Objective

Work Vs Energy

• Work and energy are closely related to each other. Work can be defined as transfer of
energy from the first object to the second object and energy is defined as the capacity to do
work. so Work is used erroneously to mean another form of energy.

• SI unit for work is the joule (J), which is the same SI unit for all forms of energy

• work is not actually a form of energy itself, but a process by which energy is transferred from
one system to another

• work is the process by which a quantity of energy is moved from one system to another.
 2.1 Work

• When something exerts forces on or against something else wok is done due to
displacment of body. This is expressed mathematically by the equation

W = F · d = Fd cos θ

• The work done on or by a system undergoing a thermodynamic process can be

determined by finding the area enclosed by the corresponding pressure– volume
relationship

W = PΔV

• The net work done by forces acting on an object will result in an equal change in the
object’s kinetic energy (called Work - Energy Theorem)

Wnet = ΔK = Kf – Ki
Work vs Force & displacement
Energy is transferred through the process of work when something exerts forces on or against
something else. This is expressed mathematically by the equation

W = F · d = Fd cos θ

where
W is work,
F is the magnitude of the applied force,
d is the magnitude of the displacement through which the force is applied, and
θ is the angle between the applied force vector and the displacement vector.
Qn : A 10 kg object experiences a horizontal force which causes it to accelerate at 5 m/s2, moving
it a distance of 20 m, horizontally. How much work is done by the force?

Sol -
Qn : A ball is connected to a rope and swung around in uniform circular motion. The tension in
the rope is measured at 10 N and the radius of the circle is 1 m. How much work is done in one
revolution around the circle?

Sol -
Qn : A 5 kg block is moved up a 30 degree incline by a force of 50 N, parallel to the incline. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the incline is 0.25. How much work is done by
the 50 N force in moving the block a distance of 10 meters? What is the total work done on the
block over the same distance?

Sol -
Qn - A block weighing 100 N is pushed up a Sol -
frictionless incline over a distance of 20 m to a
height of 10 m as shown below.

Find:
1. The minimum force required to push the block
2. The work done by the force
3. The force required and the work done by the
force if the block were simply lifted vertically 10 m
Work vs Pressure & Volume
The work done on or by a system undergoing a thermodynamic process can be determined by
finding the area enclosed by the corresponding pressure– volume curve bcz there are an infinite
number of paths between an initial and final state. Different paths require different amounts of
work.

Sign Convention -

When work is done by a system (the

gas expands), the work is said to be
positive.

When work is done on a system (the

gas compresses), the work is said to
be negative
Case - I

For processes in which pressure remains constant (isobaric processes), the work can be
calculated as W = PΔV

Workdone = Pressure x Change in Volume in an enclosed sysytem

Case - II

If volume stays constant as pressure changes (that is, ΔV = 0)

No work is done because there is no area to calculate. .

Case - III
For processes in which a process in which neither pressure nor volume is held constant. The
total area under the graph (Regions I and II) gives the work done.

The work done is the sum of the areas of regions I and II: W = AI + AII
Case - IV
For processes in which a process in which neither pressure nor volume is held constant. The
total area under the graph (Regions I and II) gives the work done.

Calculating the work done in this situation would require calculus, but the
MCAT does not test calculus-based physics.
Qn : A helium balloon is filled at a park with a gas pressure of 100 kPa causes its volume to expand
from 100 cm3 to 300cm3. How much work is done by the gas on the rubber surface of the balloon?

Sol -
Qn : Calculate the pressure-volume work done by the system when the gas expands from 1-litre
to 2-litre against a constant external pressure of 10 atmosphere.

Sol -
Qn : How much work to be done in decreasing the volume of an ideal gas by an amount of
2.4×10 −4 m3 at normal temperature and constant normal pressure of 1×10 5 N/m2

Sol -
Work vs Mass & Speed

The net work done by forces acting on an object will result in an equal change in the object’s
kinetic energy called WORK–ENERGY THEOREM

Wnet = ΔK = Kf – Ki

where
ΔK is Change in Kinetic energy
Ki is Initial kinetic enery
Kf is final kinetic enery
Qn : A lead ball of mass 0.125 kg is thrown straight up in the air with an initial velocity of 30 m/s
assuming no air resistance, find the work done by the force of gravity by the time the ball is at its
maximum height.

Sol -
Qn : light inextensible string that goes over a smooth fixed pulley as
shown in the figure connects two blocks of masses 0.36 kg and 0.72 kg.
Taking g=10 m/s2, find the work done (in joules) by the string on the
block of mass 0.36 kg during the first second after the system is
released from rest.

Sol -
Mechanical Advantage and their Efficiency

Mechanical advantage is the ratio of magnitudes of the force exerted on an object by a simple
machine (Fout) to the force actually applied on the simple machine (Fin)

Mechanical Efficiency is the ratio of magnitudes of the force exerted on an object by a simple
machine (Fout) to the force actually applied on the simple machine (Fin)
Qn:The pulley system in Figure has an efficiency of Sol -
80 percent. A person is lifting a mass of 200 kg with
the pulley

Find:
1. The distance through which the effort must move
to raise the load a distance of 4 m
2. The effort required to lift the load
3. The work done by the person lifting the load
through a height of 4 m
2.2 Energy
Energy refers to a system’s ability to do work it mean different
forms of energy have the capacity to perform different
actions.As for example -

1. mechanical energy can cause objects to move or

accelerate.
2. An ice cube sitting on the kitchen counter at room
temperature will absorb thermal energy through heat
transfer and eventually melt into water, undergoing a
phase transformation from solid to liquid.
3. Nuclear binding energy can be released during fission
reactions to run power plants
There are different forms of energy and that can be transferred from
one system to another.

KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Objects that have mass and
that are moving with some speed will have an associated amount of
kinetic energy
where K is kinetic energy, m is the mass
in kilograms, and v is speed in meters
per second

SI Unit -
joule (J), which is equal to
Qn : A 15 kg block, initially at rest, slides down a frictionless inclined and comes
to the bottom with a speed of 7m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the object at
the top and bottom of the ramp

Sol -
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy refers to energy that is associated with a given object’s
position in space or other intrinsic qualities of the system. Potential energy
is often said to have the potential to do work.

Gravitational potential energy

U = mgh

where U is the potential energy, m is the mass in kilograms, g is the

acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height of the object above the
datum.
Qn : An 80 kg diver leaps from a 10 m cliff into the sea, . Find the diver’s potential
energy at the top of the cliff and when he is 2m underwater, using sea level as the
datum.
Sol -
Elastic Potential Energy
Springs and other elastic systems act to store energy. Every spring has a characteristic length
at which it is considered relaxed, or in equilibrium. When a spring is stretched or
compressed from its equilibrium length, the spring has elastic potential energy, which can be
determined by

Where U is the potential energy, k is the spring constant (a measure of the stiffness of the
spring), and x is the magnitude of displacement from equilibrium.
Qn : A horizontal spring with a spring constant of 15N/m is attached to a frictionless surface. A
block of mass 2kg is attached to the end of the spring. A man spends 20J of energy to compress
the spring. How far from equilibrium is the block?

Sol -
Qn : Both springs have a constant of 25N/m Sol -
and the block is motionless. If the bottom
spring is compressed 0.4m past its
equilibrium and the block has a mass of 3kg,
how far is the top spring stretched past its
equilibrium?
TOTAL MECHANICAL ENERGY

The sum of an object’s potential and kinetic energies is its

total mechanical energy.

E=U+K

where E is total mechanical energy, U is potential energy,

and K is kinetic energy.
CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

• If nonconservative forces for example- frictional forces are present, some of the mechanical
energy will be transformed into thermal energy and will be “lost”—or, more accurately,
dissipated from the system and not accounted

Wnonconservative , ΔE = ΔU + ΔK = 0

• If there are no nonconservative forces acting on the system , the work done by
nonconservative forces is zero and total mechanical energy of the system (U + K) remains
constant. The conservation of mechanical energy can be expressed as

Wconservative , ΔE = ΔU + ΔK = 0

Conservative forces conserve mechanical energy as for example - gravity and electrostatic forces
Conservative Force Vs Nononservative
• Conservative forces are those that are path independent and that do not dissipate energy. As
for Example - gravitational force , electrostatic force and Elastic forces
• An object comes back to its starting position. If the net change in energy is zero regardless of
the path taken to get back to the initial position, then the forces acting on the object are
conservative
• System that is experiencing only conservative forces will be “given back” an amount of
usable energy equal to the amount that had been “taken away” from it in the course of a
closed path. For example, an object that falls through a certain displacement in a vacuum will
lose some measurable amount of potential energy but will gain exactly that same amount of
potential energy when it is lifted back to its original height, regardless of whether the return
pathway is the same as that of the initial descent.
• If the energy change is equal regardless of the path taken, then the forces acting on the
object are again all conservative.
• Nonconservative forces, unlike conservative forces, are path dependent. The longer the
distance traveled, the larger the amount of energy dissipated.
Ø If the change in energy around any
round-trip path is zero the force is conservative

Ø if the change in energy is equal despite

taking any path between two points—
then the force is conservative.

Ø Conservative forces are those that are path

independent and that do not dissipate energy
Qn: A baseball of mass 0.25 kg is thrown in the air with an initial speed of 30 m/s but because
of air resistance, the ball returns to the ground with a speed of 27 m/s. Find the work done by
air resistance.
Sol -
2.3 Power

Power refers to the rate at which energy is transferred from one system to
another , Mathematically can define Rate of change of workdone or change in
Energy
Practice Qn
3. A 2000 kg experimental car can accelerate from 0 to 30 m/s in 6 s. What is the average
power of the engine needed to achieve this acceleration?

1. 150 W

2. 150 kW

3. 900 W

4. 900 kW
6. In the pulley system shown below, which of the following is closest to the tension force in
each rope if the mass of the object is 10 kg and the object is accelerating upwards at 2m/s2

1. 50 N
2. 60 N
3. 100 N
4. 120 N
11. Josh, who has a mass of 80 kg, and Sarah, who has a mass of 50 kg, jump off a 20 m tall building
and land on a fire net. The net compresses, and they bounce back up at the same time. Which of the
following statements is NOT true?

1. Sarah will bounce higher than Josh.

2. For Josh, the change in speed from the start of the jump to contacting the net is 20 m/s

3. Josh will experience a greater force upon impact than Sarah

4. The energy in this event is converted from potential to kinetic to elastic to kinetic