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    Lec 3

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    mudhayak
    The document discusses different forms of energy within molecules and systems: 1) Molecules possess kinetic energy from translational, rotational, and vibrational motion of atoms as well as electron energy. 2) The sum of all microscopic energy modes within a system is called its internal energy. 3) Work is done when a force causes displacement, such as compressing a spring or changing the volume of a gas by moving a piston. Work depends on the path taken and is not a property of the system. 4) Heat is a form of energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference and allows two bodies in contact to reach thermal equilibrium. A system never contains heat itself.

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    Lec 3

    Uploaded by

    mudhayak
    21 views6 pages
    The document discusses different forms of energy within molecules and systems: 1) Molecules possess kinetic energy from translational, rotational, and vibrational motion of atoms as well as electron energy. 2) The sum of all microscopic energy modes within a system is called its internal energy. 3) Work is done when a force causes displacement, such as compressing a spring or changing the volume of a gas by moving a piston. Work depends on the path taken and is not a property of the system. 4) Heat is a form of energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference and allows two bodies in contact to reach thermal equilibrium. A system never contains heat itself.

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    The document discusses different forms of energy within molecules and systems: 1) Molecules possess kinetic energy from translational, rotational, and vibrational motion of atoms as well as electron energy. 2) The sum of all microscopic energy modes within a system is called its internal energy. 3) Work is done when a force causes displacement, such as compressing a spring or changing the volume of a gas by moving a piston. Work depends on the path taken and is not a property of the system. 4) Heat is a form of energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference and allows two bodies in contact to reach thermal equilibrium. A system never contains heat itself.

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    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    21 views6 pages

    Lec 3

    Uploaded by

    mudhayak
    The document discusses different forms of energy within molecules and systems: 1) Molecules possess kinetic energy from translational, rotational, and vibrational motion of atoms as well as electron energy. 2) The sum of all microscopic energy modes within a system is called its internal energy. 3) Work is done when a force causes displacement, such as compressing a spring or changing the volume of a gas by moving a piston. Work depends on the path taken and is not a property of the system. 4) Heat is a form of energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference and allows two bodies in contact to reach thermal equilibrium. A system never contains heat itself.

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    of 6

    LECTURE 3

    Internal Energy

    • The molecule as a whole can move in x, y


    and z directions with respective components
    of velocities and hence possesses kinetic
    energy.
    • There can be rotation of molecule about its

    center of mass and than the kinetic energy


    associated with rotation is called rotational
    energy.
    • In addition the bond length undergoes
    change and the energy associated with it is
    called vibrational energy.
    • The electron move around the nucleus and
    they possess a certain energy that is called
    electron energy.
    • The microscopic modes of energy are due
    to the internal structure of the matter and
    hence sum of all microscopic modes of
    energy is called the internal energy.
    Bulk kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy
    (PE) are considered separately and the other
    energy of control mass as a single property (U).
    The total energy possessed by the body is given
    by:
    E = KE + PE + U

    Work

    Whenever a system interacts with its


    surroundings, it can exchange energy in two
    ways- work and heat.
    In mechanics, work is defined as the product of
    the force and the displacement in the direction of
    the force.
    Work done when a spring is compressed or
    extended: According to Hooke's law
    Spring force = - k (x – x0)
    Where k is the spring constant, x0 is the
    equilibrium position, and x is the final position.
    The negative sign shows that the direction of the
    spring force is opposite the direction of the
    displacement from x0. The external force is
    equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the
    spring force, so
    External force (force of your hands) = k (x –x0).
    Now, we want to calculate the work done when
    we stretch the spring from position 1 to position
    2.
    W = F dx = k (x – x0) d(x-x0) = 1/2 k [(x2-x0)2 -
    (x1-x0)2]
    Work done when a volume is increased or
    decreased
    Consider a gas in a container with a movable
    piston on top. If the gas expands, the piston
    moves out and work is done by the system on
    the surroundings.
    Alternatively, if the gas inside contracts, the
    piston moves in and work is done by the
    surroundings on the system. Why would the gas
    inside contract or expand?
    It would if the external pressure, Pex, and the
    internal pressure, Pin, were different. To
    calculate the work done in moving the piston,
    we know that the force = pressure times area and
    then work equals pressure times area times
    distance or work equals pressure times the
    change in volume. So, W = the integral of (Pex)
    dV
    The differential work done (dW) associated with
    a differential displacement (dl) is given by
    dW = F dl

    For a piston cylinder assembly,


    dW = F dl = PA (dl) = P dV

    If the gas is allowed to expand reversibly from


    the initial pressure P to final pressure P, then the
    work done is given by
    W = ∫ p dV

    • The integral represents the area under the


    curve on a pressure versus volume diagram.
    Therefore the work depends on the path
    followed and work is a path function and
    hence not a property of the system.
    • The above expression does not represent
    work in the case of an irreversible process.

    • The thermodynamic definition of work is “


    Work is said to be done by a system on the
    surrounding if the sole effect external to the
    system could be reduced to the raising of a
    mass through a distance”.

    Heat

    Heat like work, is a form of energy.

    The energy transfer between a system and its


    surroundings is called heat if it occurs by virtue
    of the temperature difference across the
    boundary.

    The two modes of energy transfer – work and


    heat- depend on the choice of the system.
    Heat energy moves from a hotter body to a
    colder body upon contact of the two bodies.

    If two bodies at different temperatures are


    allowed to remain in contact, the system of two
    bodies will eventually reach a thermal
    equilibrium (they will have the same
    temperature).

    A body never contains heat. Rather heat is a


    transient phenomenon and can be identified as it
    crosses the boundary.

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