Modul Kimia Tingkatan 4
Modul Kimia Tingkatan 4
Modul Kimia Tingkatan 4
(919810-T)
Tingkat 1, No. 35, Jalan 5/10B, Spring Crest Industrial Park
68100 Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia.
Tel/Fax: 03 - 6185 2402
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without the prior permission from Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T), 2012
CONTENTS
KANDUNGAN
22
PERIODIC TABLE
JADUAL BERKALA
49
CHEMICAL BOND
IKATAN KIMIA
72
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
ELEKTROKIMIA
88
114
SALT
GARAM
139
168
Con-Chem F4 (B).indd 3
12/9/2011 6:00:06 PM
To differentiate and draw the three types of particles i.e. atom, ion and molecule
Membezakan dan melukis tiga jenis zarah jirim iaitu atom, ion dan molekul
To describe the laboratory activity to investigate the diffusion of particles in gas, a liquid and a solid. (To prove that matter is
made up of tiny and discrete particles)
Menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk mengkaji resapan zarah dalam gas, cecair dan pepejal (Untuk membuktikan bahawa jirim terdiri daripada
zarah-zarah yang halus dan diskrit)
To relate the change of energy in the particles with kinetic particle theory of matter
Menghubungkaitkan perubahan tenaga dalam zarah dengan perubahan tenaga kinetik zarah
To state the meaning of proton number and nucleon number based on the subatomic particle
Menyatakan maksud nombor proton dan nombor nukleon berdasarkan zarah subatom
To write the symbol of elements with proton number and nucleon number
Menulis simbol unsur yang mengandungi nombor proton dan nombor nukleon
ISOTOPE / ISOTOP
To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes
Menyatakan maksud isotop, contoh-contoh isotop dan kegunaan isotop
To write the electron arrangement of atoms based on proton number or number of electrons and state the number of valence
electron
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Menulis susunan elektron bagi suatu atom berdasarkan nombor proton atau bilangan elektron dan seterusnya menyatakan bilangan elektron valens
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MATTER / JIRIM
atoms ,
Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. Three types of tiny particles are
atom
Jisim terdiri daripada zarah yang halus dan diskrit. Tiga jenis zarah tersebut ialah
ions
ion
and molecules .
molekul .
dan
Matter can be classified as element or compound. / Jirim boleh dikelaskan sebagai unsur atau sebatian.
Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
2
3
MATTER / JIRIM
ELEMENT / UNSUR
satu
A substance made from only
Bahan yang terdiri daripada
satu
type of atom.
jenis atom sahaja.
COMPOUND / SEBATIAN
two
or more
A substance made from
elements which are bonded together.
dua
Bahan yang terdiri daripada
atau
different
lebih
Atom / Atom
The smallest neutral particle
of an element (Normally pure
metals, noble gases and a
few non-metal elements such
as carbon and silicon).
Zarah neutral yang paling kecil
bagi suatu unsur (Biasanya logam
tulen, gas adi dan beberapa unsur
bukan logam seperti karbon dan
silikon).
Example:
Molecule / Molekul
A neutral particle consists
of similar non-metal atoms
which are covalently-bonded.
Molecule / Molekul
A neutral particle consists
of different non-metal atoms
which are covalently-bonded.
Example:
Example:
Contoh:
Contoh:
Oxygen gas, O2
Gas oksigen, O2
Contoh:
Sodium metal, Na
O O
Logam natrium, Na
O O
O O
Na Na Na Na Na
Water, H2O
Air, H2O
Neon gas, Ne
H H
H H
Cl Na+ Cl Na + Cl
H
H
Ne
Ne
Example:
Sodium chloride, NaCl
Hydrogen gas, H2
Gas hidrogen, H2
Gas Neon, Ne
Contoh:
Na Na Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na Na
Ion / Ion
Positively or negatively
charged particles, which
are formed from metal
atom and non-metal atom
respectively. The force of
attraction between the two
oppositely charged ions
forms an ionic bond.
H H
Ne
Unsur boleh dikenal pasti sebagai logam atau bukan logam dengan merujuk kepada Jadual Berkala Unsur.
Pembentukan molekul atau ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4 (Ikatan Kimia).
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Type of particle
Substances
Type of particle
Substances
Type of particle
Bahan
Jenis zarah
Bahan
Jenis zarah
Bahan
Jenis zarah
Molecule
Sulphur dioxide
(SO2)
Sulfur dioksida
(SO2)
Molecule
Tetrachloromethane (CCl4)
Tetraklorometana (CCl4)
Molecule
Copper(II) sulphate
(CuSO4)
Kuprum(II) sulfat
(CuSO4 )
Ion
Iron (Fe)
Ferum (Fe)
Atom
Ion
Argon (Ar)
Argon (Ar)
Atom
Carbon (C)
Karbon (C)
Atom
Molecule
Diffusion
Resapan
(a) The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving. In gases, these particles are very far apart
from each other, in liquids, the particles are closer together and in solids, they are arranged closely packed.
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak. Dalam gas, susunan zarah-zarahnya adalah berjauhan
antara satu sama lain, dalam cecair, zarah-zarahnya disusun lebih rapat dan dalam pepejal, zarah-zarahnya disusun dengan sangat
padat dan teratur.
(b) Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance.
Resapan berlaku apabila zarah-zarah suatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah-zarah bahan lain.
(c) Diffusion occurs in a solid, liquid and gas. Complete the following table:
Resapan berlaku dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Experiment
Eksperimen
Diffusion in a gas
Diffusion in a liquid
Diffusion in a solid
A few drops
of bromine
liquid
Beberapa titis
cecair bromin
After few
minutes
Water
Air
Selepas
beberapa
minit
After a
few hours
Selepas
beberapa jam
Potassium manganate(VII)
Kalium manganat(VII)
Observation
Pemerhatian
Explanation
Penerangan
Gel
Agar-agar
Copper(II)
sulphate
After a
day
Selepas
sehari
Kuprum(II) sulfat
Potassium manganate(VII) is
made up of potassium ions and
ions
manganate(VII) ions. The
slowly
diffuse
between close
space of water particles which is in
liquid form.
pantas
bromin meresap
besar
antara zarahmelalui ruang
zarah udara yang berbentuk gas.
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(d) Conclusions:
Kesimpulan:
(i)
gas
than in liquid. There is
Diffusion occurs faster in
gas
gas
than a liquid. Particles in a
are
a
closer
are
together.
larger
further
gas
Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam
berbanding di dalam cecair. Terdapat ruang yang
gas
gas
berbanding dengan cecair. Zarah-zarah
adalah
antara zarah-zarah
lebih
rapat
antara satu sama lain.
antara satu sama lain. Zarah-zarah cecair adalah
(ii)
liquid
than in solid. There is
Diffusion occurs faster in a
liquid
of a
than a solid. The particles in the solid are very
cecair
padat
larger
lebih besar
berjauhan
close
together.
lebih besar
rapat
tiny
(iii) Bromine gas, potassium manganate(VII) and copper(II) sulphate are made up of
particles that are constantly moving/constant motion .
and
halus
Gas bromin, kalium manganat(VII) dan kuprum(II) sulfat terdiri daripada zarah-zarah
sentiasa bergerak
.
yang
discrete
diskrit
dan
solid
pepejal
tiny
discrete
and
halus
and
gas
gas
dan
moving
dan
kinetic
kinetik
liquid
cecair
diskrit
yang sentiasa
bergerak
faster
lebih cepat
Particles in different states of matter have different arrangement, strength of forces between them, movement and
energy content.
Zarah-zarah
dalam keadaan jirim yang berbeza mempunyai susunan, daya tarikan antara zarah, pergerakan dan kandungan
State of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Keadaan jirim
Pepejal
Cecair
Gas
Particles arrangement
Susunan zarah
Particles movement
Pergerakan zarah
padat
Zarah-zarah tersusun
tidak teratur
tetapi
from
each other.
padat
.
terpisah jauh
Zarah-zarah
antara satu sama lain.
fixed position.
freely.
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orderly manner
manner.
Zarah-zarah tersusun
teratur
.
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Strong
strong
forces
Very
between the particles.
Daya tarikan yang sangat kuat
antara zarah-zarah.
kuat
Daya tarikan yang
antara zarah-zarah tetapi
lebih lemah
berbanding di
Weak
forces between
the perticles
lemah
dalam pepejal.
low .
very
Energy content is
high.
Kandungan tenaga
tinggi.
sangat
heat
haba
(i)
(ii)
energy is
absorbed
or
serap
di
released/lose
kinetic
diserap
Apabila tenaga haba
oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan), tenaga
dan zarah tersebut bergerak dengan lebih cepat.
kinetik
kinetic
bebaskan
atau di
bertambah
berkurang
dan
Melting / Peleburan
Freezing / Pembekuan
Liquid
Cecair
Boiling/Evoporation / Pendidihan/Penyejatan
Condensation / Kondensasi
Gas
Gas
Heat
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(a)
boiling tube
A
placed into it.
