Conductometric Titrations: Submitted To
Conductometric Titrations: Submitted To
Conductometric Titrations: Submitted To
Submitted to:
Dr Nasir Uddin Khan
Subject:
Physical chemistry lab
Submitted by:
Department of chemistry
University of Karachi
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History
The word "titration" comes from the Latin word “titulus”, meaning inscription or title.
The French word titre, also from this origin, means rank.
TITRATION
The process, operation, or method of determining the concentration of a substance
in solution by adding to it a standard reagent of known concentration in carefully
measured amounts until a reaction of definite and known proportion is completed,
as shown by a color change or by electrical measurement, and then calculating the
unknown concentration. OR
Titration, by definition, is the determination of rank or concentration of a solution with
respect to water with a pH of 7 (which is the pH of pure H2O under standard conditions).
Types of titrations
Titrations can be classified by the type of reaction. Different types of
titration reaction include:
• Acid-base titrations are based on the
neutralization reaction between the analyte and an
acidic or basic titrant. These most commonly use a pH
indicator, a pH meter, or a conductance meter to
determine the endpoint.
• Redox titrations are based on an oxidation-reduction reaction between
the analyte and titrant. These most commonly use a potentiometer or a
redox indicator to determine the endpoint.
• Complexometric titrations are based on the formation of a complex
between the analyte and the titrant. The chelating agent EDTA is very
commonly used to titrate metal ions in solution.
• Volumetric titration
• Conductometric titration
• Potentiometer
• PH meter etc
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CONDUCTOMETRIC TITRATION:
Conductance:
The conductance is the property of the conductor (metallic as well as electrolytic) which
facilitates the flow of electricity through it. It is equal to the reciprocal of resistance i.e.,
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where κ is the conductivity with units Ω -1m-1:
(By international agreement, the reciprocal ohm, Ω -1, is now called a siemens, 1 S = 1 Ω -1). One
can think of the conductivity as the conductance of a cube of material, 1 m on each edge. Since
it is difficult to build a cell with well defined geometrical parameters A and l, any cell should be
calibrated with a solution of exactly known specific conductance. From Eq.(5) we can determine
the cell constant C :
C = l/A (5)
The conductivity of a solution depends on the ions that are present in it. During many titrations,
the conductivity changes significantly
(1) Nature of electrolyte : The conductance of an electrolyte depends upon the number of ions present
in the solution. Therefore, the greater the number of ions in the solution the greater is the conductance.
The number of ions produced by an electrolyte depends upon its nature. The strong electrolytes
dissociate almost completely into ions in solutions and, therefore, their solutions have high conductance.
On the other hand, weak electrolytes, dissociate to only small extents and give lesser number of ions.
Therefore, the solutions of weak electrolytes have low conductance.
(2) Concentration of the solution : The molar conductance of electrolytic solution varies with the
concentration of the electrolyte. In general, the molar conductance of an electrolyte increases with
decrease in concentration or increase in dilution.
The molar conductance of strong electrolyte (HCl, KCl, KNO3) as well as weak electrolytes
( CH3COOH.NH4OH) increase with decrease in concentration or increase in dilution. The variation is
however different for strong and weak electrolytes.
The variation of molar conductance with concentration can be explained on the basis of conducting ability
of ions for weak and strong electrolytes.
For weak electrolytes the variation of Λ with dilution can be explained on the bases of number of ions in
solution. The number of ions furnished by an electrolyte in solution depends upon the degree of
dissociation with dilution. With the increase in dilution, the degree of dissociation increases and as a
result molar conductance increases. The limiting value of molar conductance (Λ 0) corresponds to degree
of dissociation equal to 1 i.e., the whole of the electrolyte dissociates.
α = Λc/Λ0
where α is the degree of dissociation,
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Λc is the molar conductance at concentration C and
1. (3) Temperature :
The conductivity of an electrolyte depends upon the
temperature. With increase in temperature, the
conductivity of an electrolyte increases. By
increasing the temperature, the mobility of the ions in the solution will increase. So
temperature has a direct effect on conductance of solution. E.g. by increasing the
temperature the conductance will increase.
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used at equivalence point is used to calculate the morality of acid and then
the strength of acid. Consider a solution of a strong acid, hydrochloric acid,
HCl for instance, to which a solution of a strong base, sodium hydroxide
NaOH, is added. The reaction occurs. For each amount of NaOH added
equivalent amount of hydrogen ions is removed. Effectively, the faster
moving H+ cation is replaced by the slower moving Na+ ion, and the
conductivity of the titrated solution as well as the measured conductance of
the cell fall. This continues until the equivalence point is reached, at which
we have a solution of sodium chloride, NaCl. If more base is added an
increase in conductivity or conductance is observed, since more ions are
being added and the neutralization reaction no longer removes an
appreciable number any of them. Consequently, in the titration of a strong
acid with a strong base, the conductance has a minimum at the equivalence
point. This minimum can be used instead of an indicator dye to determine
the endpoint of the titration. Conductometric titration curve that is a plot of
the measured conductance or conductivity values against the number of
milliliters of NaOH solution
Migration of ions
Electricity is carried out through the solution of an electrolyte by migration of ions. Therefore,
(2) During electrolysis, ions are discharged or liberated in equivalent amounts at the two electrodes, no
matter what their relative speed is.
(3) Concentration of the electrolyte changes around the electrode due to difference in the speed of the
ions.
(4) Loss of concentration around any electrode is proportional to the speed of the ion that moves away
from the electrode, so
The relation is valid only when the discharged ions do not react with atoms of the electrodes. But when
the ions combine with the material of the electrode, the concentration around the electrode shows an
increase.
.
Experiment:
Conductometric Titration of Hydrochloric Acid and Acetic Acid with Sodium
Hydroxide
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During the titration of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide, the reaction that
takes place in the titration vessel is
2.Temperature:
By increasing the temperature, the mobility of the ions in the solution will increase.
So temperature has a direct effect on conductance of solution. E.g. by increasing
the temperature the conductance will increase and vice versa.
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Procedure:
1. 100 Ml of acid was taken in beaker.
2. Solution was kept at room temperature for at least 10 minutes.
3. Then Dip the electrode of conductometer in solution.
4. Measure the initial conductance of solution.
5. First reading of conductometer was noted.
6. Then this solution was titrated against the Base solution of known strength
using burette.
7. Observe the change in conductance of acid solution after every 5 ml addition
of base.
8. Plot these values to find the equivalence point.
9. Volume of base used till the equivalence point is the volume which is
required to fully neutralize the acid.
Calculations:
Acid Base
M1 V1 = M2 V2
M=molarity
v=volume used
M1=M2V2V1
0 28.2
5 28
10 27.7
15 27.2
20 26.6
25 21.8
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30 20.6
35 19.4
40 18.6
45 17.6
55 16.6
65 13.6
75 12
85 10.6
95 9
105 7.8
110 7.2
115 6.6
120 6
130 5
135 5.1
140 5.3
150 5.9
160 6.3
170 6.8
185 7.4
M1=M2V2V1
M1=0.1×130100 M
M1=0.13 M
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=0.13 X 36.5=
4.745 g/mL
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:
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