F01 Workbook - Module 2

Table of Contents
F01 Workbook - Module 2

Subject
Page
Chassis and Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Front Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Virtual Pivot Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
New Rear Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Rear Axle Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Rear Axle Alignment Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Damping and Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Technical Data, front brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Technical Data, rear brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Tires and Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Dynamic Driving Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

History of Dynamic Driving Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Bus System Overview for Dynamic Driving Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Changes to Driving Dynamics Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
New Control Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Expansion stages of ICM control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Expansion stages of VDM control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
ICM Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Location and Mounting of the ICM Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Ride-height Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Design and Principle of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Interface with ICM Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Initial Print Date: 01/09
Revision Date: 08/09
Table of Contents
Subject
Page
Integrated Chassis Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Function with ICM Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Input Signals from External Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Output Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Driver Assistance Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Central Driving Dynamics and Steering Control Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Signal Provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Driving Dynamics Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
ICM Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Higher-level Driving Dynamics Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Observation of the Driving Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Central Driving Dynamics Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Coordinated Intervention by the Dynamic Driving Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Driving Dynamics Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Driving Dynamics Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Operation and Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Longitudinal Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

DSC F0x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
DSC Functional Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
DSC Displays and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
New DSC Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
DSC Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Integration in Dynamic Handling Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
DSC Functions in Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
ADB active even when DSC is off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Brake Modulation for Increasing Agility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Table of Contents
Subject
Page
Automatic Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

Slide Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Interface for Adaptive Braking Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Relationship of DSC and ICM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Electromechanical Parking Brake (EMF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Emergency Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Installation Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Running-in the Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
EMF Actuating Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Roll-away Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Schematic EMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Lateral Dynamics Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Integrated Active Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Schematic, Integral Active Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Signals from External Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Control and Modulation of Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Distributed Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Components of Integrated Active Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Rear Axle Steering Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Functions of Integrated Active Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Low Speed Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
High Speed Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Table of Contents
Subject
Page
Handling stabilization by IAL when understeering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Handling stabilization by Integrated Active Steering under -split braking conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
A) Without DSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
B) With DSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
C) With DSC and AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
D) With DSC, dynamic handling controller and IntegratedActive Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Integrated Active Steering special function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Automatic snow chain detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Vertical Dynamics Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Vertical Dynamics Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Signal Processing/VDC (2) Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Damping Force Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
VDC System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
VDM Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Ride Height Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
EDC Satellite with Damper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
VDC II Damper Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Comparison of VDC 1 to VDC 2 Damper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Control Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Active Roll Stabilization (ARS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Vertical Dynamics Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Overview of ARS Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
VDM Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
VDM Control Unit Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
VDM Control Unit Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Table of Contents
Subject
Page
Oscillating Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Active Anti-roll Bar, front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Rear Suspension Active Anti-roll Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
ARS Hydraulic Valve Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Tandem Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Radial Piston Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
New Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Electronic Ride Height Control (EHC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
EHC Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
DCC and ACC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

Trusted Driver Assistance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Dynamic Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Operation and Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Operation and Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Behavior in response to the driver's intention to get out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Adaptive Brake Assistant with Warning Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
New warning function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Setting the advance warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Issuing of the warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Fault states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Components for ACC Stop and Go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Long-range radar sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Short-range radar sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Driver Assistance Systems Operating Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Multifunction steering wheel button pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Workbook - Module 2
Model: F01/F02
Production: From Start of Production
After completion of this module you will be able to:

Understand the changes to the front and rear suspension systems on the new 7 Series
Understand the changes to chassis dynamics systems on the new 7 Series
Locate and identify components of the Integrated Chassis Management
Understand the operation of DCC and ACC Stop and Go.
Chassis and Suspension

Through intelligent design layout and optimum package space
utilization on the new F01/F02, the basis has been created for
distinctly increasing the driving dynamics while improving comfort
and vehicle handling.
This is reflected in the widespread use of aluminum, representing

an important contribution to increasing comfort and reducing CO2
emissions.
The development of the new generation chassis and suspension

systems in the new F01/F02 focused on revolution instead of evolution. The aim was to set a new benchmark.
The integrated chassis management (ICM) intelligently links all

chassis and suspension control systems, thus achieving a new
level of functional quality. Further highlights include "Dynamic
Drive" (ARS) and a fully variable power steering pump to improve
fuel economy.
For the first time, a BMW Sedan is fitted with a double wishbone
front axle made of aluminum, a steerable integral-V rear axle,
BMW integral active steering (IAL) and the innovative damper
system, the 2nd generation vertical dynamics control (VDC 2).
At virtually identical wheel loads, a greater track width and a larger

wheelbase have been realized compared to the predecessor, the
E65.
The lightweight construction philosophy was consistently pursued

in the design of the chassis and suspension systems.
E65/E66
F01/F02
Front Axle
Double pivot spring strut front axle
Double wishbone front axle
Stabilizer bar, front
Passive or Active (ARS)
Suspension/damping, rear
Steel spring or Air spring/EDC
Steel spring or Air spring (VDC2)
Brake, front
Disc brake with rotor diameter of 348mm
Parking brake
Drum brake with EMF
Drum brake with EMF
Suspension/damping, front
Rear axle
Stabilizer bar, rear

Brake, rear
Wheels/tires
Steering
Steel spring/EDC
Integral IV

Standard tires
Power steering (w /Servotronic)

Steel spring/VDC 2
Integral V

Runflat tires (as standard)
Power steering with Servotronic (optional IAL)
Front Axle
A double wishbone front axle as known from the E70 and E71
is now also fitted in the F01/F02.
In comparison with the double pivot spring strut front axle on the
E65, this front axle design offers the following advantages:
Higher transverse acceleration is reflected in greater vehicle
agility.
Improved cornering/steering and transition characteristics

which are particularly favorable in terms of rolling motion.
Reduced interference means greater comfort.
Shock absorbers that are subjected to virtually no transverse

forces provide greater comfort.
The design layout of the double wishbone front axle facilitates

vertical dynamics control (VDC) and all-wheel drive (as on the
E70/E71) without the need to adjust height and no spring
travel loss.
Double wishbone front axles improve directional stability.
The outstanding driving dynamics, the excellent driving comfort as

well as the exceptional directional stability are factors of this double
wishbone front axle design solution that contribute to a high degree
of driving pleasure and safety while making the vehicle ideal for
every day use and providing the most relaxing drive on long
journeys.
The introduction of a second control arm level for wheel control,

which is arranged above the wheel, results in additional degrees
of freedom for the kinematics of the front axle as well as for the
suspension/damping compared to other designs such as a spring
strut front axle.
Index
Explanation
Index
Transverse control arm, top
Wheel bearing
1
3
5
Spring strut
Swivel bearing
Stabilizer link
Explanation
Transverse control arm, bottom
Tension strut with hydraulic mount
Stabilizer bar
Front suspension, subframe
This kingpin offset at hub is a direct influence on the scrub radius

which is decisive for transmitting the irregularities on the road surface to the steering wheel.
Virtual Pivot Point

The steering pivot axis (1) of the wheel suspension is now formed
by a joint at the top A-arm and the virtual pivot point of the lower
arm. This allows the steering pivot axis to be positioned in such a
way as to produce a small kingpin offset at hub (3) with sufficient
weight recoil.
The lower and upper arm levels now move simultaneously in

response to wheel deflection. As a result, as the spring compresses, the wheel pivots in such a way that the camber does not
decrease as much as is the case with a spring strut front axle.
Since the two control arm levels undertake the wheel control, the
damper is virtually no longer subjected to transverse forces and
rotational motion.
This makes it possible to do without a roller bearing assembly on

the spring strut support. Instead of this conventional roller bearing,
a damping and support unit is installed that takes up all three load
paths. The load paths are the damper piston rod, the inner auxiliary
spring and the bearing spring. This damping and support unit is still
referred to as the "strut mount".
Description (Front axle data)
E65/E66
F01/F02
Track width (mm)
1578
1611
Kingpin offset at hub (mm)
88.1
-0 20' 20'
-0 12' 15'
Total toe-in
10' 8'
16' 6'
0 30'
11.92/39.10
12.15/39.86
Toe angle difference (toe out on turns)
1 27' 30'
12 20'
Caster angle
7 27' 30'
By connecting the stabilizer bar via the stabilizer link to the spring
strut, the torsion in response to body roll motion is equivalent to the
total wheel lift from the inside to the outside of the curve (in other
suspension setups, the stabilizer bars are connected to a
transverse control arm and therefore achieve only a fraction of the
torsion angle).
0 30'
Turning circle (m/ft)
Kingpin offset (mm)
Due to the substantially lower friction at the circumference of the

piston rod, the damper can respond more sensitively.
56.3
Camber
Camber difference
Due to the lack of transverse forces, the piston rod can be made
thinner, resulting in a similar displacement volume in the push and
pull direction of the damper. This serves to improve the design
layout of the damper and is the prerequisite for the innovative
damper control system - vertical dynamics control (VDC).
0.5
Despite being highly effective, this high degree of torsion allows for
the stabilizer bar to be made relatively thin which has a favorable
effect on driving comfort and dynamics as well as saving weight.
7 0'
10
New Rear Axle
The rear axle design on the F01/02 is a newly designed axle known as the integral-V. This differs from the previous 7 Series which used
the familiar and already proven integral IV. The integral IV rear axle design was introduced on the E38 in 1995 and has been in use on
subsequent 5, 6 and 7 series models as well as both generations of the X5.
Integral V axle without HSR
Integral V axle with HSR
Index
1
2
Explanation
Actuator, rear axle slip (thrust)

angle control (HSR)
Explanation
Integral link
Track rod, left
A-arm (swinging arm)
Wheel carrier
Rear axle carrier
Transverse control unit, top
Wheel bearing
Index
Thrust strut
Index
Explanation
Bearing assemblies, track rod
Track rod, left
Index
3
Explanation
Track rod, right
Now, there are new challenges to meet with regard to rear axle
design. While the integral IV axle met and exceeded all of the
requirements of BMW chassis dynamics, the integral V was
developed to meet some of the new requirements of the F01/02
including:
Rear Axle Data
Description (Rear axle data)
F01 (Standard)
F01 (optional HSR)
Track width
1628
1650
Wheel base (mm)
Larger vehicle dimensions
Greater drive output
-1 50' 15
-1 50' 15
Total toe-in
14' 10
16' 6'
Thrust angle
Higher drive torque
3070
Camber
Camber difference
Greater total weight
3070
0 30'
0 12'
0 30'
0 12'
Rear Axle Alignment Procedures

Due to the design of the Integral V rear axle, the alignment
procedure differs from previous models. When performing a rear
axle alignment on all models previous to the F01, rear Camber is
always adjusted before rear Toe. This has been the common
practice up to this point.
Run flat tires (RSC)
In addition, the demanding objectives relating to driving dynamics

and comfort have been correspondingly adapted while the new
system integrates driving dynamics systems required for this
purpose.
The new rear axle geometry on the F01 is such that any adjustments to the Camber or Toe eccentrics will influence both
adjustments. Therefore, it is necessary that Camber is the
last adjustment rather than Toe.
An additional design requirement of the new rear axle is the ability

to allow changes in the thrust (slip) angle. This accommodation
allows for a small degree of movement to execute slight steering
movements. This is part of the new Integral Active Steering
System which includes HSR.
Refer to the latest repair instructions in Group 32 under

Steering and Alignment under Adjust Rear Axle.
The Integral IV axle from the E65 is capable of executing rear

steering movement, but the design of the axle would require a
much larger actuator. Therefore, the Integral V axle was introduced
to meet these needs.
There are two axle designs for the F01/F02. One is the standard
rear axle (w/o HSR), the other has the actuator for the HSR which
includes modified track rods.
11
12
Workshop Exercise - Vehicle Alignment

Model: F01/F02
Production: From Start of Production
After completion of this module you will be able to:

To learn how to plot rear suspension adjustments using the appropriate graph.
Align rear suspension using plotted adjustment points.
Learn the correct procedures required when aligning a vehicle with Integrated Active Steering.
How to perform a front camber adjustment on a F01/F02.
Workshop Exercise - F01/F02 Vehicle Alignment
Using the designated vehicle perform a four wheel alignment following the steps outlined in the following exercise.
Connect ICOM to vehicle and perform vehicle test. Locate wheel alignment and ride height specifications using ISID.
LF
RF
Ride Height
Specification
Ride Height
Specification
Tire Pressure
Specification
Tire Pressure
Specification
Note: Remove turnlate pins and thoroughly settle

suspension prior to ride height measurement.
If vehicle is equipped with EHC adjust rear axle ride height if

required.
What should be done prior to performing a wheel alignment on a

vehicle with EHC?
Is the vehicle equipped with HSR?
Installed
Weight (Left)
LR
Ride Height
Specification
Tire Pressure
Specification
or
NO
If so execute the test plan to be sure the rear steering actuator

is centered.
Installed
Weight (Right)
Installed Weight (Rear Seat)
YES
When executing the rear steering test plan what value must be
achieved before adjusting the rear suspension?
RR
Install wheel adapters and targets and begin wheel alignment.
Ride Height
Specification
Important!!!
Tire Pressure
Specification
Installed Weight (Trunk)
13
Suspension must be thoroughly jounced

prior to taking any alignment readings.
14
Do either of the rear wheels need to be adjusted? If so plot the adjustments on the graph provided.
Left Rear:
Where does the plotted point intersect line D?
Right Rear:
Where does the plotted point intersect line D?
Left Rear Toe ____________'
Right Rear Toe ____________'
Left Rear Camber ___________' (Conversion - ______ _____' )

Perform intermediate adjustment using the control arm
eccentric (upper link). The camber and toe should now
match your plotted points from the answers above!
Identify the rear camber and toe specs from graph.
Right Rear Camber ___________' (Conversion - ______ _____' )

Perform intermediate adjustment using the control arm
eccentric (upper link). The camber and toe should now
match your plotted points from the answers above!
Identify the rear camber and toe specs from graph.
Left Rear Camber (spec) _______ ' (Conversion - ______ _____' )
Right Rear Camber (spec) _______ ' (Conversion - ______ _____' )
Perform final adjustment using the swing arm eccentric

to bring camber and toe where line C & D intersect on graph.
Perform final adjustment using the swing arm eccentric

to bring camber and toe where line C & D intersect on graph.
Left Rear Toe (spec) ______ '
Right Rear Toe (spec) ______ '
What is the torque specification for the control arm (upper) nut?
_______________ Nm
What is the torque specification for the swing arm (lower) nut?
_______________ Nm
Should the eccentric nuts be replaced?
Important!!!
YES
or
NO
After adjusting the second wheel on the rear axle be sure that the first wheel is still in specs.
It may be necessary to readjust first wheel after setting the second wheel if the vehicle was
severely out of specifications. If a second adjustment is required the points must be plotted.
Chart for Adjusting F01/F02 Rear Axle
60
55
50
Left Rear Wheel
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
Key:
Unit of measurement in diagram: [min]
10
5
A
B
C
D
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-170 -165 -160 -155 -150 -145 -140 -135 -130 -125 -120 -115 -110 -105 -100 -95
-90
-85
-80
-75
-70
-65
B
15
-60
-55
-50
Toe
Camber
Control Arm
Swinging Arm
16
Chart for Adjusting F01/F02 Rear Axle
60
55
50
Right Rear Wheel
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
Key:
Unit of measurement in diagram: [min]
10
5
A
B
C
D
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-170 -165 -160 -155 -150 -145 -140 -135 -130 -125 -120 -115 -110 -105 -100 -95
-90
-85
-80
-75
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
Toe
Camber
Control Arm
Swinging Arm

When asked if a wheel alignment is necessary?
How is the front camber adjustment performed? Are there any special tools needed to perform camber adjustment? If so please list
and explain.
What is the tolerance for the virtual steering angle sensor?
Important!!!
What other BMW vehicles use this method of front camber adjustment?
This value must be maintained

during front toe adjustment!
Front Toe (BEFORE ADJUSTMENT)
Note: Adjust front camber as required!
Note: If vehicle is equipped with Active Front Steering then

execute the Initialization/Adjustment Procedure!
LEFT ______________ '
RIGHT _____________ '
LEFT _______________ '
RIGHT ______________ '
Front Toe (AFTER)
List at least three conditions that will require Active Front Steering
initialization.
Important!!!
Answer: YES
After completing the front toe adjustment is the AL warning lamp

on? YES or NO
Install Steering Wheel Level at this time

to insure accuracy and center steering.
If NO was answered then no further initialization is

required. Vehicle should be road tested to insure proper
center steering.
When asked in the Test Plan Is there a customer complaint

about steering wheel askew? Answer: YES
What are some other systems on the F01 that might require calibration after a wheel alignment?
Your Instructor will demonstrate when to answer NO later.
Continue in test plan. Did AL warning lamp illuminate? YES or NO
Continue to follow procedure exactly as described.
Was the procedure completed successfully and did the AL warning

lamp go out? YES or NO
This procedure must be completed successfully in order

to continue with front toe adjustment. Repeat if necessary.
17
18
Damping and Suspension
The F01/F02 is equipped as standard with the latest variation of

vertical dynamics control (VDC 2) featuring electronically controlled
damper systems.
The standard chassis and suspension system of the F01 features

steel springs on the front and rear axle. The standard chassis and
suspension on the F02 has steel springs on the front axle with the
single axle air suspension (EHC) fitted on the rear axle.
In addition, the following combinations are available:
Standard suspension with single axle air spring (on rear)
Dynamic drive (ARS) with steel springs and VDC dampers
Dynamic drive (ARS) with 2 steel springs and single axle air
spring and VDC dampers.
BMW is the first car maker to offer a standard, continuously

controlled adjusting damper system which has different properties
regarding the tension/compression phases.
The outstanding properties of this new (VDC2) adjusting damper
are:
Advanced opening adjustment for improved body stabilization.

