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How did life begin?

Microbes and Disease Pathogenesis

Stromatolites are the oldest fossils containing life prokaryotic cells (~3.5 billion years ago) 1953 Miller & Urey developed an experiment to test how organic molecules could originate Varying conditions produced all 20 amino acids, sugar, lipid s, nitrogenous bases of DNA & RNA, and ATP

Biology 1

Early Life Forms

Two Domains of Prokaryotes

Earliest genetic material was likely RNA (some RNA can act like enzymes) Pre-cells membrane formed around organic material Life probably began in water due to unfavorable temperature on land

Archaea extremophiles
Complex polymerases Some genes have introns Certain antaibiotics have no effect

Bacteria the rest

Simple polymerases No introns Antibiotics lethal Cell walls made of peptidoglycan

How do we classify bacteria?

Reproduction & Genetic Variation

Binary fission asexual cloning

Cell Shape
Cocci Bacilli Spirochete

Cell Wall
Gram-positive (purple stained) Gram-negative (pink stained)

Motility
Flagella Pili
Conjugation bacterial sex

Transformation picking up exogenous DNA

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Modes of Nutrition

Virus Structure & Reproduction

Many prokaryotes are chemoautotrophs obtain their food from consumption of other life Cyanobacteria aka blue-green algae can photosynthesize Photoautotrophs contributed to the oxygenation of our atmosphere

Basic structure:

Protein coat Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) Possibly membrane

Lytic cycle virus gets inside host cell and turns it into viral factory, bursting host cell Lysogenic cycle virus incorporates its genetic material in host; cells can continue to grow and divide

Viruses & Disease

Vaccination

Immune system fights viral infection Antibiotics have no effect Retroviruses reverse the flow of genetic information from RNA to DNA requires special enzyme lysogenic life cycle HIV in humans

Vaccine deactivated variety or small portion of pathogens (diseasecausing agents like virus or bacteria) Late 1700s Jenner developed cowpox/smallpox vaccine Some viruses mutate their genomes too rapidly to develop effective vaccines

Kingdom Protista

Classification based on Nutrition

After studying viruses and bacteria, we now turn our attention to PROTISTS. Approx. 200,000 species come in different shapes, sizes, and colors The protists are a group of diverse eukaryotes which are not true fungus, plants or animals. Characteristics of protists include:
Uni- or Multicellularity Asexual or sexual reproduction Mitosis and/or meiosis Flagella and/or cilia

Protists are very diverse in how they acquire food and energy.
Slime Molds and Mildews: decomposers which feed on decaying matter Algae: autotrophic protists, (make their own food) Protozoa: heterotrophs which feed on other plants and animals.

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Slime Molds

Algae The Plant-like Protists

Protist molds are heterotrophs, with limited mobility. Once thought of as fungi, but they have structural differences. The slime molds include: cellular slime molds (Acrasiomycota), Plasmodial slime molds (Myxomycota, Oomycota), and others. Phylum Oomycota contains the water molds and mildews Many Oomycetes are pathogenic to plants.
This protist causes the Irish potato famine of 1845-1847.

Phylum Chlorophyta

Green algae Autotrophic Most are freshwater unicellular Some are multicellular marine organisms Sexual and asexual reproduction Red algae Multicellular organisms found in warm ocean waters Autotrophs Used to make carrageenan & agar (food thickener used in ice cream)

Phylum Rhodophyta

Algae (Continued)

Protozoa Focus on Flagellates

Phylum Phaeophyta

Phylum Dinoflagellates
Unicellular, phototrophic Few in freshwater, most in marine water Most have two flagella and move like a top Considered part of plankton Some produce toxins Reproduce asexually

Brown algae Multicellular and found mostly in marine environments Kelp is an example Diatoms Unicellular, autotrophic, double shells Shells are made of silica Mostly asexual reproduction Shells form diatomaceous earth

Phylum Bacillariophyta

When populations of dinoflagellates explode they cause ocean water to appear red. These protists are toxic, and the toxin builds up in organisms which feed on them: clams, crustaceans, fish, etc.

Euglenozoa

Phylum Euglenozoa
Contains freshwater protists Members include the euglena, and many other species which are photosynthetic and heterotrophic Some euglenoids have an eyespot Reproduction is asexual

Symbiosis : Termites/Kinetoplastids

Kinetoplastids are specialized euglenozoa.

Kinetoplast = DNA granule in mitochondria near flagella Some live in the guts of termites, and others are found in soils. Many are disease causing African Sleeping Sickness

Termites cant digest the cellulose found in wood. Protists which reside in their abdomen have the ability to digest the cellulose, thus the protists (Trichonympha) allow termites to feed on wood. This is an example of symbiosis : two species living together.

