IR Spectros
IR Spectros
IR Spectros
Introduction
• IR spectroscopy is the study of interaction between
infrared radiations and matter.
• IR radiations refers broadly to that part of
electromagnetic spectrum between visible and
microwave region.
• The principle of IR spectroscopy is related to the
vibrational and rotational energy of a molecule.
• Absorption of IR radiation causes an excitation of
molecule from a lower to the higher vibrational level.
• Each vibrational level is associated with a number of
closely placed rotational level.
• Therefore the IR spectroscopy is also called as
“vibrational-rotational spectroscopy”
Criteria for a compound to be IR Active
• All the bonds in a molecule are not capable of absorbing
IR energy but those bonds which are accompanied by a
change in dipole moment will absorb in the IR region and
such transitions are called IR active transitions.
• The transitions which are not accompanied by a change
in dipole moment of the molecule are considered as IR
inactive.
• When the frequency of the IR radiation is equal to the
natural frequency of vibration, the molecule absorb IR
radiation.
Instrumentation
Radiation Source
• IR radiation is usually produced by electrically
heating a Nernst filament (mainly composed of
oxides of zirconium, thorium and cerium) or a
globar (rod of silicon carbide) to 1000-1800°C.
• The infrared radiation of successively increasing
wavelength is used. The radiation from the source
is divided into sample and reference beams of
equal intensity by beam divider.
Sample and Reference Cells
• Reference and sample beams pass through the
reference cell and sample cell, respectively.
• Alkali metal halide such as NaCl, NaBr, KCl and
KBr are most commonly used as these are
transparent to most of the IR region.
Attenuator and Comb (Photometer)
• The reference beam passes through the
attenuator and the sample beam through the
comb.
• Then the two beams can be alternately reflected out of
the optical system and to the entrance slit of the
monochromator with the help of several mirrors.
• Thus, the photometer combines the reference and
sample beams into a single beam of alternating
segments. The comb allows balancing of the two beams.
Monochromator
• The combined beam passes through the prism or
grating of the monochromator which disperses the
beam into various frequencies.
• The prism or grating rotates slowly, it sends
individual frequency bands to the detector, thus
allowing a scan of frequency bands.
• Gratings give better resolutions than prisms consist of
a series of parallel and straight thin lines on a smooth
reflecting surface
• The spacing between lines is of the order of few
angstrom (Ä) depending on the desired wavelength
range.
Detector and Amplifier
• The detector is a thermocouple which measures
radiant energy by means of its heating effect that
produces current.
• Due to difference in the intensity of the two beams
falling on the detector, an alternating current starts
flowing from the detector to the amplifier where it is
amplified and relayed to the recorder.
MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS
There are 2 types of vibrations
1.Stretching vibrations
2.Bending vibrations
1. Stretching vibrations
• Vibration or oscillation along the line of bond
• Change in bond length
• Occurs at higher frequency: 4000-1250 cm-1
• 2 types:
a) Symmetrical stretching
b) Asymmetrical stretching
a) Symmetrical stretching. In this mode of vibration,
the movement of atoms with respect to the
common (or central) atom is simultaneously in the
same direction along the same bond axis.