Culvert

CHAPTER
DESIGN OF CULVERTS
Chapter Table of Contents

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Introduction......................................................................................... 4-2
Symbols and Definitions...................................................................... 4-2
Engineering Design Criteria ............................................................... 4-3
Design Procedures ............................................................................... 4-5
4.4.1 Inlet and Outlet Control.............................................................. 4-5
4.4.2 Procedures ................................................................................. 4-7
4.4.3 Nomographs............................................................................... 4-7
4.4.4 Steps in Design Procedure.......................................................... 4-8
4.4.5 Performance Curves - Roadway Overtopping............................. 4-11
4.4.6 Storage Routing ......................................................................... 4-13
4.5 Culvert Design Example ..................................................................... 4-13
4.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 4-13
4.5.2 Example..................................................................................... 4-13
4.5.3 Example Data ............................................................................ 4-13
4.5.4 Computations............................................................................. 4-13
4.6 Design Procedures for Beveled-Edged Inlets ..................................... 4-16
4.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 4-16
4.6.2 Design Figures ........................................................................... 4-16
4.6.3 Design Procedure....................................................................... 4-16
4.6.4 Design Figure Limits.................................................................. 4-16
4.6.5 Multibarrel Installations ............................................................. 4-17
4.6.6 Skewed Inlets............................................................................. 4-17
4.7 Flood Routing and Culvert Design ..................................................... 4-17
4.7.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 4-17
4.7.2 Design Procedure....................................................................... 4-18
4.8 HY8 Culvert Analysis Microcomputer Program ............................... 4-18
References .................................................................................................. 4-18
Appendix A - Design Charts and Nomographs.......................................... 4-20
4.1 Introduction
DeKalb County Manual
4-1
Primary considerations for the final selection of any drainage structure are that its design be based
upon appropriate hydraulic principles, economy, and minimized effects on adjacent property by
the resultant headwater depth and outlet velocity. The allowable headwater elevation is that
elevation above which damage may be caused to adjacent property and/or the highway. It is this
allowable headwater depth that is the primary basis for sizing a culvert.
Performance curves should be developed for all culverts for evaluating the hydraulic capacity of a
culvert for various headwaters. These will display the consequence of high flow rates at the site
and any possible hazards. Sometimes a small increase in flow rate can affect a culvert design. If
only the design peak discharge is used in the design, the engineer cannot assess what effects
increases in the estimated design discharge will have on the culvert design.
4.2 Symbols And Definitions

To provide consistency within this chapter as well as throughout this manual the following
symbols will be used. These symbols were selected because of there wide use in many culvert
design publications.
Table 4-1 Symbols And Definitions

Symbol
A
B
Cd
D
d
dc
du
g
Hf
ho
HW
Ke
L
N
Q
S
TW
V
Vc
Definition
Area of cross section of flow
Barrel width
Overtopping discharge coefficient
Culvert diameter or barrel depth
Depth of flow
Critical depth of flow
Uniform depth of flow
Acceleration of gravity
Depth of pool or head, above the face section of invert
Height of hydraulic grade line above outlet invert
Headwater depth above invert of culvert (depth from
inlet invert to upstream total energy grade line)
Inlet loss coefficient
Length of culvert
Number of barrels
Rate of discharge
Slope of culvert
Tailwater depth above invert of culvert
Mean velocity of flow
Critical velocity
Units
sq. ft
ft
in. or ft
ft
ft
ft
ft/s
ft
ft
ft
ft
cfs
ft/f
ft
ft/s
ft/s
4.3 Engineering Design Criteria