Tabung didih
3 - 5 cm
is filled
3 5 cm
dan
thermometer
termometer
is
diletakkan
di dalamnya.
(b)
The boiling tube is immersed in a water bath as shown in the diagram so that the water level in the water bath
is higher than naphtalene powder in the boiling tube.
Tabung didih dimasukkan ke dalam kukus air seperti di dalam gambar rajah dan pastikan aras air dalam kukus air lebih tinggi
daripada aras naftalena dalam tabung didih.
(c)
heated
The water is
(d)
perlahan-lahan dengan
slowly with
termometer
thermometer
60C
, the stopwatch is started. The temperature of
When the temperature of naphthalene reaches
30
seconds
90C
naphthalene is recorded at
intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches
.
60C
II.
stirred
90C
30 saat
Naphthalene
Naftalena
(a)
The boiling tube and its content is removed from the water bath and put into a
in the diagram.
conical flask
kelalang kon
Tabung didih dan kandungannya dikeluarkan daripada kukus air dan dipindahkan ke dalam
dalam gambar rajah.
(b)
as shown
seperti
stirred
constantly with thermometer throughout cooling
The content in the boiling tube is
supercooling
process to avoid
(the temperature of cooling liquid drops below freezing point, without
the appearance of a solid).
dikacau
Kandungan dalam tabung didih
perlahan-lahan dengan termometer sepanjang proses penyejukan untuk
penyejukan lampau
(Suhu cecair yang disejukkan turun melepasi takat beku tanpa pembentukan
mengelakkan
pepejal).
(c)
(d)
60C
suhu
melawan
masa
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A graph of temperature against time is plotted for the heating and cooling process respectively.
Graf
30 saat
30 seconds
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F
D
B
A
Time/s
Masa/s
faster
lebih cepat
Apabila pepejal dipanaskan, zarah-zarah menyerap haba dan bergerak
diserap
menyebabkan perubahan keadaan jirim.
Tenaga haba
Point
State of Matter
Explanation
Titik
Keadaan jirim
Penerangan
absorbed
Heat energy is
kinetic
A to B
A ke B
Solid
energy to
diserap
pepejal
oleh zarah-zarah
lebih cepat
absorbed
Heat energy
overcome
Solid and
Liquid
solid
faster
. The temperature
increases.
Tenaga haba
bertambah
B to C
B ke C
temperature
liquid
solid
turn to
C to D
C ke D
Liquid
increases
Tenaga haba
bertambah
Heat energy
overcome
D to E
D ke E
Liquid and
Gas
to form a
Tenaga haba
absorbed
liquid
by the particles in the
increase
energy to
and move
Gas
. The
digunakan
untuk mengatasi
tetap
. Suhu adalah
.
oleh zarah-zarah
cecair
absorbed
kinetik
naftalena menyebabkan tenaga
lebih cepat
meningkat
. Suhu semakin
.
liquid
naphthalene is
. The temperature
oleh zarah-zarah dalam
remains constant
cecair
absorbed
akan
used
to
freely
naftalena
untuk mengatasi
bebas
gas
untuk membentuk
. Suhu
gas
by the particles in the
faster
. The temperature
digunakan
causing their
increases
.
diserap
oleh zarah-zarah gas naftalena menyebabkan tenaga
Tenaga haba
lebih cepat
meningkat
. Suhu semakin
dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan
kinetik
kinetic
akan bertambah
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E to F
E ke F
to
.
diserap
Heat energy is
liquid
pepejal
oleh zarah-zarah dalam
naftalena
pepejal
cecair
berubah menjadi
daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah supaya
Heat energy
kinetic
akan
used
naphthalene is
diserap
kinetik
.
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solid
takat lebur
berubah kepada keadaan cecair dipanggil
diserap
oleh zarah-zarah
Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang
mengatasi
cecair
daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi
.
pepejal
.
digunakan
untuk
liquid
cecair
takat didih
berubah kepada keadaan gas dipanggil
.
diserap
digunakan
oleh zarah-zarah
untuk
Semasa proses pendidihan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang
mengatasi
daya tarikan antara zarah supaya cecair berubah menjadi gas.
The Explanation for the Cooling Process of Matter: / Penerangan Proses Penyejukan Bahan:
P
Q
S
Time/s
Masa/s
slower
When the liquid is cooled, the particles in the liquid release energy and move
released
decreases. As the energy is
to the surrounding, the state of matter will change.
cecair
Apabila cecair disejukkan, zarah
membebaskan tenaga dan
dibebaskan
ke persekitaran.
berubah semasa tenaga
bergerak
Point
State of matter
Explanation
Titik
Keadaan jirim
Penerangan
Heat is
released/given out
liquid
P to Q
P ke Q
Liquid
Q to R
Q ke R
R to S
R ke S
Solid
by the
The temperature
Haba
tenaga
naphthalene.
slower. The
.
cecair
naftalena. Zarah-zarah dalam
semakin perlahan. Suhu semakin menurun
liquid
to the surrounding by the particles in
naphthalene is balanced
released
solid
energy
as the particles attract one another to form a
.
remains constant
.
dibebaskan
cecair
diimbangi
ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam
naftalena
oleh
haba
terbebas
yang
apabila zarah-zarah tertarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk
pepejal
tetap
. Suhu adalah
.
releases
membebaskan
slower
. The temperature
lebih perlahan
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Liquid and
Solid
released
heat
liquid
to the surrounding by the particles in the
kinetic
move
lose their
energy and
dibebaskan
ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam
Haba
cecair
kinetik
kehilangan tenaga
dan bergerak
The heat
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freezing point
changes to a solid is called
. During the freezing
released
to the surrounding is balanced by the
process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat
liquid
solid
takat beku
berubah kepada keadaan pepejal dipanggil
. Semasa proses
dibebaskan
diimbangi
ke persekitaran
oleh haba yang terbebas
pembekuan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang
pepejal
.
apabila zarah-zarah cecair menyusun semula untuk membentuk
cecair
Keadaan Fizik Bahan pada Sebarang Suhu: / Physical State Of A Substance At Any Given Temperature:
1
A substance is in
solid
A substance is in
liquid
state if the temperature of the substance is between melting and boiling points.
cecair
A substance is in
gas
jika suhu bahan tersebut berada antara takat lebur dan takat didihnya.
gas
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1
Silver / Argentum
Ag
Atom
K2O
Ion
Ammonia / Ammonia
NH3
Molecule
Chlorine / Klorin
Cl2
Molecule
(a) State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table.
Nyatakan jenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalam jadual di atas.
Silver and chlorine. Silver and chlorine are made up of one type of atom
(c) Which of the substance are compound? Explain your answer.
Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Potassium oxide and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements
2
The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substance P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan P, Q dan R.
Melting point / Takat lebur / C
36
18
70
98
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Substance / Bahan
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(a) (i)
Substance P / Bahan P
(c)
(i)
Substance Q / Bahan Q
Substance R / Bahan R
P, Q
(ii)
The temperature 0C is above the melting point of Q and below the boiling point of Q
(d) (i)
Substance Q is heated from room temperature to 100C. Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the
heating of substance Q.
Bahan Q dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 100C. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi pemanasan bahan Q terhadap masa
untuk pemanasan bahan Q.
Temperature/C
70
Time/s
(ii)
The melting point of substance R is higher than subtance Q. The attraction force between particles in substance R
is stronger than Q. More heat is needed to overcome the force between particles in substance R.
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The melting point of acetamide can be determined by heating solid acetamide until it melts as shown in the diagram
below. The temperature of acetemide is recorded every three minutes when it is left to cool down at room temperature.
Takat lebur asetamida boleh ditentukan dengan memanaskan pepejal asetamida sehingga lebur seperti dalam rajah di bawah. Suhu asetamida
dicatatkan setiap tiga minit semasa disejukkan pada suhu bilik.
Thermometer / Termometer
Boiling tube / Tabung didih
Water / Air
Acetamide / Asetamida
Naphthalene
(c) Sodium nitrate has a melting point of 310C. Can the melting point of sodium nitrate be determined by using the
water bath as shown in the diagram? Explain your answer.
Natrium nitrat mempunyai takat lebur 310C. Bolehkah takat lebur natrium nitrat ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti
yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
No, because the melting point of water is 100C which is less than the melting point of sodium nitrate.
(d) Why do we need to stir the acetemide in the boiling tube in above experiment?
Mengapakah asetamida dalam tabung didih itu perlu dikacau sepanjang eksperimen?
T3
T2
T1
(i)
Time / Masa/s
T2C
(ii)
The heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles
rearrange themselves to become solid.
(f)
Acetemide exists as molecules. State the name of another compound that is made up of molecules.
Asetamida wujud sebagai molekul. Namakan sebatian lain yang terdiri daripada molekul.
Water/naphthalene
(g) What is the melting point of acetamide?
Apakah takat lebur asetamida?