Realized by adjustments even at low damper speeds.
Difference between "soft" and "hard" in connection with
driving dynamics control easily identifiable by the customer.
The 2 EDC data-map valves (per damper) allow for different

characteristics between compression and extension phases
(jounce and rebound).
Index
Explanation
VDC damper (front) with steel spring
Front EDC satellite control unit
2
4
VDC damper (rear) with air spring

Rear EDC satellite control unit
EDC data-map valve for compression control
EDC data-map valve for extension control
6
8
EDC data-map valve for extension control
EDC data-map valve for compression control
Brakes
Tires and Wheels
Function-optimized lightweight construction brakes are used on

the F01/F02. Lightweight brake discs with riveted aluminum hub
are installed on the front axle. The rear axle brakes consist of a
conventional, cast iron brake rotor.
Unlike the E65 predecessor, the F01/F02 is fitted with the Run Flat
System Component (RSC) package on board as standard.
The BMW Group has put together a safety package with the aim of
avoiding such accidents as well as the risk involved with changing
a tire at the side of the road, at night or in wet conditions, in tunnels
or at road construction sites.
Floating brake calipers are fitted on the front and rear axle.
However, the front calipers are lightweight aluminum, while
the rear are cast iron.
The BMW runflat safety system:
The brake system in the F01/F02 features the known brake

wear monitoring system for the CBS indicator.
Technical Data, front brakes
Technical data, front brakes
Specification
Brake disc, thickness (mm)
36
Brake caliper, piston diameter (mm)

Brake disc diameter (mm)
Brake disc diameter (inches)

Brake disc construction
Brake caliper construction
Technical Data, rear brakes
Brake caliper construction
With its reinforced side walls, additional strip inserts and heatresistant rubber mixtures, even when completely depressurized, the
"self-supporting tire" makes it possible to continue the journey for a
limited distance at a maximum speed of 50 mph.
Aluminum (riveted)
Aluminum
24
Brake disc construction
The system consisting of the RSC tires, rims with EH2+ contour
and the electronic tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS).
14.7
Brake disc, thickness (mm)
Brake disc diameter (inches)
Keeps the tire safely on the rim even in the event of sudden
tire pressure loss at high speed.
373
Specification
Brake disc diameter (mm)
Allows the journey to be continued for a defined distance even

in the event of complete loss of tire pressure
60
Technical data, rear brakes
Brake caliper, piston diameter (mm)
Warns the driver in good time of imminent tire pressure loss

so that countermeasures can be taken
Refer to the owners manual for the maximum driving range after
puncture or deflation occurs.
ABS, ASC and DSC remain fully operational even in the event of
complete tire pressure loss.
44
When driving with a run flat tire with no pressure, the standard VDC
automatically distributes the vehicle weight over the remaining
wheels so as to relieve the load on the depressurized tire with the
aim of achieving the highest possible range for continued
operation.
368
14.5
Cast iron
Cast iron
19
20
Steering
The steering column in the F01/F02 is designed to conform with

the most demanding requirements in terms of ergonomics,
comfort and passive occupant safety all coupled with characteristic
BMW steering properties.
The F01/F02 is equipped with an electrically operated steering

column with infinitely variable horizontal and vertical adjustment
as standard.
Outstanding ergonomics ensured by an optimum adjustment

range for the steering wheel position:
Horizontal 30 mm
Vertical 20 mm
Additional comfort function provided by easy entry and exit:
When getting in and out of the vehicle, the steering wheel

temporarily moves into the topmost position thus providing
maximum freedom of movement.
Outstanding crash safety provided by the familiar, innovative

BMW crash system, specifically tuned and featuring force
dependent energy absorbers.
The steering column has a motor for in/out adjustment and a motor
for up/down adjustment with a specially developed gear
mechanism.
Each of these low-noise drive units is mounted acoustically decoupled executes the adjustment with the aid of motor/driven flexible
spindles.
Index
Explanation
Index
Explanation
Flexible coupling
Actuator motor, right
1
3
Splined tube
Actuator motor, left
4
6
Crash tube
Steering gear
The components of the steering column are optimized in terms of

rigidity in the comfort relevant frequency range to reduce vibration
and avoid disturbing steering wheel vibration and have been
developed in line with a magnesium and aluminum lightweight
construction concept.
The flexible coupling fitted in the steering column represents the

perfect means of finely tuning the steering characteristics and
driving comfort. Vehicle-specific coupling packages are vulcanized
in elastomer in this flexible coupling, allowing extremely high torque
to be transmitter reliably and precisely.
The steering column is thus successfully decoupled from

disturbing influences caused by excitation from the road surface
(axial impact or radial torque peaks).
The innovative crash system essentially consists of a crash adapter

and crash tube. In the event of a crash, the impact energy is
progressively reduced for the driver by the crash tube breaking
open and deforming, thus providing the advantage of reduced
stress on the occupants in the event of a crash (integral part of the
5-star philosophy at BMW).
Index
1
Explanation
Normal position (0 mm)
Index
2
Explanation
Crash position (travel 80 mm)
In addition, the lower and center steering shaft collapses during the
crash thus preventing penetration of the steering column into the
passenger compartment. The system design also prevents the
back displacement of all components in the engine compartment
and possible damage to the bulkhead.
21
22
Classroom Exercise - Review Questions F01 Chassis and Suspension

1.
What type of rear axle is used on the F01? (circle one)
HA V
Integral V
Integral IV
Central-link
2.
What is different about the tires used on the F01?

(as compared to the E65)
3.
How is front Camber changed on the F01/02?

1.
4.
5.
What is different about the dampers (struts) on the F01?
What must be considered when making adjustments to the

rear axle on the F01/F02?
2.
6.
Label the above adjustment points for th Integral V axle on

the F01/F02.
7.
List some of the benefits of the double wishbone front

suspension:
Classroom Exercise - F01/F02 Comparison of Standard/Optional Systems
With instructor assistance, work through the chart below.

Fill in the optional/standard chassis systems on the F01 in comparison to the E65.
Dynamic Driving System
E65/E66
Standard
Higher Level Driving Dynamics Systems

Integrated Chassis Management
Driving Dynamics Control
Longitudinal Dynamics
Dynamic Stability Control
Electro-Mechanical Parking Brake (EMF)
Lateral Dynamics
Servotronic
Integrated Active Steering (IAL)
Vertical Dynamics
Electronic Damping Control (continuous) EDC-K

Vertical Dynamics Control 2 (VDC 2)
Active Roll Stabilization
Electronic Height Control
Driver Assistance
Cruise Control (FGR)
Cruise Control with braking function (DCC)

Active Cruise Control (ACC)
Active Cruise Control with Stop and Go (ACC Stop and Go)
23
Optional
F01/F02
Standard
Optional
24
Dynamic Driving Systems
History of Dynamic Driving Systems
Since the introduction of the previous 7 Series, the E65, there

have been many developments in the area of dynamic driving
systems on all BMW models.
The Vertical Dynamics Management made its debut in the BMW

X5 (E70) with the VDM control unit: the integrated Vertical
Dynamics Control (VDC) function controls the adjustable
dampers.
In contrast to the earlier system, not only ride-level heights and

vertical acceleration are used as the input signals. Instead, the
higher-level control strategy of the Vertical Dynamics Control takes
all signals relevant to driving dynamics into account including, for
example, road speed, and longitudinal/lateral acceleration.
The VDM control unit also coordinates the Vertical Dynamic

Control and Active Roll Stabilization (ARS) functions. Overall, this
meant that wheel contact with the road surface was improved and
the vertical movement of the body reduced for a wider variety of
road situations.
In addition to the VDM control unit, the BMW X6 (E71) was also
equipped with an ICM control unit that for the first time incorporates both the longitudinal and lateral dynamics control functions.
Now, with the introduction of the F01, these past developments

are now combined with the latest innovations to make for a truly
Dynamic driving experience.
For example, the introduction of the longitudinal dynamics management system in the BMW 3 Series (E9x) was the first step in
this direction. The longitudinal dynamics control functions,
Dynamic Cruise Control and Active Cruise Control, were integrated into one control unit - the LDM control unit. These integrated
functions considerably enhanced the harmony and coordination
of drive and brake actuation.
The longitudinal and lateral motion of the vehicle is evaluated

centrally in the ICM control unit. Following on from this development, the dynamic driving systems Active Steering and Dynamic
Performance Control are now used and their interaction is of
course also coordinated by the ICM control unit.
Significant at this stage is the definition of the ICM as the main
control unit for the control functions. The actuators on the other
hand are activated by control units specially intended for this
purpose.
OBD
Bus System Overview for Dynamic Driving Systems
5
K-CAN2
FlexRay
K-CAN
ZGM
5
PT-CAN
CAS
FZD
IHKA
CIC
FKA
RSE Mid
ACSM
K
KOMBI
EMA FA
F
JB
PDC
TPMS
EKPS
PT-CAN2
PT-C
-CAN2
FRM
DME
EMA BF
DSC
CON
TOP HiFi
SDARS
EGS
SZL
CID
ULF-SBX
High
DVD
GWS
HSR
NVE
AL
SWW
TCU
HUD
EHC
HKL
FD
FD2
KAFAS
F
FAS
SM FA
F
SM BF
TRSVC
HiFi
EMF
SM FAH
F
SM BFH
VSW
5
K-CAN
PT-CAN2
Ethernet
K-CAN2
K-Bus
(protokoll)
D-CAN
BSD
PT-CAN
LIN-Bus
FlexRay
Local-CAN
25
ICM
VDM
EDC SVL
EDC SVR
EDC SHL
EDC SHR
MOST
26
Workshop Exercise - Component Location - Integrated Chassis Management
On an F01/F02, locate the components on the vehicle, then fill in the chart by using the supplied bus charts and wiring diagrams in
ISTA to determine the electrical connections to the vehicle network (refer to example).
Index
1
Explanation
EDC, SVL
Ride height sensor, FL
EVV Valve
Servotronic valve
Ride height sensor, FR
EDC, SVR
JB electronics
VDM
ICM
10 a
EMF buttons
10 b
Auto-Hold button
11
12
Driving Dynamics switch/DTC

button
SZL/LWS
13
AL (AS)
14
DSC
Connected to
by way of
Workshop Exercise - Component Location - Integrated Chassis Management
On an F01/F02, locate the components on the vehicle, then fill in the chart by using the supplied bus charts and wiring diagrams in
ISTA to determine the electrical connections to the vehicle network (refer to example).
Index
Explanation
EMF Control module and

actuating unit
Ride height sensor, right rear
EDC, SHR
TPMS Control module
EHC Control module
HSR control module
HSR actuator
Ride height sensor, rear left
EDC, SHL
27
Connected to
by way of
28
Changes to Driving Dynamics Control
In the F01/02, the management of chassis systems has been

further developed to improve the performance and interaction of
the individual dynamic driving systems.
The integration of the ICM module into the new 7 series allows the
desired dynamic effect in each road situation. Also, the most
suitable actuator can now be selected and activated.
A further task of the ICM control unit is to make the driving dynamics condition available throughout the entire vehicle through in the
form of signals. This is why the DSC sensor in the F01/F02, which
was previously fitted separately, has now been integrated into the
ICM control unit.
This means that all systems have access to the same information
provided by the ICM control unit. As a consequence, the potential
for errors, particularly in networked systems, is reduced and the
system reliability of systems is increased.
Further, this simplifies the diagnosis of the interconnected system

as the fault code memory entries for the driving dynamics signals
are now stored centrally in the ICM control unit and are no longer
distributed between many control units.
The result for the customer is perfect harmony in terms of vehicle

handling - irrespective of the equipment specification and road
situation. This uses the possibilities for maximizing convenience,
agility and stability to the fullest.
The customer's experience of this harmony in terms of vehicle
handling is especially enhanced by the new Driving Dynamics
Control function.
This offers several particularly distinctive vehicle characteristics that

determine how the vehicle handling as a whole is perceived by the
driver and passengers.
The driver can use the driving dynamics switch to select a characteristic that perfectly matches the specific driving requirement or
section of road.
For example, in some instances it might be necessary to activate
the brakes for individual wheels (DSC) while superimposing a
steering angle using the Integral Active Steering (IAL).
In addition to central signal provision, the essential functions of

the ICM control unit are concerned with longitudinal and lateral
dynamics. These include the control function for the new Integral
Active Steering, for example.
New Control Units

Two newly developed control units for dynamic driving systems will
also be used in the F01/F02:
Integrated Chassis Management (ICM) and
The vertical dynamics functions on the other hand are incorporated

in the VDM control unit. These include:
Vertical Dynamics Management (VDM).
Although their names are already familiar from the E70/E71, they
differ considerably in their functional range and design. A multitude
of driving dynamics functions is concentrated in these control units.
Vertical Dynamics Control 2 (2nd generation)
Active Roll Stabilization (ARS a.k.a Dynamic Drive).
Although both control units are standard equipment, two expansion

stages are available in each case, depending on the options fitted
to the vehicle.
Driving dynamics signals provided by the ICM
Expansion stages of ICM control unit
The basic version of the ICM control unit is fitted as standard in the
F01/F02. In this case, the vehicle is provided with the Servotronic
steering system and cruise control driver assistance function with
braking function (DCC).
The high-performance version of the ICM control unit is used if
one or both of the following options are ordered by the customer:
Integral Active Steering
Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go function
Expansion stages of VDM control unit
Index
Explanation
Index
ICM control unit
AL
DSC sensor integrated

into the ICM
Road speed
2
ax
ay
Longitudinal acceleration
Lateral acceleration
Explanation
DSC
HSR
Rear axle slip angle control
VDM
The basic version of the VDM control unit contains the Vertical
Dynamics Control function. This is included in the standard equipment of the F01/F02.
The high-performance version of the VDM control unit is fitted if

the customer also orders the optional ARS. The high-performance
version also incorporates the output stages required for activation
of the hydraulic valves in the ARS.
Active Steering
Vertical Dynamics Management
29
30
ICM Control Unit
An ICM control unit is installed in every F01/F02. Each ICM control

unit contains the following, irrespective of the equipment installed
in the vehicle:
ICM Control Module, basic version
Two microprocessors
A FlexRay controller
Output stages for activating valves in the steering system

Integrated sensor system for driving dynamics variables
(previously: DSC sensor).
The essential tasks of one of the microprocessors are the calculation of control functions, communication processing and activation
of the output stages.
ICM Control Module, high performance version
The main task of the second processor is to monitor safety relevant

functions and bring about a system shut down in the event of a
fault.
The other components of the ICM control unit listed above are
described in the following chapters.
Two versions of the ICM control unit exist. The version installed in
the vehicle depends on the equipment.
The internal layout of the high-performance version differs from the

internal layout of the basic version in the following ways:
Larger microprocessor (required to calculate the Integral Active

