Periodic Properties
Periodic Properties
Periodic Properties
Periodic Properties
7-1
Periodic Properties of Atoms Atomic size and ionic size Ionization Energy Electron affinity Metallic Property Relative reactivity
7-2
Atomic Size
Atomic size is usually reported as atomic radius, estimated as one-half the distance between the centers of two bonded atoms.
Figure 7.29
7-3
Atomic Size
Defining metallic and covalent radii
7-4
Atomic Size
Figure 7.30
7-5
Worksheet #2-9
Atomic Sizes and the Periodic Table I:
Graph the following data and then make a conclusion regarding atomic radius of the element and its position on the periodic table. Let the x-axis be the atomic number.
Element
Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Francium
Atomic Size
152 pm 186 227 248 265 270
Element
Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium
Atomic Size
112 pm 160 197 215 222
Element
Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine astatine
Atomic Size
72 pm 100 114 133 140
7-6
Family 1A
19 3 11
Family 2A
20
11 38 56
37
55
50
0 20 40 60 Axis Title 80 100
20
40
60
Family 7A
53 35 85
17
9
20
40
60
80
100
Worksheet #2-10
Atomic Sizes and the Periodic Table II:
Graph the following data and then make a conclusion regarding atomic radius of the element and its position on the periodic table. Let the x-axis be the atomic number.
Element
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine neon
Atomic Size
152 pm 112 85 77 75 73 72 71
Element
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon phosphorus Sulphur Chlrorine Argon
Atomic Size
186 pm 160 143 118 110 103 100 98
Element
Potassium Calcium Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine krypton
Atomic Size
227 pm 197 135 122 120 119 114 112
7-8
Period 3
Period 4
250 200 150 100 50 0 19 24 29 34 39
Atomic Size
Periodicity of atomic radius
7-10
Atomic Size
Atomic size increases down a group because valence electrons are in orbitals that extend further from the nucleus. Atomic size decreases from left to right because electrons are held closer to the nucleus by the increasingly greater charge of the nucleus.
7-11
Figure 7.31
Sample Problem
Which has the larger atomic radii?
a) Mg or Ca b) O or F c) S or F Ca O S
7-12
Worksheet #2-11a
PROBLEM:
b) C, O, Be
c) Cl, K, S
d) Mg, K, Ca
7-13
7-14
Ionic Size
Depicting ionic radius.
7-15
Ionic Size
7-16
Ionic Size
Cations are smaller than their neutral atoms. (why?) Anions are larger than their neutral atoms. (why?)
7-18
Ionic Size
Conclusions:
1. Ionic size = family and period? 2. Ionic size and atomic size = cations? Anions?
7-20
7-21
Ionic Size
For any iso-electronic series, as the number of protons increases, the ion size decreases. For cations, as the charge increases, the ionic size decreases.
For anions, as the charge increases (becomes more negative), the ionic size increases.
Worksheet #2-11b
PROBLEM:
Rank the ions in each set in order of increasing size and explain your ranking: (a) Li+, K+, Na+
7-23
7-25
Ionization Energy
Ionization energy (IE) is a measure of the energy required to remove a valence electron from a gaseous atom.
Mg(g) Mg+(g) + 1e IE = 738 kJ/mol
In general, atoms with low ionization energies do not bind their electrons very tightly, and are, therefore, very reactive.
7-26
Ionization Energy
Figure 7.26
7-27
Ionization Energy
Periodicity of first ionization energy (IE1)
7-28
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energy
Ionization energy increases up a group because the valence electrons become increasingly closer to the nucleus. Ionization energy increases from left to right in a period because the valence electrons are increasingly held more tightly by the nucleus, which is increasing in the number of protons.
7-30
Sample Problem
Which has the greater ionization energy?
a) Mg or Ca b) O or F c) S or F Mg F F
7-31
Worksheet #2-12
PROBLEM:
Arrange each set of atoms in order of increasing IE1: a) Sr, Ca, Ba b) N, B, Ne c) Br, Rb, Se d) As, Sb, Sn
7-32
a) Ba < Sr < Ca
b) B <N < Ne c) Rb < Se < Br d) Sn < Sb < As
7-35
What do these values tell us about the stability of core (inner) electrons?
7-36
Sample Problem
PROBLEM:
Write the full electron configuration of the Period 2 element with the following succesive IEs (in kJ/mol):
IE1 801 IE2 2427 IE3 3659 IE4 25022 IE5 32822
7-37
Electron Affinity
Electron Affinity
The energy change accompanying the addition of one mole of electrons to one mole of gaseous atoms or ions.
Atom(g) + e- ion-(g)
E = EA1
Electron Affinity
Electron affinities of the main-group elements.
7-39
Electron Affinity
Trends?
Metallic Property
Figure 2.18
2-41
Metallic Property
Figure 2.20
2-42
Metallic Property
Trends in metallic behavior.
7-43
Sample Problem
PROBLEM:
b) Mg or Ra
c) Br or I
Answer: a) Rb b) Ra c) I
7-44
Chemical Reactivity
From the activity series we see that the most active metals are those in Groups IA and IIA. The more active the metal, the more easily it loses electrons to form ions.
Figure 7.24
7-45
Chemical Reactivity
The alkali metals form +1 ions since they all have 1 valence electron.
Oxides of the alkali metals: Li2O, Na2O, K2O, Rb2O, Cs2O
The alkaline earth metals form +2 ions since they all have 2 valence electrons.
Oxides of the alkaline earth metals: BeO, MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO
7-46
Sample Problem
Explain the changes in reactivity of these metals in terms of ionization energy:
Figure 7.25
Li
Ionization energy decreases down the group (from Li to Cs), making the elements increasingly reactive.
7-47
Summary: Trends
7-48
Worksheet # 2-13
Given the following elements: Rb, K and Ga Arrange the elements according increasing a) Atomic size b) Ionization energy c) Metallic property