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Atomic Model
Discovery
Saintis
Model atom
Penemuan
(i)
atoms
atom
(ii)
Dalton
created
Atoms cannot be
dicipta
destroyed
dimusnah
(i)
(ii)
Thomson
Electron charges negative
Elektron
(i)
Electron moves
outside the nucleus
Elektron
nukleus
Rutherford
mengandungi
Nucleus
that
contain proton
Nukleus mengandungi
proton
elektron
positive
Atom is sphere of
bergerak di luar
positif
Atom adalah sfera yang bercas
elektron
.
bercas negatif dipanggil
bercas negatif
Discovered the
Menjumpai
positif
atau
sama
dibahagi
identical
divided
or
nukleus
bercas positif
(ii)
Proton
(iii)
Electron
Proton
Elektron
nucleus
Shell
Neils Bohr
Nucleus that
contain proton
(i)
Nukleus mengandungi
proton
(ii)
shells
Menjumpai kewujudan
elektron.
shells
Electron
Shell
James
Chadwick
Electron
(i)
(ii)
proton
neutron
dan
dan
proton
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neutron
neutron
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nucleus
nucleus
(b) The
Nukleus
nukleus
shells
petala
+1
cas
(d) The relative mass of a neutron and a proton which are in the nucleus is 1. The mass of an atom is obtained mainly
proton
and neutron .
from the number of
proton
Jisim relatif proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus ialah 1. Jisim suatu atom diperoleh daripada jumlah bilangan
neutron
dan bilangan
.
1
(e) The mass of an electron can be ignored as the mass of an electron is about
times the size of a proton or
1 840
neutron.
Jisim elektron boleh diabaikan kerana ia terlalu kecil iaitu
3
Subatomic particles
Symbol
Charge
Position
Zarah subatom
Simbol
Cas
Kedudukan
Electron/Elektron
(negative)
1
=0
1 840
In the shells
Proton/Proton
+ (positive)
In the nucleus
Neutron/Neutron
neutral
In the nucleus
Na
Na
Na
Sodium element
natrium
Sodium element
Unsur
natrium
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Sodium element
Unsur
natrium
Na
Na
Na
Sodium
Atom
atom
natrium
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Na
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element
atom
atom
Nombor proton sesuatu unsur adalah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalam
neutral .
(b) The number of proton of an atom is also equal to the number of electrons in the atom because atom is
Bilangan proton sesuatu atom adalah sama dengan bilangan elektron dalam atom kerana atom adalah
neutral
atom
19 proton
kalium mempunyai
atom
Atom
8 protons
has
oksigen mempunyai
8 electrons
(a) Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur adalah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu
atom
atom
The symbol of an element is a short way of representing an element. If the symbol has only one letter, it must be a capital
letter. If it has two letters, the first is always a capital letter, while the second is always a small letter.
Simbol unsur adalah cara mudah untuk mewakilkan unsur. Jika simbol hanya terdiri daripada satu huruf, maka ia mesti ditulis dengan huruf
besar. Tetapi jika simbol terdiri daripada dua huruf, maka huruf pertama merupakan huruf besar dan huruf kedua merupakan huruf kecil.
Example: / Contoh:
Element
Symbol
Element
Symbol
Element
Symbol
Unsur
Simbol
Unsur
Simbol
Unsur
Simbol
Nitrogen/Nitrogen
Calcium/Kalsium
Ca
Mg
Sodium/Natrium
Na
Copper/Kuprum
Cu
Potassium/Kalium
Chlorine/Klorin
Cl
Oxygen/Oksigen
Magnesium/Magnesium
Hydrogen/Hidrogen
The first letter of each element is capitalised to show that it is a new element. This is helpful when writing a chemical formula.
For example KCl. There are two elements chemically bonded in KCl because there are two capital letters represent potassium and
chlorine.
Huruf yang pertama bagi setiap unsur ditulis dengan huruf besar untuk menunjukkan ia adalah unsur yang baru. Ini sangat berguna semasa menulis formula
kimia. Contohnya KCl. Terdapat dua unsur yang terikat secara kimia dalam KCl kerana adanya dua huruf besar yang mewakili kalium dan klorin.
one atom
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Example: / Contoh:
27
A1
13
The element is Aluminium.
Unsur itu adalah Aluminium.
27
13
Aluminium has
13 protons
.
.
14 neutrons
13 proton
13
and
14 neutron
electrons.
13
dan
elektron.
Isotope / Isotop
(a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza.
Or / Atau
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same
proton
proton
nucleon
number.
nukleon
yang
Example: / Contoh:
1
1 H
2
1 H
Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 are isotopes. Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 atoms have the same proton number or the same
number of protons
but
different
chemical
kimia
bilangan proton
physical
neutron
berbeza
yang sama kerana mempunyai susunan elektron yang sama tetapi sifat
zik
yang berbeza.
i.
Medical field
Bidang perubatan
ii.
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Untuk mengesan saluran paip air, gas atau minyak yang tersumbat.
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iii.
iv.
Electron Arrangement
Susunan elektron
(a) The electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons. For the
elements with atomic numbers 1-20:
Elektron diisi dalam petala tertentu. Setiap petala hanya boleh diisi dengan bilangan elektron tertentu. Bagi unsur-unsur yang
mempunyai nombor proton 120:
electrons.
2
electrons.
elektron.
elektron.
electrons.
elektron.
(b) Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
Elektron valens: Elektron yang diisi dalam petala paling luar suatu atom.
(a) Draw the electron arrangement and complete the description for each element:
Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom dan penerangan bagi setiap unsur berikut:
Standard
representation
of an element
Perwakilan piawai
unsur
Electron arrangement
of an atom
Lukiskan susunan elektron
bagi atom
Hydrogen Atom
Atom Hidrogen
1
H
1
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Sodium Atom
11
11
12
11
23
Atom Natrium
23
Na
11
Na
2.8.1
Tick ( / )
Pernyataan
Tanda ( / )
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Element
Unsur
Hydrogen
Hidrogen
Helium
Helium
Boron
Boron
Carbon
Karbon
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Neon
Neon
Sodium
Natrium
Magnesium
Magnesium
Calcium
Kalsium
Symbol of
element
Simbol unsur
Number of
proton
Bilangan
proton
Number of
electron
Bilangan
elektron
Number of
neutron
Bilangan
neutron
Proton
number
Nombor
proton
Nucleon
number
Nombor
nukleon
Electron
arrangement
Susunan
elektron atom
Number
of valence
electron
Bilangan
elektron valens
1
1 H
4
He
2
11
5 B
11
2.3
12
6 C
12
2.4
14
7 N
14
2.5
20
Ne
10
10
10
10
10
20
2.8
23
Na
11
11
11
12
11
23
2.8.1
24
Mg
12
12
12
12
12
24
2.8.2
40
Ca
20
20
20
20
20
40
2.8.8.2
35
P
17
12
R
6
37
S
17
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(ii)
State a pair of isotope in the diagram shown / Nyatakan sepasang isotop dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan.
P and S
(iii) Give reason for your answer in (e)(ii) / Berikan sebab bagi jawapan di (e)(ii).
Atom P and S have same proton number but different nucleon number//number of neutron
(f)
14
R
6
3
The table below shows the number of proton and neutron of atoms of elements P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom unsur P, Q dan R.
Element
Unsur
Number of proton
Bilangan proton
Number of neutron
Bilangan neutron
(a) Which of the atoms in the above table are isotope? Explain your answer.
Berdasarkan jadual di atas, atom yang manakah merupakan isotop? Terangkan jawapan anda.
P and Q. Atom P and Q have same number of proton but different number of neutron // nucleon number.
(b) (i)
2
Q
1
(ii)
State three information that can be deduced from your answer in (b)(i).
Nyatakan tiga maklumat yang boleh didapati daripada jawapan anda di (b)(i).
(i)
6 protons + 6 neutrons
(ii)
The atom consists of 2 parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part called electron shell.
The nucleus consists of 6 protons which are positively charged and 6 neutrons which are neutral.
The electrons are in two shells, the first shell consists of two electrons and the second shell consists of
four electrons.
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(d) Element R react with oxygen and to produce liquid Z at room temperature. The graph below shows the sketch of the
graph when liquid Z at room temperature, 27C is cooled to 5C.
Unsur R bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan cecair Z pada suhu bilik. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lakaran graf
apabila cecair Z pada suhu bilik, 27C disejukkan sehingga 5C.
Temperature /C
Suhu /C
Time /s
t1
Masa /s
t2
(i)
What is the state of matter of liquid Z from t1 to t2? Explain why is the temperature remain unchanged from
t1 to t2.
Apakah keadaan jirim Z daripada t1 hingga t2? Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah daripada t1 hingga t2.
Liquid and solid. Heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the particles at 0 C
(ii)
(iii) Describe the change in the particles movement when Z is cooled from room temperature to 5C.
Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah-zarah apabila cecair Z disejukkan daripada suhu bilik ke 5C.
Temperature / Suhu C
U
S
T
R
P
Time (m)
Masa (m)
What is process X?