Steering control and active speed control)
Redundant sensor system for lateral acceleration and yaw rate

(safety requirement for Integral Active Steering).
The sensors that were previously accommodated in the DSC sensor are now housed in the ICM. Therefore there are no independent DSC sensors on the F01.
The following graphics make these differences clear.
Index
Explanation
Acceleration sensor (longitudinal and lateral acceleration)
Controller for FlexRay connection
2
4
5
Output stages for Servotronic and EVV valves

Two microprocessors
Yaw rate sensor (2 for HP version)
A secondary task of this mounting is to conduct heat away from the

control unit to the body.
Location and Mounting of the ICM Module

The ICM control unit is installed in the center console behind the
central sensor for the ACSM. This means that the position of the
control unit and its integrated sensor system in the vehicle, near to
its center of gravity, is ideal from the point of view of driving dynamics.
For the mounting to be able to perform these tasks, the following

points must be observed when mounting and replacing the ICM
control unit:
Use only the correct spacer sleeves and mounting bolts.
The mounting points on the body are precisely determined and are
measured when the vehicle is manufactured and must not be
replaced with any other mounting points.
The mounting bolts must be tightened in the correct order

(See repair instructions)
The tightening torque specified in the repair instructions must

be observed without fail.
A check must then be carried out to make sure the control
unit is mounted securely and free of play.
To ensure sufficient heat dissipation and to avoid vibrations,

the sides and top of the control unit housing must not come
into contact with other vehicle components.
In the center console, where the ICM is located, the provided

air space must be maintained. Harnesses and cables should
be routed correctly and must not contact the ICM.
Index
Explanation
Index
Explanation
Mounting bolt
Lower section of housing
Upper section of housing
Connector
Aftermarket accessories should not be in the vicinity of the

ICM.
The wiring harness that runs in the center console in particular

must never be routed in, or even pushed into, the spaces on
either side of the ICM control unit.
Spacer sleeve
The housing of the control unit is connected to the metal body of

the transmission tunnel with four screws and spacer sleeves made
of aluminum. The control unit must be mounted on the vehicle
body free of play as otherwise vibrations may be induced in the
control unit housing which would severely impair the operation of
the integrated sensor system.
31
32
Ride-height Sensors
Design and Principle of Operation
The angle of a pivoting arm is converted to a voltage signal via the
ride-height sensors. The greater the angle (with reference to a
defined starting position), the greater the output voltage generated
by a Hall sensor element.
Versions
Four ride-height sensors are installed in every F01/F02. However,

the ride-height sensors installed in the vehicle are in different
versions. Different ride-height sensors are used on the left and
right of the front axle.
Different ride-height sensors are also used on the rear axle.
The reasons for this in both cases are the available installation
space and the starting position of the pivoting arm.
Double or single-type ride-height sensors are used at the rear axle,

depending on whether the vehicle is equipped with electronic
ride height control (EHC). Single-type ride-height sensors are
always used at the front axle.
Interface with ICM Control Unit
Each ride-height sensor (irrespective of the version) is connected

to the ICM control unit by three wires. The double-type ride-height
sensors at the rear axle are also connected to the EHC control unit
according to the same principle via three additional lines.
Power is supplied by the ICM control unit to the ride-height sensor
via one of the lines. The sensor uses the second line to deliver its
measurement signal (0-5 V DC voltage). The third line is connected to a common earth inside the ICM control unit.
The measurement signal is evaluated by means of voltage

measurement in the ICM control unit. The ICM control unit cannot
calculate the actual ride-level heights in millimeters on the basis of
this information alone.
To perform this calculation, the ICM control unit must be able to
map the voltage signals it receives to reference values. This is the
only way to establish a relationship between the measurement
signals and the actual ride-level heights.
These reference values are determined during a synchronization
procedure.
The ride-height signals in the ICM must be synchronized in the

following cases:
following replacement of the ICM control unit,
following replacement of a ride-height sensor or
if prompted to do so by the test schedule of the diagnostic

system (due to a fault code memory entry in the ICM).
The synchronization does not have to be carried out if a wheel has

been changed.
NOTES
PAGE
33
34
With the E71, the notion of a higher-level driving dynamics control

system was implemented for the first time in a standard model.
This central function is also referred to as "Integrated Chassis
Management" ("ICM" for short) and is integrated in the control unit
of the same name in the E71.
The Vertical Dynamics Management (VDM) is still responsible for

controlling the vertical dynamics. The vertical dynamic control and
dynamic drive functions are therefore accommodated in the VDM
control unit.
Signals that provide information on the current driving situation are
obviously exchanged between the ICM and VDM.
The main focus of this section is to describe the functions of the
ICM control unit. An introductory overview of these functions is
provided in the following sections.
Index
Explanation
Index
Explanation
Longitudinal dynamics
ICM
Lateral dynamics
VDM
Vertical Dynamics Management
Vertical dynamics
ICM
Responsible
Control Module
(primary processing)
As is the case in the E71, the new ICM control unit in the F01/F02
essentially performs the calculations for the control functions that
influence the longitudinal and lateral dynamics.
The actuators are activated by separate control units (e.g. AL

control unit). The functional range of the ICM control unit in the
F01/F02 has grown considerably when compared to the E71.
VDM
The previous strategy was to use one control unit to perform the
control tasks for each main movement direction. This approach was
not employed in the E71 or the F01/F02.
Vehicle Dynamics
Systems
Specific Systems
DSC
EMF
Lateral Dynamics
Servotronic
IAL
Driver Assistance
DCC
ACC Stop and Go
Vertical Dynamics
VDC
ARS
EHC
Function with ICM Control Module
Input Signals from External Sensors

The ICM receives numerous amounts of signal data from various
sources which include (but are not limited to):
Wheel speed information from DSC via FlexRay
Steering angle from SZL via FlexRay
Actuator positions from IAL via FlexRay
Ride height sensors (4) via direct analog input
Output Signals
The ICM processes all signal information and provides this
information to other control modules via FlexRay. This information
includes wheel speed, steering angle and ride height information.
The ICM also makes available, via FlexRay, the information from the
integrated DSC sensors. In addition to sensor data, the ICM
provides target values for actuators and actuator control units (i.e.
AL and HSR).
Index
Explanation
Input signals from external sensors
Output signals (target values at actuators and actuator control units)
Central driving dynamics and steering control function
Driving Dynamics control function
2
4
6
8
9
Driver Assistance Functions

Systems such as ACC Stop and Go and DCC are incorporated into
the ICM. In addition, the ICM coordinates the activation of the
vibration actuator in the steering wheel for the Lane Departure
Warning and Active Blind Spot Detection via a bus signal over the
FlexRay.
ICM
Central Driving Dynamics and Steering Control Function

The central driving dynamics control system in the ICM firstly
evaluates the current driving condition and driver's command, also
taking the dynamic driving systems installed in the vehicle into
account (i.e. IAL).
Driver assistance functions
Sensor signal processing and signal provision
On the basis of this information, the system decides whether or not

to intervene in the driving dynamics, and also the extent the intervention.
DSC sensor (integrated in ICM)
Redundant DSC sensor (integrated in ICM)
35
36
The highly intelligent dynamic driving systems permit slight and

barely noticeable interventions as soon as e.g. a tendency towards
understeering is detected.
A coordinator function ensures that the most suitable actuator is
activated in each case. Where several actuators are used simultaneously, a great deal of importance has been placed on ensuring
that these interventions are in perfect harmony.
Signal Provision
The sensors that were previously accommodated separately in the
DSC sensor are now installed in the ICM control unit. The following variables can be recorded with these sensors:
Longitudinal acceleration and pitch of the road or vehicle in
the longitudinal direction
Lateral acceleration and pitch of road or vehicle in lateral
direction
Rotational speed around vertical axis (yaw rate).
The sensor signals are initially referenced to the sensor housing.

However, to be useful to the dynamic driving systems, these
variables must be referenced to the vehicle coordinate system.
The ICM control unit performs the necessary signal conversion.

A synchronization process is carried out when the ICM control unit
is started up during which appropriate correction values are
determined and saved.

The driving dynamics control provides the driver with the choice of
one of four driving dynamics settings (Normal, Comfort, Sport and
Sport+).
By making this choice, the driver influences the central driving

dynamics control system and therefore all dynamic driving systems
and drive train systems.
All systems are matched appropriately to every setting and, most

importantly, their interaction with each other within one specific
setting is also perfectly coordinated.
The status of the Dynamic Stability Control is also taken into

account thus ensuring that two additional driving dynamics specifications are possible.
The ICM control unit is also responsible for the Servotronic function including valve actuation. This steering control function is also
influenced by the driving dynamics control.
ICM Calibration
Calibration of the sensors integrated into the ICM control unit is
necessary in the following cases:
the ICM control unit has been replaced or
if requested by the test schedule in the diagnostic system due

to a fault code memory entry.
The calibration must be performed with the vehicle standing on a

level surface in the longitudinal and lateral direction. The ignition
must be switched to Terminal 15.
Higher-level Driving Dynamics Control
Central Driving Dynamics Control

The aim of the interventions by the dynamic driving system is to
improve agility and traction. If required, they can of course also
restore the stability of the vehicle.
Observation of the Driving Condition

The Integrated Chassis Management (ICM) control unit calculates
the current driving situation from the signals listed below.
This essentially means the longitudinal and lateral dynamic driving
condition:
In previous vehicles, separate systems existed that were designed

to do this and although they in fact communicated with each other,
they tended to have a more restricted range of tasks.
The interaction of all systems that ultimately determines the overall
driving characteristics was therefore difficult to coordinate.
Wheel speed signals from all four wheels
Longitudinal acceleration
The Integrated Chassis Management of the F01/F02 incorporates

the central driving dynamics control. This compares the command
given by the driver with the actual movement of the vehicle at that
point and therefore determines whether intervention of the dynamic driving system is required, and also the extent of the intervention.
Lateral acceleration
Yaw rate.
The ICM control unit therefore knows how the vehicle is actually
moving at this point. To be able to optimize the vehicle behavior,
the dynamic driving systems require information about how the
driver wishes the vehicle to move. The driver's command is determined from the following signals:
The yawing force is an output variable of the central driving dynamics control system. This produces a rotation of the vehicle that is
superimposed on the existing movement of the vehicle. This can
be used to "readjust" the driving characteristics if the result
identified does not match the driver's command.
Accelerator pedal angle and current engine torque and

gear ratio
Classic examples of this are understeering or oversteering driving

characteristics. A new feature of the ICM installed in the F01/F02,
however, is that the dynamic driving systems are already deliberately activated before a deviation of this nature is identified.
Application of the brake pedal and current brake pressure
Effective steering angle and steering-angle speed (rate).
The driving condition and driver's command are provided both

internally and externally by the ICM control unit. The central driving
dynamics control acts as a receiver internally in the ICM control
unit. The control units of the dynamic driving systems (e.g. DSC)
are the external receivers.
The interventions of the dynamic driving systems therefore take

place long before the driving characteristics become unstable.
This produces a far more harmonious effect in the vehicle than
would be possible from a conventional chassis design. The vehicle
reacts neutrally in many more situations and does not even begin
to understeer or oversteer.
They receive the driving condition and the driver's command from
the ICM control unit via the FlexRay bus system.
This new function is possible through the use of extremely precise

computing models and new control strategies that can be used to
evaluate and influence the driving characteristics.
37
38
Coordinated Intervention by the Dynamic Driving Systems

The following intervention options for producing the yawing force
calculated by the central driving dynamics control system have
been available up till now (and will of course remain available) - the
corresponding dynamic driving systems are shown in brackets:
Individual activation of the wheel brake (DSC)
Adjustment of the current engine torque (ASC+T, DSC, MSR)

Adjustment of the steering angle of the front wheels, regardless of the driver's input (Active Steering).
Index
A
B
1
2
3
4
In the F01/F02, the optional Integral Active Steering (IAL) makes

available front as well as rear active steering for the first time in a
BMW. The rear axle slip angle control (HSR) is only available as an
optional package with Active (front) Steering. The two systems
together make up IAL.
A function referred to as "Actuator coordination" follows the central
driving dynamics control. This decides which dynamic driving
system should be used to produce the yawing force in the specific
road situation.
Explanation
Index
Intervention at an early stage to achieve neutral driving characteristics
Prevention of understeering by means of steering intervention at rear axle
Braking intervention at individual wheels in order to prevent understeering
Steering intervention at the rear axle
Correction of unstable driving characteristics
Braking intervention at individual wheels in order to correct understeering

Course of an understeered vehicle
Course of a vehicle with neutral driving characteristics
Yawing force that acts on the vehicle due to braking intervention

(at individual wheels)
A
1
3
4
Explanation
Prevention of understeering by means of braking at individual wheels

Braking intervention at individual wheels
Course of an understeered vehicle
Course of a vehicle with neutral driving characteristics
Yawing force that acts on the vehicle due to braking intervention

(at individual wheels)
For example, if the vehicle has a tendency to sharply understeer

this can be counteracted by means of selective braking intervention at the back wheel on the inside of the curve.
The activity of the central driving dynamics control in the ICM

control unit is summarized in the input/output graphic below.
If the vehicle is equipped with Integral Active Steering, the same

objective can be achieved more seamlessly by applying an appropriate steering angle at the rear axle.
As both actuating options are limited, it may also be beneficial to

apply both at once. If understeering is avoided the driver becomes
aware of this due to the considerable increase in agility.
The F01/F02 is the first instance where genuine functional
networking between the integrated chassis management and
Vertical Dynamics Management functions also takes place.
This does not simply mean that the ICM records and processes
ride-height information and then delivers it to the VDM.
The ICM is also responsible for the control of the Active Roll
Stabilization as an integral part of central driving dynamics control
in order to influence the self-steering characteristics.
As the conventional chassis design already demonstrates, a more

rigid anti-roll bar on one axle means that the overall achievable
cornering stability on the same axle is lower.
The effects of more or less rigid anti-roll bars can be emulated with
the aid of the hydraulic motors in the anti-roll bars of the Dynamic
Drive.
Index
This means that the central driving dynamics control of the ICM
can selectively influence the degree of available lateral force on one
axle via the active anti-roll bars of Dynamic Drive.
Input signals from external sensors
4
5
6
7
39
Index
1
2
If the vehicle is currently oversteering, the cornering force at the

rear axle is insufficient. The roll stabilizing torque at the rear axle
tends to reduce in this case. This loss of torque is compensated
for by additional cornering stability at the rear axle which helps
stabilize the vehicle.
Explanation
AS (AL) control module

AS (AL) actuating unit
HSR control module
HSR actuating unit
Explanation
VDM control module
10
Actuator coordination function
12
Sensor signal preparation function
14
Redundant DSC sensor (in ICM)
11
13
Active anti-roll bar
Central driving dynamics

control function
DSC sensor (in ICM)
40

History
Over the years, there have been several versions of switches that
modify some aspect of driving dynamics. Some of the earliest
versions of these switches included such systems as EDC.
This console mounted switch was usually used to modify the
harshness of the damping and included modes such as Comfort or
Sport.
Index
1
Explanation
SPORT button
Index
2
Driving Dynamics Switch

The driving dynamics switch and DTC button are located in the
center console. Both the DTC button and driving dynamics switch
are ground inputs to the ICM.
Explanation
VDC control with electronically

controlled dampers
More recently, these control switches allowed for the functions of

multiple systems to be modified. For example, the Z4 used a
SPORT switch on the center console to modify throttle response,
steering effort and transmission shift characteristics. This switch
was referred to as the SPORT button or FDC switch.
More recently, there have been similar switches on various vehicles,

although with different functions. For example, the E70/71 uses a
SPORT button next to the shifter which influences only the
damping control (VDC).
With the introduction of the F01/02, there is a new Driving

Dynamics Control switch which influences several systems within
the vehicle for maximum control and comfort.
Index
Explanation
Driving dynamics switch, SPORT selection
1
3
DTC button
Driving dynamics switch, COMFORT selection
The new driving dynamics control in the F01/F02 contains two

groundbreaking new features when compared to the E85/E86.
The changeover operations for many drive and driving dynamics

functions are therefore bundled in the driving dynamics control of
the F01/F02. The vehicle as a whole then behaves as the driver
would expect in accordance with his/her chosen setting.
All drive and dynamic driving systems installed in the vehicle are
comprehensively switched over via the driving dynamics and DTC
switch.
Conversely, many individual, and also sometimes meaningless,

combinations are avoided (example: sports steering combined with
comfort-oriented damping).
The ICM control unit imports the control signals then determines
on the basis of this which new mode the driving dynamics control
should adopt.
The ICM control unit also prompts the display of the relevant mode
in the instrument cluster and also in the Central Information Display.
In addition to selecting a mode, the driver can use the controller to
make further settings.
The driving dynamics switch in the center console allows the

selection of 4 modes:
Sport plus
Sport
Normal
Comfort
In addition to the 4 modes available with the driving dynamics

switch, the DTC button allows for 2 additional modes:
Traction
DSC off
Index
Explanation
Driving Dynamics Switch (FDC)
The driving dynamics system is now capable of several settings.

