Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 401 views

    Free Martinism

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Farrukh Hafeez
    Freemartinism is a form of intersexuality that occurs in about 92% of female bovine fetuses in twin pregnancies where one fetus is male. It results from the sharing of blood vessels between the male and female fetuses, allowing testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone from the male fetus to disrupt normal sexual differentiation in the female. This causes sterility and abnormalities of the reproductive organs in the affected female calves. Freemartinism was first documented in the 18th century and various theories have attempted to explain its hormonal and cellular causes. Diagnosis relies on physical characteristics and laboratory tests to identify the condition.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Free Martinism

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Farrukh Hafeez
    401 views16 pages
    Freemartinism is a form of intersexuality that occurs in about 92% of female bovine fetuses in twin pregnancies where one fetus is male. It results from the sharing of blood vessels between the male and female fetuses, allowing testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone from the male fetus to disrupt normal sexual differentiation in the female. This causes sterility and abnormalities of the reproductive organs in the affected female calves. Freemartinism was first documented in the 18th century and various theories have attempted to explain its hormonal and cellular causes. Diagnosis relies on physical characteristics and laboratory tests to identify the condition.

    Original Title

    FreeMartinism

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Freemartinism is a form of intersexuality that occurs in about 92% of female bovine fetuses in twin pregnancies where one fetus is male. It results from the sharing of blood vessels between the male and female fetuses, allowing testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone from the male fetus to disrupt normal sexual differentiation in the female. This causes sterility and abnormalities of the reproductive organs in the affected female calves. Freemartinism was first documented in the 18th century and various theories have attempted to explain its hormonal and cellular causes. Diagnosis relies on physical characteristics and laboratory tests to identify the condition.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    401 views16 pages

    Free Martinism

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Farrukh Hafeez
    Freemartinism is a form of intersexuality that occurs in about 92% of female bovine fetuses in twin pregnancies where one fetus is male. It results from the sharing of blood vessels between the male and female fetuses, allowing testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone from the male fetus to disrupt normal sexual differentiation in the female. This causes sterility and abnormalities of the reproductive organs in the affected female calves. Freemartinism was first documented in the 18th century and various theories have attempted to explain its hormonal and cellular causes. Diagnosis relies on physical characteristics and laboratory tests to identify the condition.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Freemarti

    nism
    Muhammad Farrukh
    Hafeez
    Freemartin
    FreemartinDefinition
    Definition
     Freemartin are a subset of a
    class of reproductive anomalies
    know as Chimeras.
     Freemartin in bovine unlike
    sexed twin and multiple
    pregnancy about 92% of
    female fetuses fail to have
    normal sexual differentiation
    and are likely to have
    anomalies of the reproductive
    organs that lead to absolute
    sterility
    Freemartin introduction
     Freemartinism is a distinct form of intersexuality
    which arises as a result of a vascular anastomosis of
    the adjacent chorioallantoic sacs of heterozygous
    fetuses in multiple pregnancies.
     The structures derived from the paramesonephric
    ducts are almost entirely absent or are grossly
    hypoplastic.
     Development of the mesonephric ducts is related to
    the degree of masculinisation of the gonad.
    Freemartin history
    Freemartin history
     18th century by physician (John Hunter)
    freemartin remains the classic example of
    abnormal sexual differentiation in mammals.
     1940 by( swett) the sterile cow born twin to a
    bull is called "taura" which mean barren cow.
     1946 by (Forbes )that freemartin’ may have
    signified an ”ox-like or bull-like” cow, just as
    “Taura” may have indicated female bull.
     1969 by (Short) bull or ox-like “mart” or martin”
    while cow was “Free”.
    cellular Hormonal

    freemartin
    Hormonal theory y
    n ic
    o tus
    br fe
    m ch
    e
    Ma tra f ea
    le
    &f f ex e o
    em o ran
    e
    s b
    ale Fu e m
    m

    Cow pregnant(2 fetuses) Chorion both


    (male & female) share the same(cotyledone)
    consist of (blood vessel & connective tissue)
    provide
    2 fetuses
    testosterone Anti –mullerian.H

    Female free martin

    Affected on both fetuses Male poor sperm quality


    Cellular theory
    • H-Y antigen secreted by the male partner, its
    believed that H-Y is synthesized in the testis of
    the fetal bull calf, disseminated in the blood
    and bovine via vascular anastomoses to target
    cells in the ovary of the heifer partner .When
    the concentration of H-y reaches a certain
    critical threshold in the female gonad,
    differentiation of the ovary is inhibited
    External characteristic of female free martin
     
    1-Small vulva ,coarse hair extending from the
    ventral commissar.
    2- The clitoris is Enlarged .
    3-Short length of vagina ,Absence of OS of the
    cervix
    4- Disconnected uterine horns and vagina
    Internal characteristic of female freemartin

    1-Small sized ovary.


    2-Masculinization of the gonad, retarded development of
    paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct derivatives and
    development of the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct
    derivatives
    3-In extreme cases there are well-developed epididymis, vasa
    deferentia and vesicular glands.
    .4- In few cases some of the cords resemble seminiferous
    tubules
    Normal ovary Small ovary Absences of
    cervix, Large clitoris.
    Presence of cervix
    freemartin
    Characteristic of male heterozygous

     The bulls co-twin to heifers are also chimerical,


    but their genital organs are normal. However,
    on account of the poor quality of their semen.
     Cytogenetic investigations of bulls used in
    artificial insemination showed that leucocyte
    chimerism, with frequency ranging from 1% to
    4.2%, is more common than other
    chromosomal aberrations.
    Mal
    e&
    fe m
    Single-born freemartin
    male

    Cow pregnant(2 fetus) 30-40 days of gestation


    Vascular anastomosis
    transmission of testosterone&(AMH)
    inhibit growth of female reproductive
    organ(freemartin) death of male twin after 30-
    40 day of gestation parturition

    Single-born freemartin
    Freemartin diagnosis
    Labor
    atory
    test
    Measuri
    ng
    Cytogenetic karyotyping
    vaginal
    length

    Diag
    PCR nosis
    Blood
    typing Freema
    rtin
    charact
    eristic

    LAMP
    ro be
    ar ti n p
    ree m
    a n f
    Ru-

    (Ru-an Freemartin Probe)


    used to detect freemartin
    heifers Freemartins can be
    identified on the basis of the
    length of the vagina and the
    absence of the cervix.
    Prevention
    Prevention of
    of freemartin
    freemartin

    • Freemartinism dose not occurs when


    androgens are inducted early in pregnancy,
    into cows carrying female fetuses
    Thanks

    You might also like