The design of a culvert should take into account many different engineering and technical aspects
4-2
at the culvert site and adjacent areas. The following design criteria should be considered for all
culvert designs as applicable.
Frequency Flood - The design storm for culverts is the 100-year storm using future development
land use conditions, assuming no detention. The design for lateral systems shall be based on the
25-year storm event using future development land use conditions assuming no detention. The
100-year frequency storm shall be routed through all culverts to be sure building structures (i.e.,
houses, commercial buildings) are not flooded or increased damage does not occur to the
highway or adjacent property for this design event.
Velocity Limitations - Both minimum and maximum velocities should be considered when designing a culvert. The maximum velocity should be consistent with channel stability requirements at the culvert outlet. The maximum allowable velocity for a pipe flowing full is 15 feet per
second. A minimum velocity of 3.0 feet per second, for the 2-year flow velocity, when the culvert
is flowing partially full is required to ensure a self-cleaning condition during partial depth flow.
Buoyancy Protection - Headwalls, endwalls, slope paving or other means of anchoring should be
considered for all culverts where buoyancy may be a problem.
Length And Slope - The culvert length and slope should be chosen to approximate existing
topography, and to the degree practicable: the culvert invert should be aligned with the channel
bottom and the skew angle of the stream, and the culvert entrance should match the geometry of
the roadway embankment. The maximum slope using concrete pipe is 10% and for CMP is 14%
before pipe restraining methods must be taken. The maximum drop in a drainage structure is 10
feet.
Debris Control - In designing debris control structures it is recommended that the Hydraulic
Engineering Circular No. 9 entitled "Debris - Control Structures" be consulted.
Headwater Limitations - The allowable headwater elevation is determined from an evaluation of
land use upstream of the culvert and the proposed or existing roadway elevation. Headwater is
the depth of water above the culvert invert at the entrance end of the culvert.
The following criteria related to headwater should be considered:
The allowable headwater for design frequency conditions should allow
for the following upstream controls.
18 inch freeboard.
Upstream property damage.
Elevations established to delineate flood plain zoning.
Low point in the road grade that is not at the culvert location.
Ditch elevation of the terrain that will permit flow to divert around culvert.
Following HW/D criteria 1. For drainage facilities with cross-section area equal to or less than
30 sq. ft - HW/D = to or < 1.5.
2. For drainage facilities with cross-section area greater than
30 sq. ft - HW/D = to or < 1.2.
The headwater should be checked for the 100-year flood to ensure compliance
with flood plain management criteria and for most facilities the culvert
should be sized to maintain flood-free conditions on major thoroughfares
with 18 inches freeboard at the low-point of the road.
The maximum acceptable outlet velocity should be identified (see Section
5.2.3 in Open Channel Design chapter). Either the headwater should be set to
4-3
produce acceptable velocities or stabilization or energy dissipation should be