Apakah proses X ?
Melting
Peleburan
Boiling
A
B
Freezing
Pembekuan
Pendidihan
Sublimation
Pemejalwapan
PQ
QR
C
D
ST
TU
Sulphur
Ammonium chloride
Sulfur
Ammonium klorida
Glucose
Glukosa
Change of state
Perubahan keadaan
Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida
B
C
D
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Heat energy
Tenaga haba
Solid Liquid
Melting
Released
Pepejal Cecair
Peleburan
Dibebaskan
Liquid Gas
Evaporation
Released
Cecair Gas
Penyejatan
Dibebaskan
Gas Solid
Sublimation
Released
Gas Pepejal
Pemejalwapan
Dibebaskan
Gas Liquid
Condensation
Absorbed
Gas Cecair
Kondensasi
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Substance
Bahan
Melting point/C
Takat lebur/C
Boiling point/C
Takat didih/C
182
162
23
77
97
65
41
182
132
290
Temperature / Suhu C
t3
P
Q
t2
Time (m)
II
S only
T dan U sahaja
S and T only
S dan T sahaja
IV
64
Cu
29
I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
V and W only
V dan W sahaja
III
T and U only
S sahaja
Masa (m)
Proton number
Nombor proton
Nucleon number
Nombor nukleon
Number of electron
Bilangan elektron
29
64
29
35
29
64
64
35
29
29
64
35
II and IV only
II dan IV sahaja
Temperature / Suhu C
9
80
9
Be
4
What is the number of valence electrons of beryllium atom?
Time (m)
0
Masa (m)
A
B
A
B
C
D
C
D
4
7
The table below shows the proton number and the number of
neutrons for atoms of elements W, X, Y and Z.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan neutron bagi
atom unsur W, X, Y dan Z.
Element
Atom
Proton number
Nombor proton
Number of neutrons
Bilangan neutron
W
7
7
X
8
8
Y
8
9
Z
9
10
Which of the following pair of elements is isotope?
Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah adalah isotop?
W and X
W dan X
W and Y
W dan Y
X and Y
X dan Y
Y and Z
Y dan Z
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A single atom is too small and light and cannot be weighed directly.
Satu atom adalah terlalu ringan, kecil dan tidak dapat ditimbang secara langsung.
The best way to determine the mass of a single atom is to compare its mass to the mass of another atom of an element
that is used as a standard.
Cara yang paling sesuai untuk menentukan jisim satu atom ialah dengan membandingkan jisimnya dengan jisim suatu atom unsur lain
yang dianggap sebagai piawai.
Hydrogen was the first element to be chosen as the standard for comparing mass because the hydrogen atom is the
lightest atom with a mass of 1.0 a.m.u (atomic mass unit).
Hidrogen adalah unsur pertama dipilih sebagai piawai untuk membandingkan jisim kerana atom hidrogen adalah unsur yang paling
ringan dengan jisim 1.0 u.j.a (unit jisim atom).
Example:
Contoh:
The mass of one helium atom is four times larger than one hydrogen atom.
Jisim satu atom Helium adalah 4 kali lebih besar daripada satu atom hidrogen.
RAM for He is 4.
JAR untuk He ialah 4.
4
On the hydrogen scale, the relative atomic mass of an element means the mass of one atom of the element compared to
the mass of a single hydrogen atom:
Pada skala hidrogen, jisim atom relatif suatu unsur ditakrifkan sebagai jisim satu atom unsur berbanding jisim satu atom hidrogen:
Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jism atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR)
The average mass of one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur
Mass of one hydrogen atom / Jisim satu atom hidrogen
1
RAM based on the carbon-12 scale is the mass of one atom of the element compared with
of the mass of an
12
atom of carbon-12:
JAR berdasarkan skala atom karbon-12 adalah jisim satu atom unsur berbanding dengan
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Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jisim atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR)
The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur
=
1
The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12
12
1
jisim satu atom karbon-12:
12
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RMM / JMR =
The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu molekul
1
The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12
12
RMM is obtained by adding up the RAM of all the atoms that are present in the molecule.
JMR diperoleh dengan menambahkan JAR semua atom yang terdapat dalam satu molekul.
Molecular substance
Molecular formula
Bahan molekul
Formula molekul
O2
2 16 = 32
Water / Air
H2O
2 1 + 16 = 18
CO2
12 + 2 16 = 44
Ammonia / Ammonia
NH3
14 + 3 1 = 17
Oxygen / Oksigen
For ionic substances, RMM is replaced with Relative Formula Mass (RFM).
Untuk sebatian ion, JMR digantikan dengan Jisim Formula Relatif (JFR).
Substance
Chemical formula
Bahan
Formula kimia
NaCl
23 + 35.5 = 58.5
K 2O
2 39 + 16 = 94
CuSO4
64 + 32 + 4 16 = 160
(NH4)2CO3
2 [14 + 4 1] + 12 + 3 16 = 96
Al(NO3)3
Ca(OH)2
40 + 2 [16 + 1] = 74
Pb(OH)2
CuSO45H2O
64 + 32 + 4 16 + 5 [2 1 + 16] = 250
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32, N = 14, H = 1, C = 12, Al = 27,
Ca = 40, Pb = 207]
(i)
The formula of metal oxide of M is M2O3. Its relative formula mass is 152. What is the relative atomic mass of
metal M?
Oksida logam M mempunyai formula M2O3. Jisim formula relatif ialah 152. Apakah jisim atom relatif logam M?
M = RAM for M
2M + 3 16 = 152
M = 52
(ii) Phosphorus forms a chloride with a formula PClx. Its relative molecular mass is 208.5. Calculate the value of x.
Fosforus membentuk sebatian klorida dengan formula PClx. Jisim molekul relatifnya adalah 208.5. Hitungkan nilai x.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : P = 31, Cl = 35.5]
31 + x 35.5
35.5x
35.5x
x
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= 208.5 31
= 177.5
=5
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A mole of a substance is the amount of substance which contains a constant number of particles (atoms, ions,
molecules), which is 6.02 1023.
Satu mol bahan adalah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah yang tetap (atom, molekul, ion) iaitu 6.02 1023.
The number 6.02 1023 is called the Avogadro Constant or Avogadro Number (NA).
Nombor 6.02 1023 dikenali sebagai Pemalar Avogadro atau Nombor Avogadro (NA ).
For compounds that exist as molecules/ions, the number of atoms/ions in that compound must be known.
Bagi sebatian yang wujud dalam bentuk molekul/ion, bilangan atom/ion dalam sebatian itu mestilah diketahui.
6
7
Formula
Bahan
Formula
Type of
particles
Model / Figure
Model / Rajah
Jenis zarah
Chlorine / Klorin
Cl2
Molecule
Cl Cl
Water / Air
H2O
Molecule
H O H
Ammonia / Ammonia
NH3
Molecule
H
H N H
SO2
Molecule
O S O
MgCl2
Ion
Al2O3
Ion
Cl : 2
H: 2
O:1
N:1
H: 3
S:1
O:2
Mg2+ : 1
Cl
:2
Al3+ : 2
O2
:3
Number of moles
Bilangan mol
9
Number of particles
Bilangan zarah
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1 mol NH3
[Gas ammonia]
6.02 1023
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1
mol of NH3
4
[Ammonia gas]
(c)
1
mol NH3
4
[Gas ammonia]
mol of atoms
mol atom
2 6.02 1023
4 6.02 1023
2 6.02 1023
2 mol SO2
[Sulfur dioksida]
32=6
mol atom
2 6.02 1023
4 6.02 1023
Number of particles
Bilangan mol
Bilangan zarah
0.5
mole of carbon, C
0.5
(i)
(ii)
1
6.02 1023
23
6.02 10
atoms of C and
atom C dan
2 6.02 1023
2 6.02 1023
atoms of O.
atom O.
NUMBER OF MOLES AND MASS OF SUBSTANCE / BILANGAN MOL DAN JISIM BAHAN
Molar mass / Jisim molar
(a) Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance / Jisim molar adalah jisim satu mol sebarang bahan.
(b) Molar Mass is the relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass and relative formula mass of a substance in
g mol1.
Jisim molar adalah jisim atom relatif, jisim molekul relatif dan jisim formula relatif suatu bahan dalam g mol1.
(c) Molar mass of any substance is numerically equal to its relative mass (Relative atomic mass/ relative formula
mass/relative molecular mass).
Jisim molar sebarang bahan mempunyai nilai yang sama dengan jisim relatif (Jisim atom relatif/ jisim formula relatif/ jisim molekul
relatif).