The system affected include:
DME - Accelerator pedal sensitivity
EGS - Transmission shift points and shift speed

Steering - Servotronic and IAL (AL and HSR)
VDM - damping modes for VDC
ARS - increased stiffness of the anti-roll bars

DSC - modes - DTC/DSC Off
41
DTC Button
42
Operation and Display

After the vehicle is started, the driving dynamics control is always in
"Normal" mode.
The switch will change the 4 modes of driving dynamics in a
sequential manner. Each subsequent press of the switch will move
through the 4 modes in either direction.
The modes will be displayed under the the tachometer as shown.

After a few seconds, a more compact display will be shown after
the switch is no longer pressed.
Traction display (DTC)
DSC off display
The new DSC symbols used for the first time in the F01/F02
replace the symbols previously used.
Two different symbols were formerly used for the two states "DTC
mode" and "DSC off" and were displayed in the instrument cluster.
Driving dynamics mode display
Compact display
The DTC button provides the driver with two additional modes,
Traction (DTC) and DSC off.
The "Traction" mode can be activated by briefly pressing the DTC

button. This works irrespective of which driving dynamics control
mode was previously active. "DSC off" is activated by holding the
DTC button pressed for a longer period.
The "Traction" and "DSC off" modes can be switched off by pressing the DTC button again. The driving dynamics control subsequently returns to "Normal" mode.
The two modes "Traction" and "DSC off" present a special case in
terms of their display requirements. In addition to the text entry, the
yellow DSC indicator and warning lamps must be activated.
Since the launch of the F01/F02, only one symbol has been used
for both states. The new symbols are being gradually introduced in
all newly developed vehicles.
The reason for this are changes to legislation that require automobile manufacturers to produce a uniform display format. This legislation also specifies that the text message "off" must be displayed
as soon as the DSC function is restricted, as is the case in the
"Traction" and "Sport+" modes.
When the DTC button or the driving dynamics switch is pressed,

there is an additional assistance window which appears in the CID.
The name of the newly selected mode appears there together with
an explanatory text. This assistance window can be turned on or
off via the Settings/Central Display option in the CID.
In the "Sport" mode, the driver also has the option of configuring
which systems are affected by this selection. Assisted by the controller, the driver can choose whether to apply the "Sport" mode to
the drive systems, or the dynamic driving systems or both.
43
44
Workshop Exercise - Driving Dynamics Control
Using an instructor assigned F01, use the driving dynamics control switches and DTC Button to select the various modes in driving
dynamics. Follow the exercise below:
Using the driving dynamics switch, toggle between the various

modes (i.e. Sport, Comfort etc.).
Does anything change in the CID?
Using the controller, go to the following menu:
Settings > Control Display
and check the box for Display Driving Settings.
Using the controller, go to the following menu:
Vehicle Info > Owners Manual
and enter the selection for Dynamic Driving Control.
Scroll down until you see the text Automatic Program Change
and read about the conditions in which the driving dynamics will
switch to NORMAL.
Under what conditions will the driving dynamics switch to

NORMAL?
Repeat the first step by toggling through the various driving

dynamics modes.
What is different about the CID display?
Switch to Sport Mode.
What options are available in the CID?
What changes are possible to the driving dynamics?
In the main menu of the owners manual, look for Active Cruise
Control.
What happens to the driving dynamics setting when the Active
Cruise Control is switched on while driving?
Workshop Exercise - Driving Dynamics Switch Modes
Using the supplied posters, work with your instructor to determine which driving dynamics systems are affected by the driving
dynamics and DTC switches. Complete exercise by filling in the chart below.
Vehicle Systems

Comfort
Normal
Sport
Drive Systems
Accelerator pedal characteristic
Normal
Shift program, automatic transmission
Normal
Shift speed, automatic transmission
Normal
Chassis and dynamic driving systems

Power steering assistance
Normal
Integral Active Steering (IAL)
Normal
Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)
DSC On
Vertical Dynamics Control (VDC)
Normal
Active Roll Stabilization
Normal
45
DTC Switch
Sport +
Normal
Traction
DSC Off
46
Workshop Exercise - Modes of Driving Dynamics
Using the illustration below, complete the exercise as outlined on the following pages.
Workshop Exercise - Driving Dynamics Switch Modes
Using the graphic on the previous page and the poster chart, work with ISTA to complete the chart below:
Index
Explanation
Communicates with
Controller
ICM
ICM
2b
DTC Button
ICM
ICM
Accelerator pedal/DME
ICM
Automatic transmission/EGS
ICM
Steering- Servotronic
ICM
6b
Steering - IAL
ICM
VDC/VDM
ICM
ARS/VDM
ICM
DSC
ICM
10
Instrument cluster
ICM
11
CID
ICM
Via Pathway
All drive and drive

dynamics systems
47
For (function)
48
For the F01, the longitudinal dynamics systems described in this

document include the following:
Dynamic stability control (DSC) and
Electromechanical parking brake (EMF).
Both DSC and EMF are standard equipment on all F01/F02

models. Both systems are based on the technology used on the
E70/E71.
However, many specific details have had to be changed. Those

changes were essential to ensure that DSC and EMF could be
seamlessly integrated in the new dynamic handling system
complex on the F01/F02.
As far as the Dynamic Stability Control was concerned, coordination with the central dynamic handling controller on the ICM
master control unit had to be taken into consideration.
And the new "dynamic handling control" function also affects the
way the DSC operates. The thresholds and the nature of the DSC
interventions have to be adapted to suit the setting selected.
Thus the DSC doesn't simply contain a setting that suits a luxury
class vehicle such as the F01/F02. Instead, several different
chassis settings have been developed which correspond to the
characteristics of the various dynamic handling control settings.
In addition to adaptation to handling characteristics, there are

numerous other changes to the Dynamic Stability Control on the
F01/F02 which relate to location, display features, fault diagnosis
and repair.
Starting from the basis of the system on the E70/E71, the electromechanical parking brake has been adapted to the requirements
of the F01/F02. That includes such things as component location
and attachment to the vehicle.
In addition, design enhancements have been introduced to make

the EMF actuator quieter in operation.
DSC F0x
DSC Functional Overview
The Dynamic Stability Control on the F01/F02 (DSC F0x) includes

many of the same functions as on the E70/E71 (DSC E7x).
Function
Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
As the DSC F0x is based on the same highly advanced technology

as the DSC E7x, all DSC functions on the F01/F02 achieve
outstanding performance in terms of:
Electronic brake force distribution (EBV)

Cornering Brake Control (CBC)
dynamic response (brake pressure can be generated

extremely quickly)
Engine drag torque control (MSR)

Automatic Stability control (ASC)
control precision (brake pressure can be adjusted extremely

precisely and without significant fluctuation)
Automatic Differential Brake (ADB)
noise emission (operation of the valves and the hydraulic

pump is quieter than the previous generations)
Dynamic Handling Control (FDR) *
Brake modulation for increased agility
tactile response (unpleasant feedback from the brake pedal

has been substantially reduced, e.g. pedal vibration during
brake modulation).
Dry braking
Start assist
Differences between the DSC functions on the E70/E71 and

F01/F02 arise from the different drivetrain configurations (4-wheel
drive/rear-wheel drive).
Braking readiness
Fading assistance
Therefore, the DSC F0x does not include the "Hill Descent Control
(HDC)" function specific to 4-wheel drive vehicles.
Dynamic Brake Control (DBC)
Auto Hold combined with EMF *
Instead of the 4-wheel-drive version of the automatic differential

brake (ADB-X), the DSC F0x uses the version for vehicles with
rear-wheel drive (ADB).
Condition based service
Symbols:
A new subfunction of the ADB is that traction control brake modulation is available even when the DSC is switched off. This subfunction is called "Electronic Differential Lock Control" and is
described in the following pages.
DSC ON
indicates that the function is active
DSC OFF
Traction
* indicates that the function can be switched on/off by the driver
X indicates that the function has adapted control thresholds
49
50
DSC Displays and Controls

New DSC Symbols
There is a new set of symbols for the indication of DSC operation.
Starting on the F01/F02, this new DSC symbol set replaces the
symbols previously used.
The regulations also require that even merely limited DSC function
must result in display of the word "off". That is the case in "DTC
mode", in which the stabilizing interventions take place at a later
stage.
Previously, there were two different symbols displayed on the

instrument cluster for the statuses "DTC mode" and "DTC off".
As of launch of the F01/F02, there is now only one symbol for both
statuses.
Index
1
2
3
However, the driver can distinguish between the two statuses by

means of additional information in text form.
The new DSC symbol set relates not only to the display but also
the labeling of the DTC button.
The new symbols will gradually be introduced on all new vehicles

as they are phased in. The reason for the change of symbols are
the new legal requirements which oblige all car manufacturers to
use standardized display symbols.
That will enable motorists to immediately recognize the controls

and displays of a DSC system as such regardless of the brand of
car they are driving.
Explanation
DTC button
DSC indicator and warning lamp on the instrument cluster

DSC switched off, or DSC in DTC mode
DSC indicator and warning lamp on the instrument cluster
DSC control sequence active (flashing) or DSC failure (permanently lit)
DSC Modes
As familiar from previous vehicles, the Dynamic Stability Control on
F01/F02 incorporates the following function modes:
DSC Functions in Detail
In the "DSC on" mode, all DSC functions are fully active.
The stabilizing interventions in brake and engine function take
place at an early stage. That makes it easier for less expert drivers
to regain control of a vehicle that is becoming unstable.
If one of the wheels of a driven axle is spinning, it cannot transmit

any driving force (torque) to the road. And because the differential
distributes the torque equally between the two wheels, the other
wheel on the axle can not transmit any driving force either.
ADB active even when DSC is off

The DSC function ADB has been around for a long while on a wide
variety of BMW vehicles and especially in the form of the ADB-X
version on the xDrive models.
DSC on
DTC (Dynamic Traction Control)
DSC off.
ADB brakes the spinning wheel so that the driving torque and
braking force are in equilibrium on that wheel. Then, by virtue of
the differential, an equal amount of driving torque is applied to the
wheel that is not spinning.
In "DTC mode" the stabilizing interventions take place at a slightly

later stage. The Automatic Stability Control and Automatic
Differential Brake functions allow a greater degree of wheelspin.
That improves traction when pulling away on loose surfaces such
as uncompacted snow.
And because that wheel is offered grip by the road surface, a

driving force can be transmitted that results in forward motion of
the vehicle.
The dynamic handling control function does not come into action
until a larger sideslip angle is reached than in "DSC on" mode.
Thus ADB increases traction on slippery surfaces and has a similar

effect to a differential lock.
In "DSC off" mode, the stabilizing interventions by the Dynamic

Handling Controller and the Automatic Stability Control are
switched off.
On the xDrive models, ADB-X remains active even when the

DSC is switch off in order to achieve improved traction.
Especially safety-critical DSC functions such as ABS remain fully

active in all DSC modes, however.
On vehicles with rear-wheel drive, that individual braking of the

driving wheels was previously only active when the DSC was
active or in "DTC" mode.
The mode "DSC off" is aimed at the undiluted driving experience,

the direct connection between the driver, vehicle and the road.
On the new F01/F02 (as well as the 135i and E9X) that ADB
subfunction remains active even when the DSC is switched
off.
Integration in Dynamic Handling Control
A new feature of the DSC modes on the F01/F02 is that they are
integrated in the dynamic handling control function and can be
activated by the console mounted DTC and driving dynamics
buttons.
That function is called "Electronic Differential Lock Control" and

uses the DSC to emulate the effect of a differential lock on the
driving wheels. In contrast with previous arrangements, such brake
modulation for the purposes of increasing drive transmission takes
places even if the driver has switched off the DSC.
51
52
Brake Modulation for Increasing Agility

The highly advanced hardware of the DSC F0x enables brake
modulation to be carried out without unpleasant feedback for the
driver.
On the F01/F02, that capability is utilized to influence the vehicle's

self-steering characteristics is a specifically targeted way.
If the vehicle begins to understeer, e.g. when cornering quickly, the

central dynamic handling controller on the ICM detects the very
first indications that it is starting to happen.
A required setting is transmitted to the DSC requiring it to apply
the brake on the rear wheel on the inside of the bend.
The DSC sensitively applies the required setting and without

generating a level of noise perceptible by the driver. The uneven
braking effect thus produced, creates a yaw force acting around the
vehicle's center of gravity.
As a result, the vehicle turns towards the inside of the bend,
doesn't understeer and corners with absolutely neutral handling.
This type of brake modulation increases road safety because it
prevents the vehicle drifting towards the outside of the bend.
The disadvantage, however, is that the vehicle is slowed slightly
by the application of the brake and thus a degree of momentum
is lost.
In this case, the solution is taken a step further. Whenever handling

stability considerations allow, the engine torque is increased simultaneously with brake application.
The higher engine torque is transmitted to the road by the wheel
on the outside of the bend that is not being braked. The control
strategy ensures that the increase exactly matches the retardation
by the brake application.
Index
1
2
3
4
Explanation
Course of an understeering vehicle
Course of a vehicle with neutral handling
Individual modulation of brakes to prevent understeer
Increased engine torque to compensate for braking force
Yaw force acting on the vehicle as a result of individual wheel braking
While that DSC function is active, there is no display of any kind on

the instrument cluster. In that way, highly advanced components
(DSC) and intelligent control strategies are combined to produce
an overall effect that substantially improves agility without impairing
the handling stability of the vehicle.
Automatic Hold
This function has been around since the E65, on which it was
called "Auto-P". The Automatic Hold function was also used on
the E70/E71.
As long as the engine is running, the parking mode is effected by

means of the DSC hydraulic modulator. If the driver switches the
engine off, the function is taken over by the EMF actuator unit.
The EMF module and actuator are also used to apply the parking
duo-servo parking brake when the engine is off.
The Automatic Hold function is activated and deactivated by

means of the button marked "AUTO H" on the center console.
There is an LED in the button as well as an indicator on the instrument cluster.
Before the vehicle is driven into a car wash, the Automatic Hold
function has to be deactivated as otherwise the brakes are applied
when the vehicle is stationary and it can not be rolled.
As with the previous Auto-H equipped vehicles, this function works

in conjunction with DSC to provide the needed brake pressure.
When the Automatic Hold function is active, the driver first of all
brakes the vehicle to a standstill. It is then held stationary by the
DSC hydraulic modulator.
The various function statuses and how they are indicated are summarized on the following page.
That is achieved by maintaining the final brake pressure applied by

the driver. If the vehicle starts to roll on an incline, the DSC
hydraulic modulator actively generates brake pressure. Pressing the
accelerator causes the brake pressure to be released and the vehicle starts to move again.
Slide Detection
When Automatic Hold is holding the vehicle stationary, two additional internal DSC subfunctions are activated: roll-away monitoring
and slide detection.
After the engine is started, the function can be activated until the
next time the engine is switched off. To do so, the driver's door
must be closed and the driver's seatbelt fastened.
The roll-away monitoring function is described in EMF section.
The slide detection function is designed to intervene if the vehicle

starts to slide after stopping, i.e. if all four stationary wheels start to
slip on a slippery surface on a hill. If the driver were holding the
vehicle stationary and became aware of such a situation, he/she
would release the brake. In that way the vehicle can at least be
steered as it rolls down the slope.
The function can, of course, also be manually deactivated before

the engine is switched. The footwell module reads the signal from
the door switch. The ACSM control unit analyzes the signal from
the seat belt buckle contact.
The two signals are transmitted to the DSC control unit via the bus
systems. One signal that is not analyzed for the Automatic Hold
function on the F01/F02 is the driver's seat occupancy signal.
The slide detection function is based on exactly the same principle.