provided where these velocities are exceeded.
Other site-specific design considerations should be addressed as required.
In general the constraint which gives the lowest allowable headwater elevation
establishes the criteria for the hydraulic calculations.
Tailwater Considerations - The hydraulic conditions downstream of the culvert site must be
evaluated to determine a tailwater depth for a range of discharge. At times there may be a need
for calculating backwater curves to establish the tailwater conditions. The following conditions
must be considered:
If the culvert outlet is operating with a free outfall, the critical depth and equivalent
hydraulic grade line should be determined.
For culverts which discharge to an open channel, the stage-discharge curve for the
channel must be determined. See Open Channel Design Chapter.
If an upstream culvert outlet is located near a downstream culvert inlet, the headwater
elevation of the downstream culvert may establish the design tailwater depth for the
upstream culvert.
If the culvert discharges to a lake, pond, or other major water body, the expected high
water elevation of the particular water body may establish the culvert tailwater.
Storage - If storage is being assumed upstream of the culvert, consideration should be given to:
the total area of flooding,
the average time that bankfull stage is exceeded for the design flood up to 48 hours in
rural areas or 6 hours in urban areas, and
ensuring that the storage area will remain available for the life of the culvert through the
purchase of right-of-way or easement.
Culvert Inlets - Hydraulic efficiency and cost can be significantly affected by inlet conditions.
The inlet coefficient Ke, is a measure of the hydraulic efficiency of the inlet, with lower values
indicating greater efficiency. Recommended inlet coefficients are given in Table 4-2.
Inlets With Headwalls - Headwalls may be used for a variety of reasons including increasing the
efficiency of the inlet, providing embankment stability, providing embankment protection against
erosion, providing protection from buoyancy, and shorten the length of the required structure.
Headwalls are usually required for all culverts and where buoyancy protection is necessary.
If high headwater depths are to be encountered, or the approach velocity in the channel will cause
scour, a short channel apron should be provided at the toe of the headwall. This apron should
extend at least one pipe diameter upstream from the entrance, and the top of the apron should not
protrude above the normal streambed elevation.
Wingwalls And Aprons - Wingwalls are used where the side slopes of the channel adjacent to
the entrance are unstable or where the culvert is skewed to the normal channel flow.
Improved Inlets - Where inlet conditions control the amount of flow that can pass through the
culvert, improved inlets can greatly increase the hydraulic performance at the culvert.
Material Selection - Reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) is recommended for use (1) under a
roadway, (2) when pipe slopes are less than 1%, or (3) for all flowing streams. RCP and fully
coated corrugated metal pipe with paved invert can be used in all other cases. High Density
4-4
Polyethylene pipe may also be used as approved by DeKalb County. Table 4-3 gives
recommended Manning's n values for different materials. Aluminized steel type 2 corrugated
steel pipe is an approved material for use outside the public right-of-way.
Culvert Skews - Culvert skews shall not exceed 45 degrees as measured from a line perpendicular to the roadway centerline without approval.
Culvert Sizes - The minimum size road culvert shall be 18 inches.
Weep Holes - Weep holes are sometimes used to relieve uplift pressure. Filter materials should
be used in conjunction with the weep holes in order to intercept the flow and prevent the
formation of piping channels. The filter materials should be designed as underdrain filter so that
it will not become clogged and so that piping cannot occur through the pervious material and the
weep hole.
Outlet Protection - Outlet protection should be provided where erosive potential is a design
concern. See Energy Dissipation Chapter for information on the design of outlet protection.
Erosion And Sediment Control - Shall be in accordance with the latest approved DeKalb
County Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Ordinance. See the Manual For Erosion and Sediment Control in Georgia for design standards and details related to erosion and sediment control.
Environmental Considerations - Where compatible with good hydraulic engineering, a site
should be selected that will permit the culvert to be constructed to cause the least impact on the
stream or wetlands. This selection must consider the entire site, including any necessary lead
channels.
4.4 Design Procedures

4.4.1 Inlet And Outlet Control
Inlet Control - If the culvert is operating on a steep slope it is likely that the entrance geometry
will control the headwater and the culvert will be on inlet control.
Outlet Control - If the culvert is operating on a mild slope, the outlet characteristics will probably
control the flow and the culvert will be on outlet control.
Proper culvert design and analysis requires checking for both inlet and outlet control to determine
which will govern particular culvert designs. For more information on inlet and outlet control see
the Federal Highway Administration publication entitled - Hydraulic Design Of Highway Culverts, HDS-5, 1985, and AASHTO Model Drainage Manual, 1998.
Table 4-2 Inlet Coefficients

Type of Structure and Design of Entrance
Pipe, Concrete
Projecting from fill, socket end (grove-end)
Projecting from fill, square cut end
Headwall or headwall and wingwalls
Coefficient Ke
0.2
0.5
4-5
Socket end of pipe (groove-end)

Square-edge
Rounded [radius = 1/12(D)]
Mitered to conform to fill slope
*End-Section conforming to fill slope
Beveled edges, 33.7o or 45o bevels
Side- or slope-tapered inlet
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.2
Pipe, or Pipe-Arch, Corrugated Metal1

Projecting from fill (no headwall)
Headwall or headwall and wingwalls square-edge
Mitered to fill slope, paved or unpaved slope
*End-Section conforming to fill slope
Beveled edges, 33.7o or 45o bevels
0.9
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.2
Box, Reinforced Concrete