Example / Contoh:
Molar mass of H2O = 18 g mol1
RAM/ /RFM/RMM
Mass of
Jisim
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RAM/ /RFM/RMM
Mass in gram
Jisim dalam gram
JAR/JFR/JMR
mol of H2O = 45 g
mol H2O = 45 g
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Number of
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Chemical
formula
Unsur/Sebatian
Formula kimia
Copper
RAM/RMM/RFM
Calculate
JAR/JMR/JFR
Penghitungan
Cu
RAM/JAR = 64
NaOH
RFM/JFR = 40
1
(a) Mass of 1 mol of Cu / Jisim 1 mol Cu : 1 mol 64 g mol = 64 g
2 mol 64 g mol1 = 128 g
(b) Jisim 2 mol / Jisim 1 mol :
1
mol 64 g mol1 = 32 g
1
1
2
(c) Jisim
mol / Jisim
mol:
2
2
32 g
(d) Mass of 3.01 1023 Cu atoms / Jisim 3.01 1023 atom Cu:
Kuprum
Sodium hydroxide
Natrium hidroksida
120 g
120 g
Oxygen gas
Gas oksigen
O2
RMM/JMR =
32
0.5 mol
0.5 mol
2 2 6.02 1023
Sodium chloride
NaCl
Natrium klorida
Zinc nitrate
Zink nitrat
Zn(NO3)2
RFM/JFR = 58.5
RFM/JFR =
189
NUMBER OF MOLES AND VOLUME OF GAS / BILANGAN MOL DAN ISI PADU GAS
1
Molar volume of a gas: Volume occupied by one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at
The molar volume of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at STP.
Isi padu molar sebarang gas adalah 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada STP.
Generalisation: One mole of any gas always occupies the same volume under the same temperature and pressure:
Umumnya: satu mol sebarang jenis gas menempati isi padu yang sama pada suhu dan tekanan yang sama.
Example / Contoh:
(i) 1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas dan 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupy the same
volume of 24 dm3 at room conditions.
1 mol gas oksigen, 1 mol gas ammonia, 1 mol gas helium dan 1 mol gas sulfur dioksida menempati isi padu yang sama iaitu 24 dm3
pada keadaan bilik.
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(iii) 16 g of oxygen gas = 0.5 mol of oxygen gas. Therefore, 16 g of oxygen gas occupies a volume of
at room conditions [Relative atomic mass: O =16]
0.5
mol gas oksigen. Oleh itu, 16 g gas oksigen menempati isi padu
16 g gas oksigen =
[Jisim atom relatif; O = 16]
12
12
dm3
(JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol1
Number of
moles
(6.02 1023)
Bilangan
mol
(6.02 1023)
(JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol
Number of particles
Bilangan zarah
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1
mass of carbon-12 atom.
12
(b) How many times is one calcium atom heavier than one oxygen atom? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16]
Berapa kalikah satu atom kalsium lebih berat daripada satu atom oksigen? [JAR: O = 16]
(b) Number of moles of chlorine molecules (Cl2) / Bilangan mol molekul klorin (Cl2 ).
14.2
Number of mol of chlorine molecule, Cl2 =
= 0.2 mol
71
(c) Volume of chlorine gas at room conditions / Isi padu gas klorin pada keadaan bilik.
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure]
[Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai]
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(a) Calculate the number of atoms in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan atom yang terdapat dalam bahan berikut:
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14; Zn = 65; Avogadro Constant = 6.02 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14; Zn = 65; Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023]
(i) 13 g of zinc / 13 g zink
13
= 0.2 mol
65
Number of zinc atom = 0.2 6.02 1023
= 1.204 1023
Number of mol of zinc atom =
(ii)
(b) Calculate the number of molecules in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan molekul dalam bahan berikut:
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Avogadro Constant = 6.02 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023]
(i) 8.5 g of ammonia gas, NH3 / 8.5 g gas ammonia, NH3
8.5
6.02 1023
17
= 2.408 1023
(ii)
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16; Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room conditions]
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16; Isi padu molar gas: 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]
(a) Number of moles of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan mol gas karbon dioksida:
240
= 0.01 mol
24 000
(b) Number of molecules of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan molekul gas karbon dioksida:
Number of molecules of CO2 = 0.01 6.02 1023
= 6.02 1021
(c) Mass of carbon dioxide gas / Jisim gas karbon dioksida:
Mass of CO2 = 0.01 mol [12 + 2 16] g mol1
= 0.44 g
5
What is the mass of chlorine molecules (Cl2) that contains twice as many molecules as that found in 3.6 g of water?
Berapakah jisim molekul klorin (Cl2 ) yang mengandungi dua kali ganda bilangan molekul yang terdapat dalam 3.6 g air?
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5]
Calculate the mass of carbon that has the same number of atoms as found in 4 g of magnesium.
Hitungkan jisim karbon yang mempunyai bilangan atom yang sama seperti yang terdapat dalam 4 g magnesium.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : C = 12, Mg = 24]
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Compare the number of molecule in 32 g of sulphur dioxide (SO2) with 7 g of nitrogen gas (N2). Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan molekul dalam 32 g sulfur dioksida (SO2 ) dengan 7 g gas nitrogen (N2 ). Terangkan jawapan anda.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : S = 32, O = 16, N = 14]
32
= 0.5 mol
64
7
= 0.25 mol
28
Number of molecule in 32 g SO2 is two times more than 7 g N2.
Number of mole in sulphur dioxide molecule is two times more than number of mole of nitrogen molecule.
Number of moles of molecules in 7 g N2 =
Compare number of atoms in 1.28 g of oxygen to the number of atoms in 1.3 g of zinc. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan atom dalam 1.28 g oksigen dengan bilangan atom dalam 1.3 g zink. Terangkan jawapan anda.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Zn = 65]
1.28
= 0.08 mol
16
1.30
Number of mol of Zn atoms in 1.3 g Zn =
= 0.04 mol
65
Number of oxygen atoms in 1.28 g oxygen is 2 times more than number of zinc atoms in 1.3 g zinc.
Number of mol of oxygen atom is 2 times more than zinc atom.
CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / FORMULA KIMIA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA
Symbol of elements use capital letters for the first alphabet and use small letters if there is a second alphabet.
Simbol unsur gunakan huruf besar untuk huruf pertama dan huruf kecil jika ada huruf kedua.
Sodium / Natrium Na
Nitrogen / Nitrogen N
Fluorine / Fluorin F
Chemical Formula A set of chemical symbols for atoms of elements in whole numbers representing chemical
substances.
Formula kimia Satu set simbol kimia bagi atom-atom unsur dengan gandaan nombor bulat yang mewakili bahan kimia.
Chemical substance
Chemical formula
Notes
Bahan kimia
Formula kimia
Catatan
Water
Air
Ammonia
Ammonia
Propane
Propana
NH3
C3H8
Information that can be obtained from the chemical formula / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada formula kimia:
(i) All the elements present in the compound / Jenis unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian,
(ii) Number of atoms of each element in the compound / Bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian,
(iii) Calculation of RMM/RFM of the compound / Pengiraan JMR/JFR bagi sebatian.
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A formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
Formula yang menunjukkan nisbah nombor bulat teringkas bagi bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian.
The formula can be determined by calculating the simplest ratio of moles of atoms of each element in the compound.
Formula itu boleh ditentukan dengan menghitung nisbah bilangan mol atom bagi setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian.
Experiments to determine empirical formula of metal oxide / Formula empirik bagi oksida logam diperoleh dengan cara:
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide
Magnesium
Magnesium
Hydrogen gas
Gas hidrogen
Heat
Heat
Panaskan
Panaskan
2Mg + O2 2MgO
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida
logam reaktif seperti aluminium oksida dan zink oksida.
Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida
logam kurang reaktif seperti plumbum(II) oksida and stanum(II) oksida.
In this experiment, magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form white fumes, magnesium oxide:
Semasa eksperimen ini, magnesium bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam udara untuk membentuk asap putih, magnesium oksida:
Crucible with lid, tongs, Bunsen burner, tripod stand and balance
Magnesium ribbon
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Procedure / Langkah:
crucible
(a) A
(c) The
dengan
ditimbang.
sand paper
is cleaned with
pita magnesium
magnesium ribbon
coiled
Pita magnesium
is
gulung
di
crucible
(d) The
are weighed.
penutup
magnesium ribbon
(b) 10 cm of
10 cm
lid
and its
Mangkuk pijar
..
magnesium ribbon
Mangkuk pijar
kertas pasir
pita magnesium
(f)
strongly
lid
pita magnesium
Apabila
kuat selama 2 minit lagi.
penutup
weighed again
constant
cooling
suhu bilik
repeated
until a
mass is obtained.
pemanasan
Proses
Mangkuk pijar
lid
, the
lid and its content are allowed to cool down to room temperature .
crucible
The
burning
terbakar
berhenti
crucible
Mangkuk pijar
(j)
The
tanpa
penutup
penutup
Penutup
(i)
lid
(g) The
lid
without its
tetap
penyejukan
dan penimbangan
diulang
diperoleh.
