of the line from the instrument station to the backsight
point and record it in your field book.
10. Measure the height difference to the backsight point and record it in your field book.
11. Turn the total station to the foresight point and record the horizontal angle. This is the
interior horizontal angle (measured to the right, clockwise) for that vertex of the figure as
measured with the instrument in the direct position.
12. While sighting the foresight point measure the horizontal distance of the line from the
instrument station to the foresight point and record it in your field book.
13. Measure the height difference to the foresight point and record it in your field book
14. Plunge the telescope and reset the backsight (zero) to measure the interior horizontal
angle again with the instrument in reverse position.
15. Move the total station to each point in the figure and repeat the process as described
above to obtain 2 sets of angle measurement for each interior angle, two distance
measurements and two height differences for each side of the figure.
16. Measure two "geo-referencing" angles:
A. From your "Base Control Point" geodetic station, sight your "Backsight Control Point" and
turn the clockwise angle to your nearest parcel corner (we'll call this the "reference corner"
of your parcel.) Turn this angle twice and take the mean.
B. Set up on the "reference corner", backsight the "Base Control Point" geodetic station and
turn the angle to the first station in your traverse. This line is termed the "reference side".
Double the angle and take the mean.
17. Calculate the mean interior angles and record them in your field book.
18. Calculate the angular misclosure of your traverse and show the calculation and result in
your field book.

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19. Calculate the mean distance for each side and record it in your field book.
20. Calculate the mean height difference for each side and record it in your field book.
21. Calculate elevation of traverse by adding the height difference (Δh) from the initial
traverse point (first point your group set up).

Compass Rule Adjustment Instructions:


1. Draw a sketch of the traverse (does not have to be drawn in your field book, can be
drawn on a separate sheet of paper).
A. The sketch should be large enough so that you can add mathematical information to each
leg and angle.
B. The sketch should be drawn to scale or as near to scale as possible.
C. Label the vertices.
D. Label the mean distances measured* for each line.

2. Adjust the measured interior measured angles:


A. Divide the angular misclosure by the number of angles measured. This is the angular
correction.
B. Apply the angular correction to each of the measured angles.
C. Check the adjusted angles by comparing their sum with the equation: (n-2)180°.
D. Label the sketch with the adjusted angles.

3. Calculate the azimuth of each line


A. Determine the “control azimuth” – the direction from your “base control point (X)” to the
“backsight control point (Y).”
B. Calculate the azimuth of your parcel‟s “reference side” by applying your two measured
georeferencing angles to the control azimuth.
C. Calculate your traverse azimuths by applying your measured interior angles to the
reference azimuth.
4. Set up a compass rule adjustment table.
A. Write in the lines, azimuths and mean distances from your sketch.
B. Calculate the sum of the distances. This is the traverse perimeter.

5. Calculate the latitude and departure of each leg and write them in the table including the
sign.
6. Calculate the sum of the latitudes to determine the error in latitude.
7. Calculate the sum of the departures to determine the error in departure.
8. Calculate the closure error for the entire traverse:

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Closure error = √Dep. Error2 + Lat. Error2
9. Calculate the precision (ratio of error) of the traverse:
precision = closure error / traverse perimeter
10. Calculate the correction for each latitude and departure:

correction in departure = - (total Dep. Error)(length)/(traverse perimeter)


correction in latitude = - (total Lat. Error) (length)/ (traverse perimeter)
11. Calculate the adjusted latitude and departure for each line by applying the appropriate
correction.
12. Calculate the sum of the adjusted latitudes and departures as a check. The sums should
now equal zero.
13. Calculate the new lengths and bearings for the adjusted traverse

length =√ Dep. 2 + Lat.2


bearing angle = Atan(departure / latitude)
- positive latitude indicates a NORTHERLY bearing
- negative latitude indicates a SOUTHERLY bearing
- positive departure indicates a EASTERLY bearing
- negative departure indicates a WESTERLY bearing
14. Calculate the adjusted coordinates for traverse points
15. Write the adjusted coordinates in your field book.

Vertical Adjustment Instructions:

1. Calculate the vertical misclosure of the traverse by summing the mean height differences.
A. Distribute the vertical misclosure evenly to each leg of the traverse to determine the
adjusted height differences for each leg.
B. Check your calculations by summing the adjusted height differences again, now the sum
should equal zero.

2. Calculate the elevations of each point using the Temporary Bench Mark.

Site Example:
Main Target : Determine the area in (ft2) of the given traverse
Sub Target :
1. Determine the error of closure (Ec) and relative accuracy for the given traverse (figure
5)

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Solution:
For course AB:
Latitude = L ⨯ COS (β)
= 690.88 ⨯ COS (79°49'00") = 122.15
Since bearing for AB is in quadrant (SW), latitude sign is (-)
Latitude AB= -122.15
Departure= L ⨯ SIN (β)
= 690.88 ⨯ SIN (79°49'00") = 679.99
Since bearing for AB is in quadrant (SW), departure sign is (-)
Departure AB= -679.99
The same implies for the other courses (BC, CD, DE)
Ec= √(𝛴Δ𝑌)2+(𝛴Δ𝑋)2

Ec= √(−0.68)2+(1.05)2 = 1.25 ft


P= total traverse length = 690.88+616.05+677.97+971.26+783.32 = 3739.48 ft
Relative accuracy = 1: (p/Ec)
Relative accuracy = 1: (3739/481.25) = 1:2990

