Prologue: The Story of Psychology PROLOGUE OVERVIEW Psychology’s historical development and current ac- tivities lead us to define the field as the science of behavior and mental processes. This Prologue dis- cusses the development of psychology from ancient times until today and the range of behaviors and mental processes being investigated by psychologists in each of the various specialty areas. In addition, it introduces the biopsychosocial approach that inte- grates the three main levels of analysis followed by Psychologists working from the seven major perspec- fives. Next is an overview of the diverse subfields in which psychologists conduct research and provide professional services. The Prologue concludes with a Close-Up explait ing how to get your study of psychology off on the tight foot by learning (and pledging to follow!) the SQSR stucly method. ‘This study method is also dis- cussed in the essay at the beginning of this Study Guide. NOTE: Answer guidelines for all Prologue questions begin on page 10. PROLOGUE REVIEW First, skim each section, noting headings and boldface items. After you have read the section, review each objective by answering the fill-in questions that fol- low it. As you proceed, evaluate your performance by consulting the answers on page 10. Do not continue with the next section until you understand each answer. If you need to, review or reread the section in the textbook before continuing Psychology’s Roots (pp. 2-8) [David Myers at times uses idioms that are uns familiar to some readers. If you do not know _ the meaning of any of the following words, __ Phrases, or expressions in the context in which | they appear in the Introduction and this sec- _ tion, refer to page 14 for an explanation: peeka- boo; grist for psychology’s mill; unpack this dfini- tion; hunches; down-to-earth; structuralism waned; 5 wise-cracking; “Magellans of the mind,” Objective 1: Define psychology. 1, The author of your text defines psychology as the scientific study of —_____ processes, 2. In this definition, “behavior” refers to any action and and that we can ———____, and “mental processes” refers tothe internal - we from behavior, 3. Asa science, psychology is less a set of findings thanawayofo Objective 2: Trace psychology’s prescientific roots, from early understandings of mind and body to the beginnings of modern science. 4. In the prescientific era, scholars such as in India and __ China pondered the relationship between mind and body. ineo SS PAE TO ETT 2 Prologue The Story of Psychology 5. The Greek philosophers and viewed mind and body as (inseparable/separable), and assumed that knowledge is, — (innate /learned). The Greek philosopher who argued that all knowledge comes from experi- ences stored in memories is Unlike his teacher, who derived principles from he derived principles from careful 6. In the 1600s, the views of the Greek philosophers were revived by who believed that some ideas are innate; by Englishman ______, who became ‘one of the founders of modem science; and by _ who believed that know!- ‘edge originates in experience. This idea, along with the principle that science flourishes through, observation and experiment, is called Objective 3: Explain how the early psychologists sought to understand the mind’s structure and func- tions, and identify some of the leading psychologists who worked in these areas, 7. The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm ____.. His stu- dent, _____, introduced the school of which explored the basic elements of mind using the method of _.. This method proved - (reliable /unretiable), and psychol- ogist__introduced the school of _ which focused on how men tal and behavioral processes enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish, 8. The first female president of the American Psychological Association was ‘The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was Objective 4: Describe the evolution of psychology from the 1920s through today. 9, The historical roots of psychology include the fields of and 10. Some early psychologists included Ivan Pavlov, who pioneered the study of the personality theorist and Jean Piaget, who studied __ 11. Inits earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of ___life, From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology in America was redefined as the science of behavior. The author of your text defines psychology as the science of and 7 processes, 12. Asa response to Freudian psychology and to which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers forged ___________ psychology. This new per- spective emphasized the _ potential of and __— people. 13. During the 1960s, psychology underwent a ______ revolution as it began to recapture interest in processes, The study of the interaction of thought processes and function is called. Contemporary Psychology (pp. 8-14) DG If you do not know the meaning of any of the following words, phrases, or expressions in the context in which they appear in the text, refer to pages 14-15 for an explanation: mushiroom- ing; wrestled with some issues; rekindled the debate; seaves a thread; nature-nurture tension dissolves; “Red in the face” and" hot under the collar”; But 5 there isa payoff; psychocerannies.SE es eS SS RE ET 1. Worldwide, the number of psychologists is, (increasing / decreasing). Objective 5: Summarize the nature-nurture debate in psychology, and describe the principle of natural selection. ‘The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of _ and 3. The Greek philosopher who assumed that charac- ter and intelligence are inherited is he Greek philosopher who argued that all knowledge comes from sen- sory experience is 4. In the 1600s, the views of the Greek philosophers were revived by _, who believed that most knowledge comes in through who the senses, and believed that some ideas are innate. 5. In 1859, naturalist explained species variation by proposing the which works process of through the principle of ___ Objective 6: Identify the three main levels of analysis in the biopsychosocial approach, and explain why psychology’s varied perspectives are complementary. 6. Each person is a complex thatis part ofa larger — ___ and at the same time com- posed of smaller systems, For this reason, psy- chologists work from three main of - — and biological, __ which together form an integrated — approach to the study of behavior and mental processes. 7. Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experi- ences are working from the __ perspective, Contemporary Psychology. 3 8. Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies are working from. the those concerned with the relative influences of ___.. perspective, whereas genes and environment on individual differences are working from the __ perspective. 9. Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are work- ing fromthe perspective. 10. Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the _ perspective, 1. The how our minds encode, process, store, and perspective explores retrieve information, 12. Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior vary in different situations are working from the ___ perspective. 13. The different perspectives on the big issues _— (contradict/complement) one another. Objective 7: Identify some of psychology’s subfield: and explain the difference between clinical psycholo- gy and psychiatry. 14, Psychologists may be involved in conducting which builds psychology’s knowledge base, or which seeks solutions to practical problems. 15. Psychologists who help people cope with prob- Jems in living are called psychologists. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called - ___ psychologists. 16. Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders arecalled