Headwall parallel to embankment (no wingwalls)
Square-edged on 3 edges
Rounded on 3 edges to radius of [1/12(D)]
or beveled edges on 3 sides
Wingwalls at 30o to 75o to barrel
Square-edged at crown
Crown edge rounded to radius of [1/12(D)]
or beveled top edge
Wingwalls at 10o or 25o to barrel
Wingwalls parallel (extension of sides)
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.7
0.2
1 Although laboratory tests have not been completed on K values for High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, the K values for
e
e
corrugated metal pipes are recommended for HDPE pipes.
* Note: End Section conforming to fill slope, made of either metal or concrete, are the sections commonly available from
manufacturers. From limited hydraulic tests they are equivalent in operation to a headwall in both inlet and outlet control
Table 4-3 Manning's n Values

Type of Conduit
Wall & Joint Description
Manning's n
Concrete Pipe
Good joints, smooth walls

Good joints, rough walls
Poor joints, rough walls
Good joints, smooth finished walls
Poor joints, rough, unfinished walls
2 2/3 by 1/2 inch corrugations
6 by 1 inch corrugations
0.013
0.016
0.017
0.012
0.018
0.024
0.025
Concrete Box
Corrugated
Metal Pipes and
4-6
Boxes Annular
Corrugations
6 by 2 inch structural plate
9 by 2 1/2 inch structural plate
2 2/3 by 1/2 inch corrugated
24 inch plate width
Corrugated Metal
Pipes, Helical
Corrugations, Full
Circular Flow
Spiral Rib Metal
3/4 by 3/4 in recesses at 12 inch
Pipe
spacing, good joints
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Corrugated Smooth Liner
Corrugated
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Note:
0.026
0.028
0.035
0.035
0.020
0.013
0.011
0.024
0.011
For further information concerning Manning n values for selected conduits consult Hydraulic Design of Highway
Culverts, Federal Highway Administration, HDS No. 5, page 163
4.4.2 Procedures
There are two procedures for designing culverts: (1) the manual use of inlet and outlet control
nomographs and (2) the use of a personal computer system such as HY8 - Culvert Analysis
Microcomputer Program (Section 4.8 of this chapter). The following will outline the design procedures for use of the nomograph.
4.4.3 Nomographs
The use of nomographs require a trial and error solution. The solution is quite easy and provides
reliable designs for many applications. It should be remembered that velocity, hydrograph
routing, roadway overtopping, and outlet scour require additional, separate computations beyond
what can be obtained from the nomographs.
Figures 4-1 and 4-2 show examples of an inlet control and outlet control nomograph that can be
used to design concrete pipe culverts. For culvert designs not covered by these nomographs, refer
to the complete set of nomographs given in Appendix A at the end of this chapter.
4-7
4.4.4 Steps In Design Procedure

The design procedure requires the use of inlet and outlet nomographs.
Step Action
(1)
List design data:

Q = discharge (cfs)
L = culvert length (ft)
S = culvert slope (ft/ft)
TW= tailwater depth (ft)
V = velocity for trial diameter (ft/s)
Ke= inlet loss coefficient
HW= allowable headwater depth for the design storm (ft)
(2)
Determine trail culvert size by assuming a trial velocity 3 to 5 ft/s and computing
the culvert area, A = Q/V. Determine the culvert diameter (inches).
(3)
Find the actual HW for the trial size culvert for both inlet and outlet control.
For inlet control, enter inlet control nomograph with D and Q and find HW/D
for the proper entrance type.
Compute HW and, if too large or two small, try another culvert size before
computing HW for outlet control.
For outlet control enter the outlet control nomograph with the culvert length,
entrance loss coefficient, and trial culvert diameter.
To compute HW, connect the length scale for the type of entrance condition
and culvert diameter scale with a straight line, pivot on the turning line, and
draw a straight line from the design discharge through the turning point to the
head loss scale H. Compute the headwater elevation HW from the equation:
HW = H + ho - LS
(4.1)
Where: ho = (critical depth + D), or tailwater depth, whichever is greater.