When the vehicle is being held stationary by Automatic Hold, the
slide detection function monitors the signals from the wheel-speed
sensors.
Conversely, the Automatic Hold function is automatically deactivated if the driver's door is opened and the driver's seatbelt unfastened. To prevent the vehicle rolling away in that situation, the EMF
parking mode is activated.
The DSC alternately releases the pressure on one of the brakes in

while keeping the others under pressure. If the DSC detects a
movement from the wheel on which the brake is released, then
obviously the entire vehicle must be moving.
53
54
Status of Auto-H
Function
Switched Off
Status of indicator
lamp (in button)
Status of indicator
lamp (in cluster
That means that the other wheels, on which the brakes are applied,
must be sliding while locked. Under those circumstances, the condition "sliding" would be detected.
The response to detection of sliding is progressive release of brake
pressure so that the vehicle becomes steerable. The driver is
made aware of the critical situation by a CC message and an audible warning signal.
Interface for Adaptive Braking Assistance
The function "Adaptive Braking Assistance" implemented as a coordinated strategy by the DSC and ACC with Stop & Go function.
Switched On and on
Standby
(vehicle moving)
Switched On and Active

(vehicle stationary)
Deactivated by driver
exiting vehicle or
switching engine OFF
The interface relates to two functions on the DSC:

brake standby and
dynamic braking control.
"Brake standby" can be activated by a request signal transmitted

by the ICM control unit. That happens when a potential collision
situation has been detected with the aid of the radar sensors.
Brake standby is also activated if the internal DSC criteria familiar

from previous models are met (minimum speed, rapid release of
accelerator pedal).
The threshold for triggering dynamic braking control can be

influenced by ACC Stop & Go. If a potential collision situation is
detected, the ICM control unit sends out a signal requesting lowering of the activation threshold. To be precise, the activation threshold is the rate of increase of brake pressure applied by the driver
that has to be exceeded in order to dynamic braking control (braking assistance).
That makes it easier for the driver to trigger dynamic braking
control. This function is the only means by which a driver braking
hesitantly can activate dynamic braking control.
Relationship of DSC and ICM
On previous vehicles, the DSC control unit contained the central

dynamic handling control functions. A dynamic handling control
complex remains part of the DSC F0x.
However, it is controlled by the central dynamic handling controller

on the ICM (as are the other dynamic handling systems).
The ICM calculates the current handling status and the vehicle
response desired by the driver. To do so, it makes use not only of
the signals from the DSC sensor integrated in the ICM but also of
those from external sensors such as the steering angle sensor and
the wheel-speed sensors.
If a difference between the response desired by the driver and the

reaction of the vehicle is detected, the central dynamic handling
controller on the ICM calculates a required compensatory yaw
force.
The purpose of that yaw force is to bring about a yawing motion on

the part of the vehicle that is superimposed over the existing movement of the vehicle. In that way, the vehicle handling can be
corrected retrospectively, so to speak, when it threatens to become
unstable.
The highly advanced DSC technology and the central dynamic

handling controller on the ICM even make is possible to optimize
handling characteristics in advance.
Index
Subordinate to the central dynamic handling controller on the ICM

is an "actuator coordination" function. It decides whether and to
what degree the DSC dynamic handling system is to contribute to
producing the required yaw force.
Explanation
Wheel speed sensors
Dynamic handling control function

(on DSC)
10
Brake
SZL (and Steering Angle Sensor)
ICM
4
5
6
55
Index
1
2
The required force is signalled to the DSC's dynamic handling

controller, which puts it into action by operating the actuators represented by the brakes and drivetrain.
Explanation
Integral DSC sensors

(lateral/longitudinal/yaw rate)
Dynamic handling control function

(on ICM)
Actuator coordination function
7
9
11
DSC
Actuator control function on DSC
Powertrain
56
Simple implementation of the settings specified by the ICM is,

however, not the only task of the DSC's dynamic handling
controller on the F01/F02. It also continues to independently
perform the following original DSC functions:
Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
Cornering Brake Control (CBC)
Automatic Stability Control (ASC)
Engine drag torque control (MSR)
Automatic Differential Brake (ADB)
The numerous additional functions over and above pure handling

dynamics control are also carried out largely independently by the
DSC and without intervention by the ICM:
Functions which help to reduce stopping distance: they

include brake drying, brake standby, brake fade prevention and
dynamic brake control. The efficiency of the brake standby
and dynamic brake control functions is further improved in
combination with the "ACC Stop & Go" option.
Convenience functions which make driving easier, e.g.

Automatic Hold, which is performed by the DSC and EMF in
combination.
The stresses on and wear of brake components are monitored

with the aid of computation models. Based on information
such as brake pressure and brake temperature and the signals
from the brake-pad wear sensors, a remaining service life
expressed as a mileage is calculated. The owner can view that
information as a subfunction of Condition Based Service and
use it as an aid to planning servicing appointments.
Electromechanical Parking Brake (EMF)
Installation Mode
Installation mode sets the EMF actuator unit to the installation

position (brake cables extended to maximum). It also prevents the
EMF being accidentally applied, e.g. when carrying out repairs. 1
The EMF is applied/released by means of the parking brake button

on the center console control panel. The parking brake status is
indicated by the function indicator lamp on the button and an
indicator lamp on the instrument cluster.
Installation mode can be cancelled either by means of a service

function or by driving the car.
The EMF can be applied in all logical terminal statuses

(Terminal 0, Terminal R, Terminal 15, Terminal 50).
Running-in the Brakes

While running-in the parking brakes, the EMF applies a defined
force to the duo-servo parking brakes.
The conditions for release of the EMF are:
Terminal 15 active and brake pedal depressed or
The function for running-in the parking brakes only has to be

carried out if:
automatic transmission parking lock engaged.
the linings of the duo-servo parking brakes have been

replaced or
Emergency Release
The EMF can be released in an emergency by means of a cable.
That cable is accessible through the trunk and is under the trunk
floor trim. To effect emergency release of the EMF, the red Tshaped handle from the vehicle tool kit is required.
the rear brake discs have been replaced.
The precise procedure for running-in the parking brakes is

described in the Repair Instructions under the heading "Adjusting
the parking brake". The instructions given there must be followed
exactly.
Caution: Secure vehicle to prevent it rolling before operating the

emergency release!
After a power supply failure, it may still not be possible to move the
vehicle even after releasing the brake with the emergency release
facility. The automatic transmission parking lock may still be
engaged. In that case, the parking brake must first be released
using the emergency release method.
EMF Actuating Unit

The EMF actuator unit is made up of the following main components:
EMF control unit
Then, the automatic transmission parking lock must be released

using the emergency release facility. The tool must remain
engaged in the parking lock emergency release for that purpose.
Electric motor
Gearbox
Force sensor.
When the parking brake is to be used again after an emergency

release, it can only be done by pushing in the parking brake button.
In the event of a fault, the EMF actuator unit can only be replaced
as a complete unit.
The familiar conditions for releasing the parking brake must also be
met.
57
58
The following are available as separate parts:

the EMF actuator unit itself
the bracket for the EMF actuator unit and
the cables.
The EMF control unit detects vehicle standstill on the basis

of the following signals:
Road speed (from ICM)
Rear axle speed (calculated from DME)
Wheel-speed signal "DFA_EMF" (from DSC).
Only when those three signals definitively indicate vehicle standstill

does the EMF control unit allow operation of the actuator unit.
The EMF control unit is connected to the PT-CAN. Integrated in

the EMF control unit is a terminal resistor for the PT-CAN.
The EMF control unit is connected to the wake-up line.
If the driver operates the parking brake button at Terminal 0, the

EMF control unit is woken up. The EMF control unit in turn wakes
up the other control units on the vehicle via the wakeup line.
On vehicles with the Integrated Active Steering optional extra, the

bracket for the EMF actuator unit is bolted to the bracket for the
HSR actuator.
On vehicles without Integrated Active Steering, the bracket for the

EMF actuator unit is bolted to the rear suspension subframe.
Roll-away Monitoring
The roll-away monitoring function is computed on the DSC control
unit. It is active while the vehicle is being held stationary by:
the DSC hydraulic modulator or
the EMF actuator unit.
The condition for activation of roll-away monitoring is thus that

either the EMF parking brake function or the Automatic Hold function is active.
Roll-away monitoring observes the signals from the wheel-speed
sensors. If any of the wheel-speed sensors signals movement of
the wheel, that indicates that the vehicle is rolling.
Since, however, the vehicle is supposed to be stationary by virtue of

the brake pressure applied by the hydraulic system or the EMF
actuator, the roll-away monitoring function has to intervene.
The hydraulic brake pressure is increased by control signals to the
DSC hydraulic modulator or EMF electric motor in order to increase
the braking force. In that way the rolling is counteracted.
Schematic EMF
Index
1
Footwell Module
Central Gateway Module
Car Access System
Parking brake button with function indicator and illumination
Instrument cluster
Fuse for parking brake button (front fuse board, junction box electronics)
EMF control unit
8
10
11
59
Explanation
Fuses for EMF electronics and electric motor (rear fuse board in trunk)
EMF force sensor
EMF electric motor
60
Classroom Exercise - Review Questions

1.
To which module are the ride height sensors connected and

how are they connected?
5.
Two technicians are discussing the DSC sub-function of

ADB on the F01.
Technician A says that the ADB function is active when the

DSC is OFF.
Technician B says that the ADB function is active when
DSC is ON.
2.
What criteria determines which version of the ICM will be

installed? (i.e. High or basic version)
3.
Which control module contains the DSC sensors (yaw etc.)?
4.
DME
AL
HSR
DSC
ICM
Which two control modules below contain the dynamic

handling controller functions? (circle 2)
DME
AL
HSR
DSC
ICM
Who is correct?
A. Technician A
C. Both A and B
B. Technician B
D. Neither
NOTES
PAGE
61
62
Lateral Dynamics Systems
In this section of the training manual, the systems covered include:

Servotronic for F01/F02
IAL represents the combination of the already familiar Active

Steering (front) and the new Rear Axle Slip Angle Control (HSR).
Integrated Active Steering
Integrated Active Steering is an innovative and logical development of the Active Steering system developed by BMW.
With Active Steering, a steering angle amplification factor reduces

the steering effort on the part of the driver and combines the
capabilities of "steer by wire" systems with authentic steering
feedback.
By intervening in the steering independently of the driver's
actions, it is also able to perform a stabilizing function in terms of
vehicle handling.
In order to move further ahead in terms of handling dynamics, the

familiar Active Steering has now been logically extended by the
addition of active rear-wheel steering on the new BMW 7 Series.
Active Steering of the rear wheels is a logical extension of Active
Steering and the two are now combined as an all-in one system
referred to as Integrated Active Steering.
Integrated Active Steering is available as an option on the

F01/F02 because the standard steering system is the Servotronic.
Index
Explanation
Index
Front power distribution box
10
Brake light switch
12
Active Steering actuator control unit
14
Active Steering actuator motor with

motor angular position sensor and lock
1
3
5
DME
CAS
Instrument cluster
Integrated Chassis
Management (ICM)
Rear power distribution box
HSR control unit
Explanation
Rear-wheel steering actuator (HSR)
11
ZGM
13
15
16
SZL
DSC
Electronic volumetric flow control

(EVV) valve
Servotronic valve
Schematic, Integral Active Steering

Index
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Index
Active Steering electric motor
13
Active Steering lock
Active Steering motor angular

position sensor
Electronic volumetric flow
control (EVV) valve
12
14
15
Servotronic valve
16
Digital Motor Electronics
18
Dynamic stability control
17
Central Gateway Module
19
10
Car Access System
21
11
63
Explanation
Active Steering
20
Explanation
Instrument cluster
Steering column switch cluster

Brake light switch
Right rear power distribution box
Battery power distribution box
Rear suspension slip angle control

HSR electric motor
Hall-effect sensor
Track-rod position sensor
64
Overview
Implementation of the Integrated Active Steering function has
essentially been made possible by the new ICM system complex
on the F01/F02.
The Servotronic function including valve control is also taken over

by the ICM control unit. That steering control function is also influenced by the driving dynamics control switch.
Advantages of Integrated Active Steering:
Extension of Active Steering (AL) by the addition of rear-wheel

steering (HSR)
Variable steering-gear ratio (steering angle amplification factor)

Independent control of rear-wheel steering angle (steer by
wire)
Servotronic
Handling stabilization functions
Reduction of braking distance under split surface braking

conditions.
Signals from External Sensors
The ICM control unit reads the following signals that are essential
to the Integrated Active Steering from external sensors:
Four wheel-speed signals sent via Flexray by the DSC
Steering angle sent via FlexRay by steering column switch

cluster
Status of AL and HSR actuators transmitted via Flexray.
However, because the rear-wheels are steerable, the steering angle

of the front wheels alone is not definitive for dynamic handling
control purposes.
Index
1
2
3
4
Explanation
Index
SZL
Wheel speed sensor

control valve (EVV)
Explanation
Servotronic valve
Steering Control function of ICM
Therefore, the ICM control unit also takes the steering angle of the
rear wheels into account. Ultimately, the effective steering angle is
calculated from the two steering angles (front and rear wheels).
The effective steering angle indicates the angle to which the front
wheels would have to be turned to bring about the same vehicle
response without steerable rear wheels.
That variable is the easiest for all vehicle systems to use to analyze
the steering action.
Control and Modulation of Steering

Both the basic steering system and the optional Integrated Active
Steering on the F01/F02 incorporate the Servotronic function.
That speed-sensitive power assistance function is effected by way
of the Servotronic valve on the steering gear.
The Servotronic valve is always controlled by the ICM control unit
regardless of the equipment options fitted.
Accordingly, the Servotronic function algorithm is stored on the