Observation / Pemerhatian:
Magnesium burns
brightly
white fumes
to release
terang
membebaskan
and
wasap putih
white solid
is formed.
pepejal putih
Inference / Inferens:
Magnesium is a
reactive
metal.
reaktif
oxygen
magnesium oxide
magnesium oksida
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Purpose / Tujuan
sand paper .
kertas pasir
To remove the
ribbon.
oxide layer
The
crucible lid
crucible lid
replaced
then
The
oxygen
To allow
To prevent fumes of
quickly.
magnesium oxide
from escaping.
The process of
completely
oxygen
pemanasan ,
penyejukan
penimbang
dan
Proses
jisim tetap
diperoleh.
diulang beberapa kali sehingga
lengkap
Untuk memastikan semua magnesium telah bertindak balas
oksigen
untuk membentuk magnesium oksida .
dengan
with
to
Result / Keputusan:
Description / Penerangan
Calculation / Pengiraan:
Element / Unsur
Mg
yx
zy
yx
24
zy
16
MgpOq
MgpOq
.
.
Copper(II) oxide
Burning of hydrogen gas
Hydrogen gas
Combustion tube
Heat
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Observation / Pemerhatian:
The
black
Warna
hitam
brown
perang
Inference / Inferens:
copper metal
logam kuprum
Purpose / Tujuan
hydrogen gas.
To
remove
all the
air
gas hidrogen.
kering
dialirkan melalui tabung pembakaran
Gas hidrogen
selama 5 hingga 10 minit.
udara
dalam tabung pembakaran.
Untuk mengeluarkan semua
udara
(Campuran hidrogen dan
menghasilkan letupan apabila dinyalakan)
The gas that comes out from the small hole is collected
in the test tube. Then, a lighted wooden splinter is
bunyi pop
Jika gas terbakar tanpa
daripada tabung pembakaran.
mengering
Dry
hydrogen is passed through the combustion
tube for 5 to 10 minutes.
placed
dry
continuous
dikeluarkan
air
oxygen
to form
The process of
pemanasan ,
penyejukan
Proses
diulang beberapa kali sehingga jisim
dan
tetap
copper .
kuprum .
penimbang
diperoleh.
Result / Keputusan:
Description / Penerangan
Calculation / Pengiraan:
Element / Unsur
Cu
zx
yz
zx
64
yz
16
.
.
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Explain why the set-up of apparatus to determine the empirical formula in both the experiments is different.
Terangkan mengapa susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik dalam kedua-dua eksperimen itu berbeza.
reactive
(a) Magnesium is
magnesium oxide
by
hydrogen
hydrogen gas
Kuprum di bawah
gas hidrogen
7
easily to form
reaktif
Magnesium adalah logam
membentuk magnesium oksida .
reacts
teroksida
reduced/removed
diturunkan/disingkirkan
oleh
Element / Unsur
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is produced. Calculate the empirical formula
of metal X oxide.
Apabila 11.95 g oksida logam X diturunkan oleh hidrogen, 10.35 g logam terhasil. Hitungkan formula empirik bagi oksida logam X.
[RAM / JAR: X = 207, O = 16]
X
10.35
1.6
0.05
0.1
Element / Unsur
XO2
A certain compound contains the following composition / Satu sebatian mengandungi komposisi unsur seperti berikut:
Na = 15.23%, Br = 52.98%, O = 31.79 % [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: O = 16, Na = 23, Br = 80]
(Assume that 100 g of substance is used / Anggap 100 g bahan digunakan)
Element / Unsur
Na
Br
15.23
52.98
31.79
0.66
0.66
1.99
3.01
NaBrO3
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2.08 g of element X combines with 4.26 g of element Y to form a compound with formula XY3. Calculate the relative
atomic mass of element X. [RAM: Y = 35.5]
2.08 g unsur X bergabung dengan 4.26 g unsur Y untuk membentuk sebatian dengan formula XY3 . Hitung jisim atom relatif unsur X.
[JAR: Y = 35.5]
Element / Unsur
Mass of element (g)
Jisim unsur (g)
2.08
4.26
2.08
x
4.26 = 0.12
35.5
2.07 g of element Z reacts with bromine to form 3.67 g of a compound with empirical formula ZBr2. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of element Z. [RAM: Br = 80]
2.07 g unsur Z bertindak balas dengan bromin membentuk 3.67 g sebatian dengan formula empirik ZBr2. Hitung jisim atom relatif bagi
unsur Z. [JAR: Br = 80]
Element / Unsur
Mass of element (g)
Jisim unsur (g)
Br
2.07
1.6
2.07
z
1.6 = 0.02
80
= 1
1
2
z = 207
=
The statement below is about compound J / Pernyataan berikut adalah mengenai sebatian J.
Calculate the number of mol of copper atom / Hitung bilangan mol atom kuprum.
12.8
= 0.2 mol
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(ii)
(c) Compound J reacts completely with hydrogen to produce copper and compound Q.
Sebatian J bertindak balas lengkap dengan hidrogen menghasilkan kuprum dan sebatian Q.
(i)
State one observation for the reaction / Nyatakan satu pemerhatian daripada tindak balas tersebut.
Black solid change to brown
(ii)
Name two the substances that can be used to prepare hydrogen gas.
Namakan dua bahan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan gas hidrogen.
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
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(d) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up of apparatus for the experiment.
Lukiskan gambar rajah berlabel susunan radas bagi tindak balas tersebut.
Gas hidrogen
Compound J
Heat
(e) (i)
Why is hydrogen gas passed through the combustion tube after heating has stpopped?
Mengapakah gas hidrogen dilalukan melalui tiub pembakaran selepas pemanasan dihentikan?
State how to determine that the reaction between compound J and hydrogen has completed.
Nyatakan bagaimana menentukan tindak balas antara sebatian J dengan hidrogen telah lengkap.
By repeating the process of heating, cooling and weighing until constant mass is obtained.
(f)
(i)
Can the empirical formula of magnesium oxide be determined by the same method? Explain your answer.
Bolehkah formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida ditentukan dengan cara yang sama? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Cannot. Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen. Hydrogen cannot reduce magnesium oxide to form
magnesium.
(ii)
Magnesium can reduce copper oxide to copper. Explain why the empirical formula of the copper oxide cannot
be determined by heating the mixture of copper oxide and magnesium powder.
Magnesium boleh menurunkan kuprum oksida kepada kuprum. Terangkan mengapa formula empirik kuprum oksida tidak boleh
ditentukan dengan pemanasan campuran kuprum oksida dengan serbuk magnesium.
Magnesium oxide and copper produced are in solid form, copper cannot be separated from magnesium oxide.
The mass of copper cannot be weighed.
Molecular formula of a compound shows the actual number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of
the compound.
Formula molekul suatu sebatian menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom bagi setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam satu molekul sebatian.
Example / Contoh:
Compound
Molecular formula
Empirical formula
Value of n
Sebatian
Formula molekul
Formula empirik
Nilai n
Water / Air
H2O
H2O
CO2
CO2
H2SO4
H2SO4
Ethene / Etena
C2H4
CH2
Benzene / Benzena
C6H6
CH
Glucose / Glukosa
C6H12O6
CH2O
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The molecular formula and the empirical formula of a compound may be the same if the value of n = 1 but different if the
value is n > 1.
Formula molekul dan formula empirik suatu sebatian akan sama sekiranya nilai n = 1 tetapi akan berbeza sekiranya nilai n > 1.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
The empirical formula of compound X is CH2 and relative molecular mass is 56. Determine the molecular formula of
compound X. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12]
Formula empirik sebatian X adalah CH2 dan JMR adalah 56. Tentukan formula molekul sebatian X. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1; C = 12]
(12 + 2)n = 56
56
n=
=4
14
Molecular formula = (CH2)4 = C4H8
2.58 g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 86.
2.58 g suatu hidrokarbon mengandungi 2.16 g karbon. Jisim molekul relatif bagi hidrokarbon ini ialah 86.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1; C = 12]
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon / Hitungkan formula empirik bagi hidrokarbon ini.
Element
2.16
0.42
0.18
0.42
Ratio of moles
21 = 7
3
3
C
C
(a) Name the element that make up benzene / Namakan unsur yang membentuk benzena.
Carbon and hydrogen
(b) What are the molecular formula and empirical formula for benzene?
Apakah formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi benzena?
actual
carbon
number of
consists of
6 carbon
sebenar
Formula molekul menunjukkan bilangan
bagi atom
molekul
6
benzena terdiri daripada
benzena. Setiap
a
atom
dan
hydrogen
hidrogen
hydrogen
atoms in benzene
6
hydrogen
atoms and
atoms.
dan atom hidrogen dalam molekul
karbon
6
dan
atom
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Empirical formula shows the simplest ratio of number carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms, the simplest
carbon
hydrogen
1:1
ratio of number of
atoms to
atoms in benzene is
.
Formula empirik benzena menunjukkan
karbon
kepada
hidrogen
karbon
bilangan atoms
kepada atom
hidrogen
1:1
adalah
.