Trichonympha

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Pseudopods and Sessile

Phylum Rhizopoda
Move by the use of a pseudopod (false foot) Heterotrophic Reproduce sexually Live in aquatic environments. Members: amoeba Most are free-living, but some are parasitic. Amebic dysentary (Entamoeba histolytica)

Ciliates

Paramecium

Phylum Ciliophora
This phylum of protists consists of unicellular heterotrophs with hair like projections (cilia) which allow for movement. The paramecium is a member of this phylum. There are several species of paramecium. Paramecium live in freshwater environments and reproduce by mitosis (asexual), as well as conjugation (sexual)

Phylum Foraminifera
Marine protists living in sand or attached to other organisms & rocks Heterotrophic Forams have porous shells (tests) which is made up of calcium carbonate (chalk) When forams die, their shells form limestone

Phylum Apicomplexa

Malaria

Also known as the sporozoans These protists form spores as part of their life cycle. All sporozoans are parasitic and many cause serious disease to animals. Sporozoans have complex lifecycles involving sexual and asexual reproduction stages. Sporozoans are transmitted from one host to another by blood feeding insects: mosquitoes, etc.

Causes an estimated 3 million human deaths a year worldwide The disease is caused by Plasmodium, a sporozoan commonly found in mosquitoes The protists are transferred to humans by a mosquito bite The protists infect liver cells and blood cells Plasmodium has three stages in the human body: The first is the sporozoite stage. This is the infection stage The second is the merozoite stage, this is the spreading of the protists in the body The final stage can be the infection of mosquitoes by a human, or the zygote stage

Kingdom Fungi
Filaments of fungi are called hyphae. The cell walls contain chitin. The MYCELIUM is a mat of hyphae visible to the unaided eye (bread mold) Some hyphae may divided by cross sections called septa

Septated

Fungi decompose dead plant and animal matter.

Called saprophytes, they act as recyclers of dead organic matter, obtaining food from this material. Hyphal tips release enzymes that eventually decompose and release organic materials into the surrounding environment. Saprophytic fungi appear on dead trees, logs, plant litter such as leaves, and even dead insects and animals.
Examples: "Gem-studded Puffball" (Lycoperdon perlatum) and "Turkey Tail"(Trametes versicolor)

Unseptated - coenocytic

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Reproduction

Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction production of various types of spores Sporangiophores- upright stalk with an enclosed sac (bread mold) Conidia - upright stalk with no enclosed sac (penicillin) Fragmentation hyphae dry out and shatter releasing individual cells that act like spores (athletes foot) Budding small offspring

Sexual reproduction Plus and minus mating types Hyphae of different mating types fuse and give rise to a specialized structure that produces spores (diploid) Most fungi are haploid throughout most of their life cycle When environmental conditions are favorable, asexual reproduction occurs rapidly. When unfavorable conditions stress the organism, sexual reproduction occurs and the offspring have an increased likehood that they will be better suited for the environment.

Fungi form beneficial partnerships (symbiosis) with other organisms such as trees and flowering plants.
Algae

Fungi in Industry

hyphae

Lichen symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi

Fungi produce many products used in the medical field such as penicillin, cephalosporin antibaotics, cortisone Fungi are used in genetic engineering vaccine for hepatitis B was developed using the yeast plasmid as the vector. Yeast is used to make ethanol. Yeast are known for making breads rise. Mushrooms, morels and truffles are widely consumed by humans.

Fungi as Pathogens

Unit Assignments

Many fungi attack grain or fruit. Many people have allergies triggered by mold. Fungal skin infections skin, nails and hair Ringworm, athletes foot Internal organs - Histoplasmosis

Concept Check Qs #1 5 p 366 due T 3/20 Concept Check Qs #1 3 p 370 due W 3/21 Concept Check Qs #1 4 p 375 due R 3/22 Chapter Review Qs #20 23 p 377 due F 3/23 Study for QUIZ on Monday 3/26
Format multiple choice

Concept Check Qs #1 3 p 381 due T 3/27 Concept Check Qs #1 2 p 397 due W 3/28 Chapter Review Qs #18 25 p 398 399 due R 3/29 Concept Check Qs #1 2 p 404 due F 3/30 Protist Lab QUIZ on Fri 3/30
Format picture ID

MOST WANTED Mini-Poster due T 4/10 (worth 50 Points) Epidemic LAB due T 4/10 or W 4/11 Concept Check Qs #1 3 p 408 due T 4/10 Concept Check Qs #1 4 p 413 due W 4/11 Chapter Review Qs #17 p 414 due R 4/12 Fungus Among Us Activity due on Friday 4/13 Study for TEST on Friday 4/13 Format multiple choice Museum PROJECT due T 4/17 or W 4/18