(4)
Compare the computed headwaters and use the higher HW nomograph to determine if the culvert is under inlet or outlet control.
If outlet control governs and the HW is unacceptable, select a larger trial size and
find another HW with the outlet control nomographs. Since the smaller size of
culvert had been selected for allowable HW by the inlet control nomographs, the
inlet control for the larger pipe need not be checked.
(5)
4-8
Calculate exit velocity and expected streambed scour to determine if an energy

dissipator is needed.
Figure 4-1
4-9
Figure 4-2
4-10
4.4.5 Performance Curves - Roadway Overtopping

A performance curve for any culvert can be obtain from the nomographs by repeating the steps
outlined above for a range of discharges that are of interest for that particular culvert design. A
graph is then plotted of headwater vs. discharge with sufficient points so that a curve can be
drawn through the range of interest. These curves are applicable through a range of headwater,
velocities, and scour depths versus discharges for a length and type of culvert. Usually charts
with length intervals of 25 to 50 feet are satisfactory for design purposes. Such computations are
made much easier by the computer program discussed in Section 4.8 of this chapter.
To complete the culvert design, roadway overtopping should be analyzed. A performance curve
showing the culvert flow as well as the flow across the roadway is a useful analysis tool. Rather
than using a trial and error procedure to determine the flow division between the overtopping
flow and the culvert flow, an overall performance curve can be developed.
The overall performance curve can be determined as follows:
Step Action
(1)
Select a range of flow rates and determine the corresponding headwater

elevations for the culvert flow alone. The flow rates should fall above and below
the design discharge and cover the entire flow range of interest. Both inlet and
outlet control headwaters should be calculated.
(2)
Combine the inlet and outlet control performance curves to define a single performance curve for the culvert.
(3)
When the culvert headwater elevations exceed the roadway crest elevation,
overtopping will begin. Calculate the equivalent upstream water surface depth
above the roadway (crest of weir) for each selected flow rate. Use these water
surface depths and equation 4.2 to calculate flow rates across the roadway.
Q = CdL(HW)1.5
Where: Q
Cd
L
HW
(4.2)
= overtopping flow rate (cfs/s)

= overtopping discharge coefficient
= length of roadway (ft)
= upstream depth, measured from the roadway crest to the
water surface upstream of the weir drawdown (ft)
Note: See Figure 4-3 on the next page for guidance in determining a value for
Cd. For more information on calculating overtopping flow rates see pages 39 42 in HDS No. 5.
(4)
Add the culvert flow and the roadway overtopping flow at the corresponding
headwater elevations to obtain the overall culvert performance curve.
4-11
Figure 4-3
Discharge Coefficients for Roadway Overtopping
4-12
4.4.6 Storage Routing

A significant storage capacity behind a highway embankment attenuates a flood hydrograph.
Because of the reduction of the peak discharge associated with this attenuation, the required
capacity of the culvert, and its size, may be reduced considerably. If significant storage is
anticipated behind a culvert, the design should be checked by routing the design hydrographs
through the culvert to determine the discharge and stage behind the culvert. Routing procedures
are outlined in Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts, Section V - Storage Routing, HDS No. 5,
Federal Highway Administration.
The storage should be taken into consideration only if the storage area will remain available for
the life of the culvert as a result of purchase of ownership or right-of-way or an easement has
been acquired.
4.5 Culvert Design Example

4.5.1 Introduction
The following example problem illustrates the procedures to be used in designing culverts using
the nomographs.
4.5.2 Example
Size a culvert given the following example data which were determined by physical limitations at
the culvert site and hydraulic procedures described elsewhere in this handbook.
4.5.3 Example Data
Input Data
Discharge for 2-yr flood = 39 cfs
Discharge for 100-yr flood = 70 cfs
Allowable Hw for 100-yr discharge = 7.0 ft
Length of culvert = 100 ft
Natural channel invert elevations - inlet = 15.50 ft, outlet = 15.35 ft
Culvert slope = 0.0015 ft/ft
Tailwater depth for 100-yr discharge = 4.0 ft
Tailwater depth is the normal depth in downstream channel
Entrance type = Groove end with headwall
4.5.4 Computations
Steps
Computation
1.
Assume a culvert velocity of 5 ft/s. Required flow area = 70 cfs/5 ft/s = 14 sq. ft
(for the 100-yr recurrence flood).
2.
The corresponding culvert diameter is about 48 in. This can be calculated by