Example / Contoh:
Calculate the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in the following compounds:
Hitungkan peratusan nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam sebatian berikut:
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : N = 14, H = 1, O = 16, S = 32, K = 39]
(i)
(NH4)2SO4
2 14
100%
132
= 21.2%
%N =
(ii) KNO3
14
100%
101
= 13.9%
%N =
CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS / FORMULA KIMIA BAGI SEBATIAN ION
Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions Xm+ and Yn is by exchanging the charges on each ion.
The formula obtained will be XmYn.
Formula kimia sebatian ion yang mengandungi ion X m + dan Y n boleh diperoleh melalui pertukaran bilangan cas setiap ion. Formula yang
diperoleh ialah XnYm.
2
Example / Contoh:
(i) Sodium oxide / Natrium oksida
Ion / Ion
Na+
O2
+1
1
+
O2
2 Na
Na2O
Cu
+2
NO
1
2 (Ratio / Nisbah)
O2
2
1
ZnO
1 (Ratio / Nisbah)
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ACTIVITY 1: WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND NAMES OF THE FOLLOWING COMMON COMPOUNDS
Aktiviti 1: TULIS FORMULA KIMIA DAN NAMA BAGI BAHAN KIMIA BERIKUT
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K+
Potassium ion
Ion kalium
Na+
Sodium ion
Ion natrium
O2,
Oxide ion
CO32,
Carbonat ion
SO42,
Sulphate ion
Cl,
Chloride ion
Br,
Bromide ion
I,
Iodide ion
OH,
Hydroxide ion
NO3,
Nitrate ion
Ion oksida
Ion karbonat
Ion sulfat
Ion klorida
Ion bromida
Ion iodida
Ion hidroksida
Ion nitrat
K2O
Potassium oxide
K2CO3
Potassium carbonate
K2SO4
KCl
KBr
Potassium sulphate Potassium chloride Potassium bromide
KI
Potassium iodide
KOH
KNO3
Potassium hydroxide Potassium nitrate
Na2O
Sodium oxide
Na2CO3
Sodium carbonate
Na2SO4
Sodium sulphate
NaCl
Sodium chloride
NaBr
Sodium bromide
NaI
Sodium iodide
NaOH
Sodium hydroxide
H2CO3
Carbonic acid
H2SO4
Sulphuric acid
HCl
Hydrocloric acid
HBr
Hydrobromic acid
HI
Hydroiodic acid
Ag2CO3
Silver carbonate
Ag2SO4
Silver sulphate
AgCl
Silver chloride
AgBr
Silver bromide
AgI
Silver iodide
(NH4)2CO3
Ammonium
carbonate
(NH4)2SO4
Ammonium
sulphate
NH4Cl
Ammonium
chloride
NH4Br
Ammonium
bromide
NH4I
Ammonium
iodide
CaO
Calcium oxide
CaCO3
Calcium carbonate
CaSO4
Calcium sulphate
CaCl2
Calcium chloride
CaBr2
Calcium bromide
CaI2
Calcium iodide
Ca(OH)2
Calcium hydroxide
CuO
Copper(II) oxide
CuCO3
Copper(II) carbonate
CuSO4
Copper(II) sulphate
CuCl2
CuBr2
Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) bromide
CuI2
Copper(II) iodide
Cu(OH)2
Cu(NO3 )2
Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) nitrate
MgCO3
Magnesium
carbonate
MgSO4
Magnesium
sulphate
MgCl2
Magnesium
chloride
MgBr2
Magnesium
bromide
Mg(OH)2
MgI2
Magnesium
Magnesium iodide
hydroxide
Mg(NO3 )2
Magnesium nitrate
ZnO
Zinc oxide
ZnCO3
Zinc carbonate
ZnSO4
Zinc sulphate
ZnCl2
Zinc chloride
ZnBr2
Zinc bromide
ZnI2
Zinc iodide
Zn(OH)2
Zinc hydroxide
Zn(NO3 )2
Zinc nitrate
PbO
Lead(II) oxide
PbCO3
Lead(II) carbonate
PbSO4
Lead(II) sulphate
PbCl2
Lead(II) chloride
PbBr2
Lead(II) bromide
PbI2
Lead(II) iodide
Pb(OH)2
Lead(II) hydroxide
Pb(NO3 )2
Lead(II) nitrate
AlCl3
Aluminium
chloride
Al(OH)3
AlBr3
AlI3
Aluminium
Aluminium bromide Aluminium iodide
hydroxide
H+
Hydrogen ion
Ion hidrogen
Ag+
Silver ion
Ion argentum
Ag2O
Silver oxide
NH4 +
Ammonium ion
Ion ammonium
Ca2+
Calcium ion
Ion kalsium
Cu2+
Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum(II)
MgO
Mg2+
Magnesium ion Magnesium
Ion magnesium
oxide
Zn2+
Zinc ion
Ion zink
Pb2+
Lead(II) ion
Ion plumbum(II)
Al 3+
Aluminium ion
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Ion aluminium
Al2(SO4 )3
Al2O3
Al2(CO3 )3
Aluminium
Aluminium oxide Aluminium carbonate
sulphate
NaNO3
Sodium nitrate
HNO3
Nitric acid
AgOH
Silver hydroxide
AgNO3
Silver nitrate
NH4NO3
Ammonium
nitrate
Ca(NO3 )2
Calcium nitrate
Al(NO3)3
Aluminium nirate
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ACTIVITY 2: WITHOUT REFERRING TO THE TABLE IN ACTIVITY 1, WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE OF THE FOLLOWING COMPOUNDS
AKTIVITI 2: TANPA MERUJUK KEPADA JADUAL AKTIVITI 1, TULISKAN FORMULA KIMIA BAGI SEBATIAN BERIKUT
Potassium ion
Ion kalium
Sodium ion
Ion natrium
Oxide ion
Carbonat ion
Sulphate ion
Chloride ion
Bromide ion
Iodide ion
Hydroxide ion
Nitrate ion
Ion oksida
Ion karbonat
Ion sulfat
Ion klorida
Ion bromida
Ion iodida
Ion hidroksida
Ion nitrat
K2O
K2CO3
K2SO4
KCl
KBr
KI
KOH
KNO3
Na2O
Na2CO3
Na2SO4
NaCl
NaBr
NaI
NaOH
NaNO3
H2CO3
H2SO4
HCl
HBr
HI
Ag2CO3
Ag2SO4
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
(NH4 )2CO3
(NH4 )2SO4
NH4Cl
NH4 Br
NH4 I
CaO
CaCO3
CaSO4
CaCl2
CaBr2
CaI2
Ca(OH)2
Ca(NO3 )2
CuO
CuCO3
CuSO4
CuCl2
CuBr2
CuI2
Cu(OH)2
Cu(NO3 )2
MgO
MgCO3
MgSO4
MgCl2
MgBr2
MgI2
Mg(OH)2
Mg(NO3 )2
ZnO
ZnCO3
ZnSO4
ZnCl2
ZnBr2
ZnI2
Zn(OH)2
Zn(NO3 )2
PbO
PbCO3
PbSO4
PbCl2
PbBr2
PbI2
Pb(OH)2
Pb(NO3 )2
Al2O3
Al2(CO3)3
Al2(SO4 )3
AlCl3
AlBr3
AlI3
Al(OH)3
Al(NO3 )3
Hydrogen ion
Ion hidrogen
Silver ion
Ion argentum
Ag2O
Ammonium ion
Ion ammonium
Calcium ion
Ion kalsium
Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum(II)
Magnesium ion
Ion magnesium
Zinc ion
Lead(II) ion
Ion plumbum(II)
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Ion aluminium
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Aluminium ion
Publicat
AgOH
AgNO3
NH4 NO3
Ion zink
HNO3
ACTIVITY 3: WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND TYPE OF PARTICLES FOR THE FOLLOWING ELEMENT/COMPOUND
AKTIVITI 3: TULIS FORMULA KIMIA DAN JENIS ZARAH UNTUK UNSUR/SEBATIAN BERIKUT
Compound / Element
Formula
Type of particles
Compound / Element
Formula
Type of particles
Sebatian/Unsur
Formula
Jenis zarah
Sebatian/Unsur
Formula
Jenis zarah
Na2SO4
Ion
ZnCO3
Ion
(NH4 )2CO3
Ion
(NH4 )2CO3
Ion
Mg(NO3 )2
Ion
AgCl
Ion
HCl
Ion
H2SO4
Ion
K2O
Ion
Cu(NO3 )2
Ion
MgO
Ion
H2
Molecule
PbCO3
Ion
CO2
Molecule
Fe2(SO4)3
Ion
O2
Molecule
MgCl2
Ion
Al2(SO4 )3
Ion
ZnSO4
Ion
PbCl2
Ion
AgNO3
Ion
KI
Ion
(NH4 )2SO4
Ion
CuCO3
Ion
ZnO
Ion
K2CO3
Ion
HNO3
Ion
NaOH
Ion
NH3
Molecule
NH3(aq)
Mg
Atom
NH4Cl
Ion
Zn
Atom
NO2
Molecule
CuSO4
Ion
NaCl
Ion
I2
Molecule
Ag
Atom
Cl2
Molecule
Br2
Molecule
Sodium sulphate
Natrium sulfat
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium karbonat
Magnesium nitrate
Magnesium nitrat
Hyrochloric acid
Asid hidroklorik
Potassium oxide
Kalium oksida
Magnesium oxide
Magnesium oksida
Lead(II) carbonate
Plumbum(II) karbonat
Iron(III) sulphate
Ferum(III) sulfat
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium klorida
Zinc sulphate
Zink sulfat
Silver nitrate
Argentum nitrat
Ammonium sulphate
Ammonium sulfat
Zinc oxide
Zink oksida
Nitric acid
Asid nitrik
Ammonia gas
Gas ammonia
Magnesium
Magnesium
Zinc
Zink
Copper(II) sulphate
Kuprum(II) sulfat
Iodine
Iodin
Chlorine
Klorin
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium karbonat
Silver chloride
Argentum klorida
Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
Copper(II) nitrate
Kuprum(II) nitrat
Hydrogen gas
Gas hidrogen
Oxygen gas
Gas oksigen
Aluminium sulphate
Aluminium sulfat
Lead(II) chloride
Plumbun(II) klorida
Potassium iodide
Kalium iodida
Copper(II) carbonate
Kuprum(II) karbonat
Potasium carbonate
Kalium karbonat
Sodium hydroxide
Natrium hidroksida
Aqueous ammonia
Ammonia akueus
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium klorida
Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida
Silver
Argentum
Bromine
Bromin
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Zinc carbonate
Zink karbonat
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02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 42
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Meaning / Maksud
Symbol / Simbol
Meaning / Maksud
(g)
Gaseous state
(g)
Keadaan gas
Produces
(aq)
Aqueous state
Menghasilkan
(ak)
Keadaan akueus
Reversible reaction
Gas released
Gas terbebas
(s)
Solid state
Precipitation
(p)
Keadaan pepejal
Bahan termendap
(l)
Liquid state
(ce)
Keadaan cecair
Information obtained from chemical equation using symbols / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada persamaan kimia bersimbol:
(a) Qualitative aspect / Aspek kualitatif : type of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction and the state
of each reactant and product.