ICM control unit.
Similarly regardless of equipment options, the steering system also

always incorporates a proportional control valve which is controlled
by the ICM control unit. With the aid of that valve, the power steering pump's volumetric flow rate can be electronically adjusted.
For that reason it is also referred to as the "electronic volumetric
flow control" valve (EVV valve).
That valve too is controlled by the ICM control unit.
Depending on the degree of power assistance demanded at the

time, the volumetric flow rate delivered by the power steering pump
is split between the steering valve and a bypass circuit.
The ratio of that split can be infinitely varied. The less power assistance is required, the more hydraulic fluid is diverted into the
bypass circuit. As the hydraulic fluid does not have to do any work
in the bypass circuit, less power is required to drive the power
steering pump.
Consequently, the proportional control valve helps to reduce fuel
consumption and CO2 emissions.
65
66
Distributed Functions
ICM and actuator control units The distribution of functions
between the ICM and the other dynamic handling control units in
the case of Integrated Active Steering is described below.
The Integrated Chassis Management is the control unit which
computes the higher-level dynamic handling control functions for
the Integrated Active Steering.
From the current vehicle handling status and the desired course
indicated by the driver, the Integrated Chassis Management calculates individual settings for the variable steering gear ratio and the
superimposed yaw rate.
Once they have been prioritized, the ICM provides a required

setting in each case for the AL and HSR control units. The setting
specified is a required steering angle to be applied to the front and
rear wheels respectively.
Index
1
2
3
4
5
6
Explanation
Index
Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)
Wheel speed sensors
SZL (with steering angle sensor)
HSR actuating unit
Input and Output signals (other)
Active Steering control module
10
Active Steering Actuating Unit
11
HSR control module
Explanation
12
ICM
Integrated DSC sensor linear,

lateral acceleration and yaw rate
Integrated DSC sensor

lateral acceleration and yaw rate
The AL control unit receives the required setting and has the main
job of controlling the actuators so as to correctly apply the specified setting. Thus, the AL Active Steering control unit is purely an
actuator control unit.
The same applies to the HSR control unit. It too is an actuator
control unit. Like the AL control unit, it is responsible only for
implementing the required steering angle specified by the ICM.
With the introduction of the ICM on the E71, this type of function
distribution was used for the first time. On the F01/F02, it has
been expanded to the extent that
the ICM now controls all linear and lateral dynamics systems
(AL, HSR and also DSC) and
the ICM is the master control module both for linear dynamics
and unstable handling situations.
The interface between the Integrated Chassis Management and

the Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) represents a special case.
Components of Integrated Active Steering
Index
Explanation
Index
Explanation
Hydraulic fluid reservoir
Power steering cooler
10
ICM
DME
11
Hydraulic pump
ZGM
12
CAS
13
Instrument cluster
14
Servotronic valve
DSC
15
Actuator unit electric motor
AL
16
Motor angular position sensor
SZL

control (EVV) valve
Lock
Rear Axle Steering Control

The special actuator on the rear suspension is fixed underneath a
mounting plate on the rear suspension subframe.
The electro-mechanical actuator is positioned between the two

new track rods of the Integral V rear suspension. The rear-wheel
steering system has its own actuator control unit which is responsible for controlling and monitoring the actuator.
It was previously the state of the art that control systems were
largely independent of one another.
On the F01/F02, the Integrated Chassis Management (ICM) system brings the separate systems together.
A central ICM control unit in the ICM architecture replaces the
previous dynamic handling sensors and forms a central dynamic
handling controller.
Components and system complex for Active Steering (front)
67
68
The worm-and-nut rear-wheel steering gear is self-inhibiting. That

means that if the system fails, the vehicle adopts exactly the same
handling characteristics as a vehicle without rear-wheel steering.
Index
Explanation
Index
Explanation
Index
Left track rod
HSR control module
Mounting plate
HSR actuator
Right track rod
The electromechanical actuator essentially consists of an electric

motor which moves the two track rods by means of a worm-andnut steering gear.
The actuator is designed for a maximum travel of 8 mm, which
brings about a maximum steering angle of 3 at the wheels.
Explanation
Index
Left shaft bellows (gaiter)
Worm nut
10
Electrical connector
12
1
3
5
6
Left track rod joint

Worm shaft
Electric motor
Explanation
Right shaft bellows (gaiter)
Iron jacket
11
Right track rod joint

Stator windings
Permanent magnet
Carrier armature winding iron core
NOTES
PAGE
69
70
Functions of Integrated Active Steering

Low Speed Range
The variable steering-gear ratio of the Active Steering component
reduces steering effort to approximately 2 turns of the steering
wheel from lock to lock.
In the low speed range up to approximately 37 mph, the variable
steering-gear ratio for the front wheels is combined with a degree
of opposite rear-wheel steer. The effect is to increase the vehicle
agility.
Index
Explanation
Index
Conventional steering system
M1
Momentary axis 1
M2
Explanation
Momentary axis 2
Vehicle center point
When the steering wheels of a vehicle are turned, it follows a

curved path around what is called the momentary axis "M".
In the case of conventional vehicles, that momentary axis is positioned at a point along the extension of a line passing through the
center of the rear wheels.
Active Steering intervention turns the rear wheels in the opposite
direction at speeds up to approximately 37 mph.
The consequence of the rear-wheel steering intervention is that the

axis of rotation moves closer to the center of the vehicle with the
same amount of steering effort.
In terms of agility and dynamic handling, that is equivalent to a

vehicle with a shorter wheelbase.
Index
Explanation
Index
Conventional steering system
M2
Momentary axis 2
1
3
Explanation

Straight line through center of rear
wheels
Axis of rotation, closer to vehicle
center
By the combination with the Active Steering, an additional amount

is added to the steering angle of the front wheels so that the radius
of the curve and the required amount of steering lock remain at the
familiar level.
High Speed Range

As the vehicle speed increases, the degree of steering angle
amplification by the Active Steering component is reduced.
The steering gear ratio becomes less direct.
All in all, co-ordination of the steering interventions at front and rear

makes lane changes and steering maneuvers considerably easier
to negotiate without sacrificing agility or balance.
At the same time, the steering strategy adopted by the Integrated

Active Steering changes. Whereas, at low speeds, the rear wheels
are steered in the opposite direction to the front wheels, at higher
speeds the rear wheels are steered in the same direction as the
front.
Combination of the Active Steering with the new rear-wheel steering system offers benefits for the driver at all speeds.
The momentary axis moves further back, equivalent to a vehicle

with a longer wheelbase, producing more stable straight line
handling. The radius of the curve becomes longer.
Index
Index
M1
M2
Explanation
Momentary axis 1
Momentary axis 2
Index
1
Explanation
Momentary axis 2
Momentary axis 1
Effective wheelbase increase
71
Index
M1
M2
Explanation
1
3
Explanation
Straight line through center of rear

wheels
Axis of rotation further from vehicle

center
72
Handling stabilization by IAL when understeering

When changing lanes quickly, all vehicles have a tendency to
produce a significant yaw response and can sometimes start to
oversteer.
If the ICM dynamic handling controller detects a difference

between the response desired by the driver and the reaction of the
vehicle, it initiates co-ordinated steering interventions on the front
and rear wheels.
The speed of the stabilizing intervention is such that it is hardly

discernible by the driver. Braking interventions by the DSC, which
have a decelerating effect, can be largely dispensed with.
The end result is that the vehicle is more stable and more effectively damped. If the driver underestimates how sharp a bend is when
driving quickly on a country road, he/she can be caught out by
sudden understeer.
By virtue of its inherent features, Active Steering was only able to

react to vehicle oversteer. Integrated Active Steering incorporating
active rear-wheel steering is now also able to make corrective
interventions when the vehicle is oversteering and thus further
increases active safety.
Handling stabilization by Integrated Active Steering
under -split braking conditions
Hard braking on road surfaces which provide less grip for the
wheels on one side of the vehicle than on the other causes the
vehicle to yaw towards the side with more grip.
Under emergency braking, the driver of a conventional vehicle then

has to correct the vehicle's course.
Index
A
Explanation
Prevention of understeer by individual brake modulation (DSC)
Prevention of understeer by rear-wheel steering intervention (IAL)
Rear-wheel steering intervention (IAL)
Course of a vehicle with neutral handling
1
3
Individual brake modulation (DSC)
Course of an understeering vehicle
Yaw force acting on the vehicle as a result of dynamic

handling system intervention
Under such -split braking conditions, the dynamic handling

controller generates a stabilizing yaw force by opposite steering
interventions on the front and rear wheels.
A) Without DSC
In the case of a vehicle without DSC, maximum braking effect is

achieved by the wheels on the dry side of the road, while those on
the wet or icy side produce very little retardation.
As a result, a very substantial yaw force acting in an counterclockwise direction is produced, causing the vehicle to swerve to the
right.
B) With DSC
A vehicle equipped with DSC brakes the individual wheels more

sensitively in order to keep the yaw force within manageable limits
for the driver, which however, slightly increases the braking
distance.
C) With DSC and AL
The additional "yaw force compensation" function represents a significant safety feature.
When braking on road surfaces with differences in frictional coefficient between one side of the vehicle and the other (tarmac, ice or
snow), a turning force is generated around the vehicle's vertical axis
(yaw force) rendering the vehicle unstable.
In such cases, the DSC calculates the required steering angle for
the front wheels and the Active Steering implements it by actively
applying opposite lock.
As a result, an opposing yaw force around the vertical axis is generated, "compensating" for the original yaw force (cancelling it out,
i.e. the vehicle is stabilized by intelligent co-ordination of DSC brake
modulation and AL steering, constituting a safety feature unique in
this class of vehicle).
D) With DSC, dynamic handling controller and Integrated

Active Steering
Under such -split braking conditions, the dynamic handling

controller generates a stabilizing yaw force by opposite steering
interventions on the front and rear wheels.
Index
A
Explanation
Vehicle without DSC
Vehicle with DSC
Index
C
D
That counteracts the slowing of the vehicle caused by the uneven

braking forces. At the same time, maximum braking force can be
applied in order to achieve a short braking distance.
Explanation
IAL is a logical development from the Active Steering systems. The

functions of the systems complement each other perfectly, taking
the driving experience to a new dimension.
Vehicle with DSC and AL

(i.e. E90 w/yaw force compensation
Vehicle with DSC and IAL
73
74
Integrated Active Steering special function

Quite obviously, Active Steering systems must not be capable of
being switched on or off by the driver.
In the case of Integrated Active Steering, there is a special feature

in that regard because if snow chains are fitted to the rear wheels,
Active Steering of the rear wheels must be disabled.
When snow chains are fitted, the rear-wheel steering is deactivated

in order to ensure that the wheels are always free to rotate.
Automatic snow-chain detection assists the driver and indicates

the detected status on the Control Display. This does not remove
the responsibility for manually changing the setting.
When show chains are used, the setting on the iDrive Settings
menu must be changed to "Show chains fitted".
If the maximum speed of 30 mph for driving with snow chains is

exceeded, the rear-wheel steering is reactivated regardless of the
"Snow chains fitted" setting.
Automatic snow chain detection
It is possible to detect from the wheel-speed sensor signals a

characteristic pattern produced by the motion of the wheel when
show chains are fitted (only with BMW approved show chains).
From that characteristics signal pattern, the control unit is able to
detect whether show chains are fitted on each individual wheel.
NOTES
PAGE
75
76

1.
Which control module contains the output stages for the

EVV and Servotronic solenoid? (circle one)
ICM
2.
3.
4.
VDM
ACSM
5.
What is the maximum travel of the HSR actuator? And,

what is the maximum change of the steering angle at the
rear wheels?
6.
How is the HSR actuator connected to the HSR control

module? (bus,hardwire)
7.
Two technicians are discussing the active steering systems

on the F01/02.
DSC
On an F01 with IAL, what happens to the rear wheels when

braking on a split frictional surface (i.e. right wheels on ice,
left wheels on dry ground)?
How are the snow chains automatically detected? And,

what is the maximum speed for driving with snow chains
before the rear steering is re-activated?
On an F01 with IAL, what happens to the rear wheels when

the vehicle is understeering on a turn?
Technician A says that the Active (front) Steering can be

ordered independently of the option for rear wheel steering.
Technician B says that both systems are optional, but can
only be ordered together as part of the IAL system in the
"Sport Package".
Who is correct?
A. Technician A
C. Both A and B
B. Technician B
D. Neither
NOTES
PAGE
77
78
Vertical Dynamics Systems
The following systems are available on the F01/F02:

Vertical Dynamics Control 2 (VDC II)
Active Roll Stabilization (ARS)
Electronic ride-height control (EHC)
VDC II is fitted as standard on the F01/F02. ARS is an option

on the F01and F02, whereas EHC is standard on the F02.
Vertical Dynamics Control
Index
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Explanation
EDC, SVR
Ride-height sensor, front right
VDM
Driving Dynamics switch
ICM
Index
8
9
10
11
12
13
Explanation
EDC, SHR
EDC, SHL
ZGM
Ride height sensor, front left
EDC, SVL
Ride height sensor, rear right
When driven vigorously or on an uneven road surface, a vehicle

tends to respond with undesirable body movements. BMW first
developed Vertical Dynamics Control for the E70 and was able to
effectively reduce such body motion as a result.
VDC improves the following driver-perception related vehicle characteristics according to road surface conditions:
Body-related ride comfort (primary ride comfort)
Road wheel-related ride comfort (secondary ride comfort)
Dynamic handling (transitional response, agility) even with

more comfortable suspension setting.
BMW is the first manufacturer to offer a damper adjustment

system that is continuously controllable independently of damper
compression/extension as is the case with the VDC (2) on the
F01/F02.
The essential improvements compared with VDC (1) are:
2 EDC control valves per damper, 1 for damper extension

control and 1 for damper compression control
"Pre-opening adjustment" for improved body stabilization

(has adjustment effect even at low damper rates)
Driver-perceptible broad spread in conjunction with the driving

dynamics switch (difference between soft and hard characteristics)
Separately adjustable characteristic for road wheel-related ride

comfort (extension characteristic independent of compression
characteristic)
Index
1
Explanation
Front damper, VDC 2
Index
2
VDC 1
VDC 2
Model
On E70/E71 included in Adaptive

Drive Equipment package
Standard equipment in F01/F02
Program
selection
Sport button next to gear selector
Handling setting switch next to

gear selector
Program
type
Sport/Comfort
Coordinated integration in
all dynamic handling control
functions
VDM control module, right rear of

luggage compartment
VDM control module,

front right A-pillar
Damper
Twin tube, gas filled shock

absorbers
Twin tube, gas filled shock

absorbers
Fault
diagnosis
VDM and EDC satellite

control modules fully
diagnosable
Programming

control modules flashprogrammable

control modules fully
diagnosable
Coding

control modules codable

control modules codable
Malfunction
display
Messages in the Control Display

or instrument cluster
Messages in the Control Display

or instrument cluster
Testing
BMW diagnostic systems
BMW diagnostic systems
Control unit
Explanation
Front damper, VDC 1
79
4 EDC satellite control

4 EDC satellite control
modules directly on damper units modules directly on damper units

control modules flashprogrammable
80
Signal Processing
The vertical movement of the wheels is detected by the wheelacceleration sensors integrated in the EDC satellite control
modules.
From the wheel acceleration rates and the ride height signals
(FlexRay bus) the vehicle body motion is calculated.
In addition, signals such as the vehicle road speed are read

from the FlexRay bus for the purpose of determining required
damping forces.
Signal Processing/VDC (2) Controller

Individual damping forces are calculated for each individual wheel
according to the vehicle body motion, the wheel motion and the
additional signals read from the FlexRay bus, and are sent every 2.5
ms to the EDC satellite control units.
Damping Force Adjustment
Stored on each EDC satellite control unit is the actual individual damper characteristic, making it possible to minimize
differences from the specified characteristic arising from
manufacturing tolerances.
From the specified damping force and the damper characteristic data-map, the EDC satellite control units calculate the
required current to be applied to the damper extension valve
and compression valve.
VDC System Components
Ride Height Sensors

All F01 and F02 vehicles have ride height sensors. The sensors
are direct hardwired input to the ICM.
VDM Control Module

The location of the VDM control unit is located near the right hand
A-pillar as previously mentioned on page 20.
There are two different versions of the VDM control unit according
to the equipment options fitted on the vehicle:
The basic version of the VDM control unit is used if the vehicle
has only the standard VDC equipment
The high version of the VDM control unit is used if, as well
as the standard VDC system, the vehicle also has ARS Active
Roll Stabilization (Dynamic Drive).
More information for the ride height sensors can be found on

page 27 in this workbook or in the reference material on ICP.
In that case, the output stages for controlling the ARS valve manifold are also integrated in the VDM control unit.
EDC Satellite with Damper

The VDC dampers on the rear suspension are either steel-spring
or air-spring versions depending on the optional equipment fitted.
Index
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
81
Explanation
VDC Damper with steel spring

VDC damper with air spring
Front EDC satellite module
Rear EDC satellite module
EDC data-map valve for
compression control
extension control
extension control
compression control
82
VDC II Damper Operation