Table 1: Computation of Latitudes and Departures

Correcting Course Latitudes and Departures (Compass Rule)


Latitude correction =[ −(ΣΔy/p)⨯L]
Departure correction =[ −(ΣΔx/p)⨯L]
ΣΔY, ΣΔX: sum of errors in latitude and departure
P: total traverse length
L: length of course

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2. Correct the latitudes and departures for the traverse given the data in table no.1
Sol:
ΣΔY= -0.68
ΣΔX= +1.05
P = 3739.48 ft
For course AB:

Latitude correction =( −ΣΔy/p⨯L )


= −(−0.68)3739.48⨯690.88 = 0.13

Departure correction =( −ΣΔx/p⨯L )


= −1.053739.48⨯690.88=−0.19

Adjusted latitude= (-122.15) + 0.13 = -122.02

Adjusted departure= -679.99+ (-0.19) = -680.18


Same implies for other courses (BC, CD, DE, EA)

Table 2: Correction Data for Traverse Latitudes and Departures


Computation of Stations Coordinates in Traverse
1- Assume a value for the station closest to the west of (x) or (E), and a value for the station
closest to the south of (y) or (N)
2- Calculate the coordinates (y,x) or (N, E) for the other stations based on:
N2= N1 + Lat1-2
E2= E1 + Dep1-2
N2, E2: the y and x coordinates of station 2
N1, E1: the y and x coordinates of station 1
Lat1-2: the latitude of course 1-2
Dep1-2: the departure of course 1-2
NA = NB + LatB-A

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NA= 100.00 + 757.00 = 857.00
EA = EB + DepB-A
EA = 1169.72 + 201.63 = 1371.35

3. Calculate the coordinates for the stations of the given traverse in figure 7

Traverse Plot with Latitudes and Departures

Sol:
Assume station C (closest to the west) has an East coordinate (E) of (100.00)
Compute East coordinates for the rest of stations
EC= 100.00 (assumed)
ED= EC+DepC-D
ED= 100.00 + 108.89 = 208.89
EE= ED+DepD-E
EE= 208.89 + 960.83 = 1169.72
EA= EE+ DepE-A
EA= 1169.71 + 201.63 = 1371.35
EB= EA+ DepB-A
EB= 1371.35 – 680.18 = 691.17
Assume station E (closest to the south) has a North coordinate (N) of (100.00)
Compute North coordinates for the rest of stations
NE= 100.00 (assumed)
NA= NE + LatE-A
NA= 100 + 757.00 = 857.00
NB= NA + LatA-B
NB= 857.00 -122.02 = 734.98

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NC= NB + LatB-C
NC= 734.98 + 174.00 = 908.98
ND= NC+ LatC-D
ND= 908.98 -669.02 = 239.96

Traverse Plot with Stations Coordinates

Inverse Computations for Traverse


Inversing: the process of computing the new directions and lengths of traverse courses
resulting from the correction of the traverse.
β= tan-1 |Dep|/|Lat|

L = |Lat|/Cosβ =|Dep|/Sinβ=√Lat2+Dep2
β: the new (corrected) bearing angle
Dep: corrected departure
Lat: corrected latitude
L: new course length

Dep= ET – ES Geometry of the process of inversing


Lat= NT - NS
ES and ET: the eastings (x coordinates) of stations S and T
NS and NT: the northings (y coordinates) of stations S and T

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4.Calculate the adjusted bearing and length of the course AB in the traverse
which has the given data:
Corrected latitude= -122.02
Corrected departure= -680.17
Sol:
β= tan-1 x680.17/122.02=79°49’47”
Since latitude and departure is both negative, then the course direction in the South West
quadrant
The bearing is S 79°49'47"W
L= √122.022+680.182=691.04 ft

5.Compute the adjusted bearing and length of the course BC of the traverse
using the given data:
Station B: N 734.98 E 691.17
Station C: N 908.98 E 100.00
Sol:
Dep = EC - EB
Dep= 100 - 691.17= -591.17
Lat= NC – NB
Lat= 908.98 - 734.98= 174.00
β= tan-1|−591.17|/|174.00|=73°35’57”
L= √(−591.17)2+(174.00)2=616.25 𝑓𝑡
Since the departure is negative and the latitude is positive, the course BC is in the North
West quadrant
β= N 73°35'57" W

Traverse Area Computations

1- Arrange the coordinates by the following sequence

n: total number of stations

2- Calculate summations of diagonal coordinates (Σa, Σb)

Σa= Σ(E1⨯N2)+(E2⨯N3)+(E3⨯N4) …..


Σb= Σ(N1⨯E2)+(N2⨯E3)+(N3⨯E4)……
3- Calculate the difference between the two summations (Σc)

Σc= Σa – Σb
4- Calculate the area
Area = Σc/2

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Determine the area in (ft2) of the given traverse

Jkk

Traverse with stations coordinates


Sol:

Σa=
Σ(1371.35)(734.98)+(691.17)(908.98)+(100.00)(239.96)+(208.89)(100.00)+(116
9.72)(857.00)= 2683510
Σb=
Σ(857.00)(691.17)+(734.98)(100)+(908.98)(208.89)+(239.96)(1169.72)+(100.00)
(1371.35)= 1273529
Σc= Σa – Σb = 1409981 ft2

Area = Σc/2= 1409981/2=704991 ft2

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