jenis bahan / hasil tindak balas yang terlibat dalam tindak balas dan keadaan zikal bagi
setiap bahan / hasil tindak balas.
(b) Quantitative aspect / Aspek kuantitatif : number of moles of reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction
Example / Contoh:
1 mol
2 mol
1 mol
1 mol
Interpretation / Tafsiran: 1 mol of zinc reacts with 2 mol of hydrochloric acid to produce 1 mol of zinc chloride and
1 mol of hydrogen.
1 mol zink bertindak balas dengan 2 mol asid hidroklorik menghasilkan 1 mol zink klorida dan 1 mol hidrogen.
3
Step 1 / Langkah 1 : Write the correct chemical formulae for each reactant and product.
Tulis formula kimia bagi setiap bahan dan hasil tindak balas.
Step 2 / Langkah 2 : Detemine the number of atoms for each element / Tentukan bilangan atom setiap unsur.
Step 3 / Langkah 3 : Balance the number of atoms for each element by adjusting the coefficients in front of the chemical
formulae.
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Imbangkan bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dengan menambahkan pekali di hadapan setiap formula kimia.
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02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 43
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions:
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut:
Zinc carbonate
ZnCO3
H2SO4 + 2NaOH
Magnesium + Oxygen
2Mg + O2
2Na + 2H2O
K 2O + H 2 O
Kalium hidroksida
2KOH
ZnO + 2HNO3
Lead(II) nitrate
Magnesium oksida
2NaOH + H2
2MgO
Sodium + Water
Na2SO4 + 2H2O
ZnO + CO2
Zn(NO3 )2 + H2O
reactants/products).
Tulis maklumat daripada persamaan kimia di bawah persamaan (Maklumat perhubungan bilangan mol bahan/hasil tindak balas
terlibat).
S4 / L4 : Change the information in S2 into moles by using the method shown in the chart below.
Tukarkan maklumat L2 kepada mol menggunakan carta di bawah.
S5 / L5 : Use the relationship between number of moles of substance involved in S3 to find the answer.
Gunakan perhubungan bilangan mol bahan terlibat dalam L3 untuk mencari jawapan.
S6 / L6 : Change the information to the unit required using the chart below.
Tukar maklumat kepada unit yang dikehendaki dengan menggunakan carta di bawah.
Mass (g)
Jisim (g)
(RAM/FRM/RMM) g mol1
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02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 44
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
The equation shows the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Persamaan menunjukkan tindak balas antara zink dengan asid hidroklorik.
Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2
Calculate the mass of zinc required to react with excess hydrochloric acid to produce 6 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room
conditions. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions]
Hitungkan jisim zink yang perlu ditindakbalaskan dengan asid hidroklorik berlebihan untuk menghasilkan 6 dm3 gas hidrogen pada
keadaan bilik. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
Mol of H2 =
6 dm3
= 0.25 mol
24 dm3 mol1
4K + O2
2K2O
Calculate the mass of potassium required to produce 23.5 g of potassium oxide. [Relative atomic mass: K = 39, O = 16]
Hitungkan jisim kalium yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 23.5 g kalium oksida. [Jisim atom relatif: K = 39, O = 16]
Mol of K2O =
23.5
23.5
=
= 0.25 mol
(2 39 + 16)
94
H2O2
H2O + O2
Balance the equation above. Calculate the number of moles of H2O2 that decomposes if 11.2 dm3 oxygen gas is collected
at STP. [Relative Atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 at STP]
Seimbangkan persamaan di atas. Hitung bilangan mol H2O2 yang telah terurai sekiranya 11.2 dm3 gas oksigen dikumpulkan pada STP.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 pada STP]
Mol of O2 =
11.2 dm3
= 0.5 mol
22.4 dm3 mol1
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8.0 g of copper(II) oxide powder is added to excess dilute nitric acid and heated. Calculate the mass of copper(II) nitrate
produced. [Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
8.0 g serbuk kuprum(II) oksida dicampurkan kepada asid nitrik cair yang berlebihan dan dihangatkan. Hitungkan jisim kuprum(II) nitrat
yang terhasil. [Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
CuO + 2HNO3
Mol of CuO =
Cu(NO3 )2 + H2O
8g
= 0.1 mol
(64 + 16)g mol1
1.3 g of zinc reacts with excess dilute sulphuric acid. The products are zinc sulphate and hydrogen. Calculate the
volume of hidrogen gas released at STP. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, 1 mol of gas occupies 22.4 dm3 mol1at STP]
1.3 g zink bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik cair yang berlebihan. Hasil tindak balas adalah zink sulfat dan hidrogen. Hitungkan isi padu
hidrogen yang terbebas pada STP. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, isipadu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 pada STP]
Answer/Jawapan:
448 cm3
0.46 g of sodium burns completely in chlorine gas at room conditions to produce sodium chloride. Calculate the
volume of chlorine gas that has reacted. [Relative atomic mass: Na = 23, Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room
conditions]
0.46 g natrium terbakar lengkap dalam gas klorin pada keadaan bilik menghasilkan natrium klorida. Hitungkan isi padu klorin yang
diperlukan untuk bertindak balas lengkap. [Jisim atom relatif: Na = 23, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]
Answer/Jawapan:
0.24 dm3
C3H8 + 5O2
3CO2 + 4H2O
720 cm3 of propane gas (C3H8) at room conditions burns in excess oxygen. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide formed.
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3 mol1 at room conditions]
720 cm3 gas propana (C3H8) pada keadaan bilik terbakar dalam oksigen berlebihan. Hitungkan jisim karbon dioksida yang terbentuk.
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]
Answer/Jawapan:
3.96 g
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Calcium / Kalsium
40
A I and II only
II and III only
II dan III sahaja
A 4.515 1022
B 4.515 1023
C
D
6.02 1023
3.01 1023
A 25
B 40
C 50
D 100
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C 8.03 1022
D 8.03 1021
A 4.8 dm3 Ne
B 4.8 dm3 O2
I dan II sahaja
A 0.5 mol
B 1.0 mol
16
molecule
Oxygen / Oksigen
12
20
Carbon / Karbon
II
Neon / Neon
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02-Chem F4 (3P).indd 47
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2Mg(NO3)2
Metal X
Logam X
Heat
Panaskan
A Zinc
Zink
Tin
Stanum
D Copper
Lead
Plumbum
Kuprum
2Pb(NO3)2
A
B
C
D
II
1.505 1022
3.010 1022
1.505 1023
3.010 1023
2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
2C2H5OH + 6O2
4CO2 + 6H2O
A
B
C
D
4.8 cm3
9.6 cm3
96.0 cm3
9 600 cm3
I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
II dan III sahaja
D II and IV only
A
B
C
D
23.3%
31.8%
46.7%
63.6%
II dan IV sahaja
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