Comparison of VDC 1 to VDC 2 Damper
A VDC (1) damper with only one EDC data-map valve uses
combined extension/compression adjustment which has to be
cycled extremely rapidly.
With this type of control, the damper adjustment is based on wheel

frequency. The wheel frequency is the frequency at which the
wheel oscillates along the z-axis (vertically).
Index
A
B
1
Index
Explanation
Index
EDC satellite control unit
1
3
Damper tube
EDC data-map valve for extension

and compression control
FE = Extension force
Explanation
FC = Compression force
VC = Compression velocity
VE = Extension velocity
Extension and compression characteristic data-map
Explanation
Index
Compression progression
Extension progression
Damper tube
Explanation
EDC data-map valve

for compression
EDC satellite control unit
A VDC (2) damper with two EDC data-map valves uses independent extension/compression adjustment which does not demand
such a high cycling rate.
With this type of control, the damper adjustment can be based on
body frequency. The body frequency is the frequency at which the
body oscillates along the z-axis (vertically).
The two EDC data-map valves firstly enable independent extension

control and, therefore, data-map compatible design, and secondly
independent compression control and, therefore, data-map
compatible design.
Index
1
2
3
4
5
Explanation
EDC data-map valve

for compression

Force/direction of piston
rod movement
Fluid medium
Data-map control
FE = Extension force
Index
B
C
D
E
F
Furthermore, VDC regulation takes into consideration steering

inputs based on the steering angle curve. If VDC detects a rapid
increase in the steering angle, the driving dynamics control function infers that the vehicle is entering a bend and can preventively
adjust the dampers on the outside of the bend to a harder setting
in advance.
Explanation
FC = Compression force
VE = Extension velocity
VC = Compression velocity
Thus VDC assists the ARS system, if fitted, and contributes to

reducing vehicle roll (roll tendency).
Extension data-map
Compression data-map
Moreover, VDC is able to detect the braking operations by the

driver based on the brake pressure information supplied by DSC.
A high brake pressure normally results in pitching of the vehicle
body; VDC counteracts that effect by setting the front dampers to
higher damping forces. This also results in an improvement in the
front/rear brake force distribution, which in turn reduces the braking
distance (by comparison with a vehicle without VDC).
Control Strategy
The fundamental control principle is known as the "Skyhook system", which means, in theory, primary control objective of holding
the vehicle stationary in a vertical direction regardless of driving situation as if suspended from a "hook in the sky".
With the introduction of the handling setting switch, the VDC setting is incorporated in a number of modes which bring about a
coordinated overall setting across all systems.
To achieve this highest of all comfort objectives, the movements of

the entire body have to be evaluated. Thus an overall analysis is
performed of the ride height data and z-axis acceleration rates.
83
84
Active Roll Stabilization (ARS)
Active Roll Stabilization was first fitted on the 7 Series predecessor,

the E65/E66, and has been used in similar form since on the E6x
and E7x models.
This section only describes the essential details and modifications

of the ARS on the F01/F02.
As Vertical Dynamics Control (VDC) is fitted as standard on the
F01/F02, the ARS is now an option.
In customer communications, ARS continues to be marketed
under the name "Dynamic Drive" on the F01/F02.
Vertical Dynamics Control

VDC and ARS have to respond with the appropriate speed in the
event of rapid lane changes, rapid cornering or rapid changes of
direction on winding country roads.
Overview of ARS Components
The components of the ARS system of the F01 are much the
same as on past ARS systems.
The ARS control module is no longer used, the control of the ARS
system (via ARS valve block) has been assumed by the VDM
module.
VDM Module
The VDM module contains the appropriate output stages for
controlling the ARS valve block. The system architecture on the
F01/F02 now features two different versions of the VDM control
module:
If ARS is not fitted, the VDM has no output stages for ARS
valve manifold control
If ARS is fitted, the VDM has output stages for ARS valve
manifold control
Index
Explanation
Index
EDC, SVR
12
1
3
DME
Ride height sensor
ARS valve manifold
ICM
5
7
9
10
VDM
Instrument cluster
Ride height sensor

EDC, SHR
Explanation
11
Rear hydraulic motor
13
EDC, SHL
14
Ride height sensor

SZL
15
ZGM
17
Ride height sensor
19
Hydraulic fluid reservoir
16
18
20
DSC
EDC, SVL
Front hydraulic motor
The VDM control module is located in the passenger compartment

near the right-hand A-pillar. It receives its power supply via KL15N
and is protected by a 5A fuse.
VDM Control Unit Outputs
All outputs are compatible with diagnostics and protected against

short-circuit. The outputs include controls for:
Pressure regulating valves for front and rear axle
The VDM control unit is activated exclusively by the Car Access

System (CAS) via a Terminal 15N lead as of status "Ignition ON".
Failsafe valve
A vehicle authentication process takes place when the system is

started.
Directional valve
Intake restrictor valve
All outputs (valve solenoids and sensors) are subjected to a

comprehensive check for short circuits and circuit breaks. If there
is a fault, the system switches the actuators to a safe-driving mode.
5 V power supply for the sensors:
Pressure sensors at the front and rear axle
Switch-position detector (SSE)
The VDM control unit switches off if the voltage is too low/too high.
The valves are controlled by the supply of current regulated by

pulse-width modulation (PWM).
VDM Control Unit Inputs
From the input signals, the VDM control unit calculates the control
signals to the actuators. The input signals are also checked for
plausibility and used for system monitoring.
The valve currents are mutually checked for plausibility on a continuous basis. Therefore, the pressure can be set more precisely and
the switch valves can be monitored electronically.
The VDM control unit receives the following input signals:
Fault symptoms of the output signals are:
FlexRay bus
Short circuit to Terminal 30 and Terminal
Front-suspension circuit pressure (analog)
Open circuit and
Rear-suspension circuit pressure (analog)
Valve short circuits
Switch position detector reading (analog)
Sensor power supply faults
Fluid level sensor signal (analog)
A message is sent to the DME via the FlexRay bus from the central
dynamic handling controller on the ICM. The message contains
information on how much power the tandem pump currently
requires to supply the active anti-roll bars.
The most important control signal for the ARS function is the lateral
acceleration measured by the ICM control unit, which is sent to the
VDM via the FlexRay bus. Additional lateral dynamics information
from the FlexRay bus which is also provided by the ICM comprises
the road speed signal and the steering angle.
In this way, output at the engine can be increased to satisfy the

additional power requirement. A regular data signal (alive signal) is
broadcast and read by other VDM control units to identify whether
the system is still active. In addition, a function status signal is
broadcast which communicates the status of the ARS function.
From that, the stabilization requirement is calculated and the

relevant active forces are applied. The road speed and steering
angle information is also used to improve the reaction time of the
system.
85
86
The VDM control unit transmits an additional status message via

the FlexRay to the instrument cluster in order to actively initiate
display messages. That status message is assigned a priority
among all suspension/steering messages by the message coordinator on the ICM control unit and passed to the instrument cluster.
All signal faults are recorded and permanently stored in the fault
memory. If the alive signal fails, the ICM control unit automatically
sends a message to the instrument cluster to activate the ARS
warning lamp.
Active Anti-roll Bar, front

The anti-roll bar is mounted on the front suspension subframe.
The anti-roll bar links are attached to the pivot bearing. There are
two pressure relief valves on the hydraulic motor of the front suspension anti-roll bar.
On the pressure relief valves there are air filter elements (black plastic caps) attached. Those black air filter caps with Goretex inserts
must not be removed.
Oscillating Motor
The hydraulic motor and the hydraulic motor body are each
attached to one half of the anti-roll bar. The active anti-roll bar
consists of the oscillating motor and the anti-roll bar halves fitted to
the oscillating motor, with press-fitted roller bearings for their
connection to the axle carriers. The use of roller bearings ensures
optimum comfort thanks to better response and reduced control
forces. A thin coating of grease on the roller bearing does not
impair the function of the active anti-roll bar.
Index
Explanation
Index
Explanation
Tandem pump
Power steering cooler
Oscillating motor
ARS valve manifold
4
6
VDM
Air filter element
1 directional control valve
Rear Suspension Active Anti-roll Bar

The anti-roll bar is mounted behind the rear suspension subframe.
The anti-roll bar links are attached to the rear suspension swing
arms.
1 failsafe valve
2 pressure sensors; 1 sensor for the front suspension,

1 sensor for the rear suspension
On the hydraulic motor for the rear suspension anti-roll bar, blanking plugs are fitted in place of the pressure relief valves.
Index
1
Switch-position detector
Explanation
Index
Rear suspension, oscillating motor (hydraulic)
ARS Hydraulic Valve Manifold

The hydraulic valve block is located on the floor plate of the vehicle
behind the front right hand wheel housing level with the front righthand door.
Rear axle, pressure valve (PVH)
Front axle, pressure valve (PVV)
Switch position detector (SSE)
2 pressure valves; 1 for the front suspension and 1 for the rear
suspension [these are proportional pressure limiting valves]
87
Index
1
2
The hydraulic valve block is connected to a carrier plate bolted to

the body. The hydraulic valve block houses the following valves
and sensors:
Explanation
Front axle pressure sensor (DSV)
Explanation
Rear axle pressure sensor (DSH)
Directional valve (RV)
Failsafe valve (FS)
88
Tandem Pump
The hydraulic pumps fitted in this model series were based on a
modular design principle. Depending on the engine and equipment specification, a suitably dimensioned hydraulic pump is
flange-mounted to the engine in the same installation space.
Decisive equipment features for these tandem pumps:
Basic steering

CO2 reduction measures
Dynamic Drive (ARS)
Dynamic Drive (ARS) and Integrated Active Steering (IAL)

Index
1
2
Explanation
Index
Radial piston pump
Explanation
Electronic volumetric
flow control valve
Vane pump, power steering
The hydraulic pump driven by the engine's poly-V belt is, on vehicles with Dynamic Drive, invariably a tandem pump, which consists
of a radial-piston pump section for ARS and a vane pump section
for the power steering. Radial-piston pump section of the tandem
pump:
Radial Piston Pump
This radial piston pump has 8 pistons in a single row and is

designed for a maximum pressure of 210 bar.
When the engine is idling, the pump speed is approximately 750

rpm. At that speed, the radial piston pump section delivers a
minimum fluid flow rate of approximately 5.5 liters per minute at a
pressure of approximately 3 bar. Consequently an adequate fluid
flow rate is guaranteed even at idling speed.
At a pump speed of 1450 rpm, the maximum fluid flow rate is limited to approximately 9 liters per minute.
New Feature
As a CO2 reduction measure when driving in a straight line, the

fluid flow rate of the radial piston pump is restricted by a restrictor
valve on the intake side, thereby substantially reducing the circulation pressure and, therefore, the engine power used to drive the
pump. As a result, active control of the intake restrictor valve makes
a positive contribution to the CO2 equation.
The Dynamic Drive and hydraulic power steering share a common
fluid reservoir and fluid cooler.
NOTES
PAGE
89
90
Electronic Ride Height Control (EHC)
As of the start of production, the EHC system is only available as

standard equipment on the F02. At the time of vehicle launch,
EHC is not available as an option on the F01.
The EHC system operates much the same as previous EHC
systems. On the F01, EHC is a single-axle air spring
system for the rear axle.
The control unit for the EHC system is located in the
right rear luggage compartment area in the control
module carrier near the rear power distribution
box.
Index
Explanation
Index
Explanation
Air Supply Unit (LVA)
1
3
5
ZGM
EDC_SHR
EHC control module
6
8
Air supply relay

EDC_SHL
EHC Circuit Diagram

Index
Explanation
Index
1
3
Compressor unit
4
6
91
ZGM
Air Supply Unit (LVA)
Solenoid valve, left side
Explanation
Solenoid valve, right side
Air supply relay
10
11
Air exhaust valve

EHC control module
92

1.
What are the primary functions of the VDM module?
6.
What is the purpose of the intake restrictor valve?
2.
What is different about the ride height sensors on a vehicle

equipped with EHC?
7.
Where is the EHC module located on the F02?
3.
Which portion of the tandem pump is responsible for

providing pressure for the ARS system?
4.
Why is it necessary for the VDM to receive brake pressure

information from DSC?
5.
What is unique about the damping control of the VDC

system?
NOTES
PAGE
93
94
DCC and ACC
Trusted Driver Assistance Systems
BMW has long since offered a comprehensive range of driver

assistance systems. These make it easier for the driver to control
the vehicle, by:
providing the driver with information,
prompting the driver how to act or
actively intervening in the way the vehicle is driven.
The systems in this section of the training workbook include:

Cruise control with braking function (standard F01/F02)
Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go function (opt)
Adaptive Brake Assistant with warning function (w/ACC)
In the F01/F02, "Dynamic Cruise Control" (DCC) supersedes the

cruise control (FGR) function available as standard in the E65.
The optional extra "Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go
function" (ACC Stop & Go) provides optimum assistance to the
driver not only in smoothly flowing traffic but also in traffic jam
situations.
Both systems are based on the new architecture of the Integrated

Chassis Management (ICM).
As part of the ACC with Stop & Go option, the F01/F02 features
the Adaptive Brake Assistant function.
This safety function, has been supplemented by a new warning

function in the F01/F02. It alerts the driver to a risk of collision
detected by the long-range radar sensor. This enables the driver
to intervene even faster and, potentially, to avoid an accident.
Dynamic Cruise Control
An active state is indicated by a green indicator light in the circumference of the speedometer dial lighting up. There is an alternative
way to activate the function if a set speed has already been stored.
The cruise control with braking function was introduced with the
BMW 3 Series (E9x). It is also referred to as "Dynamic Cruise
Control" (DCC).
This is indicated by an orange indicator light in the circumference

of the speedometer dial. If the driver wants to use this speed value
as the set speed, he simply has to press the RES button.
Mostly, DCC is a conventional cruise control system with some

additional functions. The DCC offers the driver the opportunity to
adjust the set speed in small or large increments, which is then set
and maintained by the system by controlling power output and
braking.
The DCC then accelerates or decelerates the vehicle to this speed

value automatically. While the function is active, the driver is able to
increase or decrease the set speed at any time. There are two
adjustment increments available.
The brakes are also controlled during steep downhill driving if

sufficient deceleration is not achieved by engine drag-torque alone.
Index
Dynamic Cruise Control in the F01/F02 is not computed in the

DSC control unit as it is in other vehicles. Instead, it has been integrated into the ICM control unit.
1
2
In the F01/F02, there are differences in how the function is operated and how information is displayed by comparison with the function implemented in other vehicles.
3
4

In the F01/F02, Dynamic Cruise Control is no longer operated by
means of an operating lever. Instead, the driver can operate the
function conveniently using a button pad on the multifunction
steering wheel.
Explanation
SET button to activate
Rocker switch to change

the set speed
I/O button to switch
on and off
RES button to resume

to a set speed
The rocker switch offers two different incremental settings in either

direction. First, the set speed is altered in increments of 1 mph
each time the rocker switch is pressed; second, it is altered in
increments of 5 mph.
To prevent accidental activation, the function remains inoperable

until the I/0 button has been pressed after the vehicle has started,
the DCC is then in standby.
In the F01/F02, the adjustment range for the set speed is 20 mph
to 110 mph. If the rocker switch is pressed and held, the system
will accelerate/decelerate the vehicle until the rocker switch is
released. This is known as a "comfort dynamics" function as featured in the E9x and E6x LCI.
This state is acknowledged in the instrument cluster by a green

indicator light lighting up. With the function in standby, the driver is
now able to activate cruise control. To do this, the driver can press
the SET button used to store the vehicle's current road speed as
the set speed.
To deactivate the system, the driver can simply operate the brake
pedal like before. Or, the driver can deactivate the system by
pressing the I/0 button.
95
96
The system is then returned to standby and keeps the set speed
last used stored in its memory. If the driver then presses the I/0
button once more, the system is completely switched off and the
green indicator light in the instrument cluster goes out.
In the event of particular operating states, the displays shown here

are supplemented by information messages displayed below the
speedometer. This is the case, for instance, if the driver attempts
to activate the system even though not all the activation criteria
have been fulfilled (i.e. speed less than 20 mph).
In the F01/F02, a difference in the way Dynamic Stability Control
interacts with Dynamic Cruise Control has been introduced.
This is explained by the following example: Using the "Driving