using the formula for area of a circle: Area = (3.14D2)/4 or D = (Area times
4/3.14)0.5. Therefore: D = ((14 sq ft x 4)/3.14)0.5 x 12 in./ft) = 50.7 in.
4-13
3.
A grooved end culvert with a headwall is selected for the design. Using the inlet
control nomograph (Figure 4-1), with a pipe diameter of 48 in. and a discharge of
70 cfs; read a HW/D value of 0.93.
4.
The depth of headwater (HW) is (0.93) x (4) = 3.72 ft which is less than the
allowable headwater of 4.5 ft.
5.
The culvert is checked for outlet control by using Figure 4-2.

With an entrance loss coefficient Ke of 0.20, a culvert length of 100 ft, and a pipe
diameter of 48 in., an H value of 0.77 ft is determined. The headwater for
outlet control is computed by the equation: HW = H + ho - LS
For the tailwater depth lower than the top of culvert,
ho =Tw or (critical depth in culvert + D) which ever is greater.
ho =3.0 ft or ho = (2.55 + 4.0) = 3.28 ft
The headwater depth for outlet control is:
HW = H + ho - LS = 0.77 + 3.28 - (100) x (0.0015) = 3.90 ft
6.
Since HW for outlet control (3.90 ft) is greater than the HW for inlet control
(3.72 ft), outlet control governs the culvert design.
Thus, the maximum headwater expected for a 100-yr recurrence flood is 3.90 ft,
which is less than the allowable headwater of 4.5 ft.
7.
Estimate outlet exit velocity. Since this culvert is on outlet control and
discharges into an open channel downstream, the culvert will be flowing full at
the flow depth in the channel. Using the 100-year design peak discharge of 70
cfs and the area of a 48 inch or 4.0 ft diameter culvert the exit velocity will be: Q
= VA
Therefore: V = 70 / (3.14(4.0)2)/4 = 5.6 ft/s
8.
Check for minimum velocity using the 2-year flow of 39 cfs.

Therefore: V = 39 / (3.14(4.0)2)/4 = 3.1 ft/s > minimum of 3.0 OK
9.
The 100-year flow should be routed through the culvert to determine if any
flooding problems will be associated with this flood.
Figure 4-4 provides a convenient form to organize culvert design calculations.
4-14
Figure 4-4
The following symbols are used in these figures:
B - Width of culvert barrel or diameter of pipe culvert
D - Height of box culvert or diameter of pipe culvert
Hf - Depth of pool or head, above the face section of invert
N - Number of barrels
Q - Design discharge
4-15
4.6 Design Procedures For Beveled-Edged Inlets

4.6.1 Introduction
Improved inlets include inlet geometry refinements beyond those normally used in conventional
culvert design practice. Several degrees of improvements are possible, including bevel-edged,
side-tapered, and slope-tapered inlets. Those designers interested in using side- and slope-tapered
inlets should consult the detailed design criteria and example designs outlined in the U. S. Department of Transportation publication Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 5 entitled, Hydraulic
Design of Highway Culverts.
4.6.2 Design Figures
Four inlet control figures for culverts with beveled edges are included in Appendix A at the end
of this chapter.
Chart
3
10
11
12
Page
4A-3
4A-10
43A-11
4A-12
Use for circular pipe culverts with beveled rings

90o headwalls (same for 90o wingwalls)
skewed headwalls
wingwalls with flare angles of 18 to 45 degrees
4.6.3 Design Procedure