Dynamics Switch", the driver has selected a mode in which DSC is
inactive (e.g. "Sport+" mode). If the driver now activates cruise
control, DSC will be activated automatically.
This is accompanied by an automatic changeover from Sport plus
mode to "Normal" mode.
In previous vehicles, the driver was unable to activate cruise control

without activating DSC manually first.
Index
Explanation
Standby indication
Orange LED: set speed of 130 km/h (80 mph) stored
B
2
3
4
Active state
Indicator light for DCC (DCC On)
Green LED; actively maintaining a set speed of 130 km/h (80 mph)
Set speed displayed numerically (briefly displayed at time of function

activation or whenever the set speed is changed
Active Cruise Control with Stop & Go function

ACC Stop & Go and DCC are activated/deactivated in a very similar
way. The driver is able to activate ACC Stop & Go not only while
the vehicle is in motion, but also when the vehicle is stationary,
provided the system has detected another vehicle in front.
The ACC Stop & Go function in the F01/F02 is largely identical to

that in the E6x LCI. ACC Stop & Go extends the operating range of
the former ACC system to include low speeds down to a standstill.
To activate ACC Stop & Go at a standstill, the driver has to depress

the brake pedal and press the SET or RES button at the same
time. The activation conditions that applied to the E6x LCI similarly
apply here:
Brake pedal must not be depressed
Automatic transmission must be in Drive

Parking brake must not be activated
Radar sensors must be operational and not dirty
In other words, speed and distance from the vehicle in front are
automatically controlled at those speeds as well.
There must be no system fault present.
If DSC was inactive before, in the F01/F02 it is activated as soon as

ACC Stop & Go is activated. At the same time, the "Driving
Dynamics Control" automatically changes to "Normal" mode
(same behavior as for DCC).
ACC Stop & Go will automatically stop the car if necessary and
then indicate to the driver as soon as it detects that it is possible to
start moving again.
To pull away again, the driver has to acknowledge this message.
The pulling-away process is controlled fully automatically by ACC
Stop & Go only if the duration of the standstill is very short.
Similarly, ACC Stop & Go cannot be deactivated by means of the

I/0 button while the vehicle is stationary unless the brake pedal is
depressed at the same time.
Thus, ACC Stop & Go provides optimum assistance for the driver
not only in moving traffic but also in traffic jams such as are more
and more frequently encountered on highways. However, this
system (in common with ACC) is not intended for use in urban
areas for negotiating junctions or traffic lights.
In the F01/F02, the adjustment range for the set speed is 20 mph
to 110 mph as it is in the E6x LCI.
By comparison with DCC, a vehicle with ACC Stop & Go has an

MFL button pad that additionally features two buttons for making
distance adjustments.
The functions of ACC Stop & Go in the F01/F02 differ from those
in the E6x LCI in the following areas:
Operation and display
Behavior in response to driver's intention to get out.

97
98
Index
1
Explanation
SET button to activate
Button for reducing distance
Button for increasing distance
Resume button
3
5
Rocker switch to change

set speed
I/O button for ON/OFF
Each (short) button stroke to change the distance increases the

desired distance used by ACC Stop & Go for its control process by
one increment at a time. A total of four increments are available to
the driver.
If the vehicle is equipped with the head-up display option, the ACC
displays also appear there, provided the driver has configured them
to do so.
Index
Explanation
"Standby" state
Orange LED: set speed of 130 km/h stored
Green LED: set speed of 130 km/h selected by the driver (the speedometer needle is not pointing at the LED here because the vehicle in front is
travelling slower than the set speed)
B
2
4
5
6
"Active" state
Lines that indicate "standby" mode
Car symbol: vehicle ahead detected by ACC Stop & Go
Bars: represent the distance increment selected by the driver
Set speed displayed numerically: briefly displayed at the time of function

activation or whenever the set speed is changed
For ACC Stop & Go, this is absolutely identical to that implemented
for the DSC-internal Automatic Hold function.
Behavior in response to the driver's intention to get out

ACC Stop & Go uses the DSC hydraulics to reliably slow the vehicle to a halt and keep it stationary.
ACC Stop & Go is deactivated automatically if, from the bus signals
it receives, it detects that the parking brake function has been activated.
Without a supply of electricity, the DSC hydraulics are, however,

unable to indefinitely maintain the braking force necessary to keep
the vehicle stationary.
Now the vehicle is still held stationary but by the parking brake
function instead.
By contrast with the E6x LCI, the F01/F02 is equipped with an

electromechanical parking brake (EMF). This is able to assume the
function of holding the vehicle stationary if
Index
DSC is no longer able to maintain the hold function due to a

fault or overload,
the driver gets out or
the engine is switched off.
Thanks to the EMF, ACC Stop & Go also benefits from improvements designed to enhance comfort while the vehicle is stationary.
Drivers of an E6x LCI had to be issued with a warning if they were
about to get out with ACC Stop & Go still active. They were
reminded to secure the vehicle against rolling away. They had to
apply the parking brake manually.
In the F01/F02, however, the parking brake function of the EMF is

activated automatically whenever the driver is about to get out of
the vehicle with ACC Stop & Go still active.
The driver's intention to get out of the F01/ F02 is detected by the
signals of the seat belt buckle contact (driver's) and door contact
(driver's door). A signal from the seat occupancy detection (driver's
seat) is not used in the F01/F02.
While the vehicle is being held stationary by ACC Stop & Go, the
DSC unit takes over all monitoring and control processes.
The DSC also controls the system's behavior in response to the
driver's intention to get out of the vehicle.
99
Explanation
State of driver's seat belt

and driver's door
Displays of ACC Stop & Go and

parking brake in the instrument
cluster
Road traffic situation or perceptible

response of vehicle with ACC Stop
& Go
ACC Stop & Go is active and has

automatically braked the vehicle to
a halt behind a vehicle in front.
The DSC hydraulics hold the vehicle stationary (and are monitored
by the DSC control unit).
100
Adaptive Brake Assistant with Warning Function

The Adaptive Brake Assistant has been carried over from the E6x
LCI. This function is included automatically if the customer orders
the ACC Stop & Go option.
All sensor-related and processing functions of Adaptive Braking

Assistance are computed in the long-range radar sensor. However,
the computed output variables have to be transmitted to the DSC
control unit because that is where they are put into action.
To make this possible, the ICM control unit acts as a gateway
between the local CAN and the FlexRay.
In the DSC control unit, there are still more conditions that need to
be fulfilled before these two subfunctions can be carried out.
(Example: road speed must be higher than a defined minimum
speed.)
Adaptive Braking Assistance offers the greatest benefit in situations where the vehicle is following another vehicle. If the vehicle in
front brakes hard, it is detected by the long range radar sensor.
The two subfunctions of precharging the brake system (also

known as the "brake readiness" function) and lowering the threshold for the hydraulic Brake Assistant, assist the driver to perform the
braking operation to best effect and thus in the best case to avoid a
rear-end collision with the vehicle in front.
In the F01/F02, this function is no different from the function implemented in the E6x LCI. The long-range radar sensor gathers data
on the road users ahead of the vehicle. The data are supplemented by data relating to the driving status of the customer's vehicle,
and both types of data are used as a basis for calculating a collision
avoidance rate of deceleration.
This is the rate of deceleration at which the driver would have to

brake in order to avoid a collision with the vehicle in front. If the calculated collision avoidance deceleration is above a stored threshold
value, the brake system begins to precharge and the activation
threshold for the hydraulic Brake Assistant is reduced.
However, the Adaptive Braking Assistance technology also has

limits and cannot react fast enough in situations such as other road
users cutting in right in front of the vehicle.
Driving with care and anticipation remains the fundamental imperative even with Adaptive Braking Assistance!
The Adaptive Brake Assistant and its subfunctions are always
active and do not have to be switched on separately by the driver.
New warning function
In the F01/F02, the Adaptive Brake Assistant is supplemented by a

warning function. This useful "collision warning" is designed to
draw the driver's attention to hazardous situations in good time.
The driver is then assisted by the subfunctions of the Adaptive
Brake Assistant, which provide optimum deceleration in this kind of
emergency situation.
The driver is able to switch the collision warning on and off.
Its state (on/off) remains stored for the duration of the current
driving cycle (key-specific).
The field of application in which the collision warning offers the

greatest benefit to the customer is as follows: The customer is driving behind a vehicle that brakes suddenly and hard.
If the customer has activated the collision warning, he is given notification in two stages that a hazardous situation has been detected
and the customer is thereby prompted to intervene:
In addition, the ICM control unit forwards the warning request from
the long-range radar sensor to the instrument cluster and (if fitted)
the head-up display, where the warning is issued.
Advance warning
Acute warning.
The time at which the warning has to be issued is, again, calculated by the long-range radar sensor based on the collision avoidance
deceleration. Each warning stage has its own threshold values.
Setting the advance warning
Issuing of the warning
The advance warning is represented by the red car symbol in the

instrument cluster. In the event of an advance warning, it lights up
constantly. As there is no audible signal, this visual warning signal
is the only signal for the advance warning.
In the event of an advance warning, powerful braking by the driver

is sufficient to avoid the situation. If the acute warning is issued,
the driver must brake immediately and with maximum force to avoid
a collision.
In the event of an acute warning, the car symbol in the instrument

cluster begins to flash. Since an immediate intervention by the
driver is required, this visual signal is supplemented by an audible
tone.
This particular high-frequency tone is used only for the acute

warning and differs distinctly from other tones that are issued, e.g.
with Check Control messages.
If the vehicle is equipped with the head-up display, the visual displays of the collision warning are seen by the driver even more
directly and therefore even sooner.
The driver has some control over the threshold value for the activation of the first stage, the advance warning. From an Assistant
window in the Central Information Display, the driver is able to
select one of three warning times for the advance warning:
Early
Late
Off (no advance warning given).
For the collision warning, the ICM control unit is responsible for the
following control tasks. The switching on and off, the activation
conditions, the fault monitoring and the adjustment of the warning
time are all computed by the ICM.
Index
A
101
Explanation
Stage 1: Advance warning
Index
B
Explanation
Stage 2: Acute warning
102
In the head-up display, the advance warning is represented by a

significantly enlarged red car symbol. As with the instrument cluster
display, the advance warning is indicated by the symbol lighting up
constantly.
Index
A
Explanation
Stage 1: Advance warning
Index
B
Explanation
Stage 2: Acute warning
In the event of an acute warning, the car symbol in the head-up

display begins to flash.
At the same time, the parts of the display that are irrelevant to this
emergency situation are hidden so as not to distract the driver
unnecessarily. These displays include those of the navigation system, for example. As soon as the acute warning is over, all the
displays in the head-up display re-appear.
The same distinctive tone for the acute warning is used in vehicles
with head-up display.
The collision warning is active only if the driver has switched it on
at the driver assistance systems operating unit.
As the advance warning is the first warning stage, its timing is
configurable but it can also be switched off.
Fault states
The functions of the Adaptive Brake Assistant depend on the faultless operation of the long range radar sensor in particular, but also
of the ICM control unit and the DSC unit.
If one of these essential system components is limited in its availability in any way, these functions may no longer work correctly and
would need to be deactivated.
The driver is given notification of this condition. If, for example, a
fault is present at the time the system is switched on, the function
illumination of the collision warning will not be activated.
From this, the driver can infer that the collision warning is not available. If a fault were to occur some time after the system was
switched on, the driver could fail to see the function illumination go
out. For this reason, a Check Control message is issued as an
additional warning measure.
There are two different symbols, and each one is supplemented

by a relevant instruction. Collision warning deactivated (due to
unfavorable operating conditions, e.g. dirty long-range radar sensor)
Collision warning failure (due to genuine faults or defective components).
Collision warning deactivated (due to

unfavorable operating conditions
e.g. dirty long range radar sensors)
Collision warning failure (due to genuine

faults or defective components)
Components for ACC Stop and Go
Index
Long-range radar sensor
In terms of physical design, the long-range radar sensor (LRR) for

ACC Stop & Go in the F01/F02 is largely identical to the one fitted
in the E6x LCI.
Functionally, however, it differs from the sensor in the E6x LCI in
that it also calculates the new collision warning of the Adaptive
Brake Assistant.
In the F01/F02, the long-range radar sensor no longer has a connection to the wake-up line. Instead, it is supplied with power by
terminal 15N and is thus hard switched.
Terminal 15N is tapped off at the front fuse carrier. The long-range
radar sensor contains a terminating resistor (for the local CAN) as it
does in the E6x LCI.
The installation location of the long-range radar sensor and the way
it is mounted have been adapted to the structural conditions
specific to the F01/F02.
Explanation
Index
Explanation
Connector
Screw for vertical adjustment
Fixed bearing (mount)
Screw for horizontal adjustment
4
6
Housing
Bracket
Short-range radar sensors
The short-range radar sensors (SRR) used for ACC Stop & Go in
the E6x LCI have undergone a hardware revision. New, integrated
switch circuits have been implemented.
The principle of operation, however, is much the same. The shortrange radar sensors on the left and right are identical, as they are in
the E6x LCI.
Each of the short-range radar sensors detects its respective installation position from the pin that is assigned to ground in the wiring
harness.
Index
Explanation
Connector
103
Bracket
Index
3
Explanation
Housing (antenna cover)
104
As in the E6x LCI, the short-range radar sensors cannot be programmed. While they do have a self-diagnostics function, accessing the ICM control unit is the only means by which it is possible to
read their fault code memory entries.
In the F01/F02, the short-range radar sensors - like the long-range
radar sensor - are supplied with power by terminal 15N, which is
supplied in turn by the front fuse carrier.
There is no connection to the wake-up line. The local CAN is connected to the short range radar sensors by two lines, which begin
at the long-range radar sensor.
The short-range radar sensors have no terminating resistor for the
local CAN.
In the F01/F02, the short-range radar sensors are fitted on top of

the bumper carrier (and no longer on its front). For this reason, the
bracket had to be completely redesigned. It now grips the housing
of the short-range radar sensor from behind.
To guarantee the necessary level of stability and reliability, the

bracket now also has a reinforcement rib. This runs vertically to the
front of the aerial cover. The rib was positioned here in order to
minimize its interference with the propagation of radar waves.
The material for the bracket (and thus for the rib) was also selected
specifically for this particular application. Emergency repairs that
use other plastic parts are not permitted.
Otherwise, there is a risk that the short-range radar sensors may
not work correctly.
Note: The short range radar sensors (if replaced) must be

commissioned via the diagnostic system after installation. The sensors are accessed through the pathway provided by the ICM via the Lo-CAN.
Index
Explanation
Index
Explanation
DSC
FlexRay bus
Short range radar sensor, left
FlexRay terminating resistor,

DSC and DME
Short range radar sensor, right
11
Lo-CAN terminating resistor
4
6
ZGM
Long range radar sensor

DME
10
ICM
Lo-CAN bus termination
Driver Assistance Systems Operating Unit

The driver assistance systems operating unit contains a button for
switching the collision warning on and off. The operating unit is
connected to the footwell module (FRM) on the LIN bus.
A bus signal from the FRM notifies the ICM control unit when the
button has been pressed.
Index
Explanation
Function illumination
Button for warning of

Adaptive Brake Assistant
The operation and function of the buttons were described in the

"functions" section.
The electronics of the multifunction steering wheel evaluate the

button strokes on both MFL button pads. On the LIN bus, the
signals are transmitted to the steering column switch cluster (SZL).
The SZL forwards the button stroke signals to the ICM control unit
on the FlexRay. This is where the signals for controlling the DCC
and ACC Stop & Go function are evaluated.
There is no function illumination on the MFL button pad. For this
reason, no feedback is sent by the ICM control unit to the MFL
button pad as it is to the driver assistance systems operating unit.
The ICM does not allow the collision warning to switch on unless
the entire system is working faultlessly. It is only then that a bus
signal providing positive feedback is sent to the FRM in order to
have the function illumination in the button light up.
If, however, a fault is present in any part of the entire system, the
function illumination remains off even if the button is pressed.
From this, the driver can infer that the collision warning is not available.
Multifunction steering wheel button pad
Which version of the MFL button pad on the left-hand spoke of the
multifunction steering wheel is fitted depends on which option,
DCC or ACC Stop & Go, is fitted in the vehicle.
This does not apply to the MFL button pad on the right-hand
spoke, which is the same regardless of whether the vehicle is
equipped with DCC or ACC Stop & Go.
105
106
NOTES
PAGE

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