The figures for bevel-edged inlets are used for design in the same manner as the conventional
inlet design nomographs discussed earlier. Note that Charts 10, 11, and 12 apply only to bevels
having either a 33o angle (1.5:1) or a 45o angle (1:1).
For box culverts the dimensions of the bevels to be used are based on the culverts dimensions.
The top bevel dimension is determined by multiplying the height of the culvert by a factor. The
side bevel dimensions are determined by multiplying the width of the culvert by a factor. For a
1:1 bevel, the factor is inch/ft. For a 1.5:1 bevel the factor is 1 inch/ft. For example the
minimum bevel dimensions for a 8 ft x 6 ft box culvert with 1:1 bevels would be:
Top Bevel = d = 6 ft x inch/ft = 3 inches
Side Bevel = b = 8 ft x inch/ft = 4 inches
For a 1.5:1 bevel computations would result in d = 6 and b = 8 inches.
4.6.4 Design Figure Limits
The improved inlet design figures are based on research results from culvert models with barrel
width, B, to depth, D, ratios of from 0.5:1 to 2:1. For box culverts with more than one barrel, the
figures are used in the same manner as for a single barrel, except that the bevels must be sized on
the basis of the total clear opening rather than on individual barrel size.
For example, in a double 8 ft by 8 ft box culvert:
Top Bevel - is proportioned based on the height of 8 ft which results in a bevel of
4 in. for the 1:1 bevel and 8 in. for the 1.5:1 bevel.
Side Bevel - is proportioned based on the clear width of 16 ft which results in a
bevel of 8 in. for the 1:1 bevel and 16 in. for the 1.5:1 bevel.
4-16
4.6.5 Multibarrel Installations

For multibarrel installations exceeding a 3:1 width to depth ratio, the side bevels become
excessively large when proportioned on the basis of the total clear width. For these structures, it
is recommended that the side bevel be sized in proportion to the total clear width, B, or three
times the height, whichever is smaller. The top bevel dimension should always be based on the
culvert height.
The shape of the upstream edge of the intermediate walls of multibarrel installations is not as
important to the hydraulic performance of a culvert as the edge condition of the top and sides.
Therefore, the edges of these walls may be square, rounded with a radius of one-half their
thickness, chamfered, or beveled. The intermediate walls may also project from the face and
slope downward to the channel bottom to help direct debris through the culvert.
Multibarrel pipe culverts should be designed as a series of single barrel installations since each
pipe requires a separate bevel.
4.6.6 Skewed Inlets
It is recommended that Figure 4A-11 in Appendix A for skewed inlets not be used for multiple
barrel installations, as the intermediate wall could cause an extreme contraction in the
downstream barrels. This would result in under design due to a greatly reduced capacity.
Skewed inlets should be avoided whenever possible, and should not be used with side- or
slope-tapered inlets. It is important to align culverts with streams in order to avoid erosion
problems associated with changing the direction of the natural stream flow.
4.7 Flood Routing And Culvert Design

4.7.1 Introduction
Flood routing through a culvert is a practice that evaluates the effect of temporary upstream
ponding caused by the culvert's backwater. By not considering flood routing it is possible that the
findings from culvert analyses will be conservative. If the selected allowable headwater is
considered acceptable without flood routing, then costly over design of both the culvert and outlet
protection may result, depending on the amount of temporary storage involved. However, if
storage is used in the design of culverts, consideration should be given to:
the total area of flooding,
the average time that bankfull stage is exceeded for the design flood up to 48 hours in rural
areas or 6 hours in urban areas, and
ensuring that the storage area will remain available for the life of the culvert through the
purchase of right-of-way or easement.
Ignoring temporary storage effects on reducing the selected design flood magnitude by assuming
that this provides a factor of safety is not recommended. This practice results in inconsistent
factors of safety at culvert sites as it is dependent on the amount of temporary storage at each site.
Further, with little or no temporary storage at a site the factor of safety would be unity thereby
precluding a factor of safety. If a factor of safety is desired, it is essential that flood routing
practices be used to insure consistent and defensible factors of safety are used at all culvert sites.
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4.7.2 Design Procedure

The design procedure for flood routing through a culvert is the same as for reservoir routing. The
site data and roadway geometry are obtained and the hydrology analysis completed to include
estimating a hydrograph. Once this essential information is available, the culvert can be
designed. Flood routing through a culvert can be time consuming. It is recommended that the
HY8 computer program be used as it contains software that very quickly routes floods through a
culvert to evaluate an existing culvert (review), or to select a culvert size that satisfies given
criteria (design). However, the engineer should be familiar with the culvert flood routing design
process.
A Multiple trial and error procedure is required for culvert flood routing. In general:
a trial culvert(s) is selected,
a trial discharge for a particular hydrograph time increment (selected time increment to
estimate discharge from the design hydrograph) is selected,
flood routing computations are made with successive trial discharges until the flood
routing equation is satisfied,
the hydraulic findings are compared to the selected site criteria, and
if the selected site criteria are satisfied then a trial discharge for the next time increment is
selected and this procedure is repeated; if not, a new trial culvert is selected and the entire
procedure is repeated.
4.8 HY8 Culvert Analysis Microcomputer Program

It is recommended that the HY8 computer model be used for culvert design. This culvert design
model is available in many computer software packages and is included in the HYDRAIN system
available from McTrans Software (address given under References below). The personal
computer system HYDRAIN uses the theoretical basis for the nomographs to size a culvert. In
addition, this system can evaluate improved inlets, generate and route hydrographs, consider road
overtopping, and evaluate outlet streambed scour. By using water surface profiles, this procedure
is more accurate in predicting backwater effects and outlet scour.
References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1982. Highway
Drainage Guidelines.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1998. Model
Drainage Manual.
Debo, Thomas N. and Andrew J. Reese. Municipal Storm Water Management. Lewis
Publishers. 1995.
Federal Highway Administration. 1978. Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways. Hydraulic
Design Series No. 1.
Federal Highway Administration. 1985. Hydraulic design of highway culverts. Hydraulic
Design Series No. 5.
Federal Highway Administration. 1971. Debris-Control Structures. Hydraulic En4-18
gineering Circular No. 9.

Federal Highway Administration. 1987. HY8 Culvert Analysis Microcomputer Program
Applications Guide. Hydraulic Microcomputer Program HY8.
Federal Highway Administration. 1996. Urban Drainage Design Manual. Hydraulic
Engineering Circular No. 22.
HYDRAIN Culvert Computer Program (HY8). Available from McTrans Software,
University of Florida, 512 Weil Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611.
U. S. Department of Interior. 1983. Design of small canal structures.
Appendix A - Design Charts and Nomographs

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CHAPTER

Chapter Table of Contents

4.2 Symbols And Definitions

Table 4-1 Symbols And Definitions

4.3 Engineering Design Criteria

DeKalb County Manual

produce acceptable velocities or stabilization or energy dissipation should be

DeKalb County Manual

4.4 Design Procedures

Table 4-2 Inlet Coefficients

Socket end of pipe (groove-end)

Pipe, or Pipe-Arch, Corrugated Metal1

Box, Reinforced Concrete

Table 4-3 Manning's n Values

Wall & Joint Description

Good joints, smooth walls

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

4.4.4 Steps In Design Procedure

List design data:

Where: ho = (critical depth + D), or tailwater depth, whichever is greater.

Calculate exit velocity and expected streambed scour to determine if an energy

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

4.4.5 Performance Curves - Roadway Overtopping

Select a range of flow rates and determine the corresponding headwater

= overtopping flow rate (cfs/s)

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

4.4.6 Storage Routing

4.5 Culvert Design Example

The corresponding culvert diameter is about 48 in. This can be calculated by

The culvert is checked for outlet control by using Figure 4-2.

Check for minimum velocity using the 2-year flow of 39 cfs.

Figure 4-4 provides a convenient form to organize culvert design calculations.

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

4.6 Design Procedures For Beveled-Edged Inlets

Use for circular pipe culverts with beveled rings

4.6.3 Design Procedure

DeKalb County Manual

4.6.5 Multibarrel Installations

4.7 Flood Routing And Culvert Design

DeKalb County Manual

4.7.2 Design Procedure

4.8 HY8 Culvert Analysis Microcomputer Program

DeKalb County Manual

gineering Circular No. 9.

Appendix A - Design Charts and Nomographs

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual

DeKalb County Manual