DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

A)Data:Height of Retaining wall = Height of wall above G.L= Height of wall below G.L= Dry density of back fill material = Water content = Density of back fill soil&material ( Submerged unit weight) = Grade of concrete = Grade of steel = Ground water Table level (Below G.L) = Angle of shearing resistance of back fill material&material at toe portion () (As per report) = Angle of face of wall supporting earth with horizontal()(In degrees) (in anti clock wise direction) Slope of back fill() = Angle of wall friction () = Surcharge over the back fill in terms of height of back fill = Undrained Cohesion ( c) = Characteristic compressive strength = Tensile strength of steel = Unit weight of concrete = 4.50m 4.50m 0.00m 1600Kg/Cum 0.23m 1968Kg/Cum M25 Fe415 1.20m 32 87.5 0 16 1.20m 0Kg/sqm 25N/sqmm 415N/sqmm 2500Kg/Cum

B)Dimensions of the Cantilever wall(Assumed for preliminary design):Thickness of stem at bottom = Thickness of stem at top = Thickness of base slab = Breadth of beam = Depth of beam = Dia of Bored Cast-in situ straight pile assumed = Depth of pile = C/c spacing of piles in transverse direction = C/c spacing of piles in longitudinal direction = 0.40m 0.20m 0.40m 0.45m 0.60m 0.50m 5.00m 1.50m 2.00m

C)Design:i)Earth pressure calculations:Coefficient of active earth pressure by Coulomb's theory 2 Ka = sin sin(-) Sin(+) sin(+)sin(-) sin(+) From the above expression, Ka = Hence,maximum pressure at the base of the wall The pressure distribution along the height of the wall is as given below:Pressure due to Surcharge load = 0.3 Pa = 2656.80Kg/sqm

708.48 708.48

4.50m

2656.80

Total Active earth pressure force =

9165.96 1.76m

Height from the bottom of the wall =

The active earth pressure acts on the wall as shown below:-

CROSS SECTION DETAILS

18 . 55

92

600

2300

1000

500

Horizontal component of the earth pressure Ph = Vertical component of the earth pressure Pv = ii)Intial proportioning of the structure :-

5000

400

.54

1760

4500

8692.77Kg/m 2906.98Kg/m

In view of the very poor bearing capacity of the soil,either gravity or cantilever retaining walls are not economical.It is proposed to support the wall on base slab supported by longitudinal beams,which are supported on piles. As per the clause 5.6.2 of IS 2911(1)-1,the minimum spacing between friction piles should not be less than 3 times the diametre of the shaft,hence transverse spacing of 1.35m is adopted. Hence,total width of the pile cap = 2.30m 2.00m in longitudinal direction

Two rows of 450mm dia Bored cast-in-situ straight piles are proposed at spacing of

Computation of total vertical load on the pile :i)Self weight of pile = ii)Self weight of wall(2.00m length on two piles) = iii)Self weight of pile cap = iv)Self weight of beam = v)Weight of earth on heel side = vi)Weight of earth on toe side = 2453.13kg 3375.00kg 2300.00kg 500.00kg 8413.20kg 1003.68kg 18045.01kg

The total lateral load due to earth pressure on the wall = Deduct lateral force to be resisted by the pile cap-cum-beam system =

17385.55Kg -2361.60Kg 15023.95Kg

Hence,the pile needs to be designed for safe vertical load carrying capacity of Similarly,it needs to be designed for lateral load carrying capacity of ii)Design of pile :a)Safe vertical load carrying capacity:-

18.05t 7.51t

To estimate the safe bearing capacity of pile, the ultimate bearing capacity of pile is calculated. Static formulae are used in estimating ultimate bearing capacity of pile. As per Appendix A of IS 2911(1)-1 Ultimate bearing capacity of a pile is given by , Qu = Q s + Q p Where Qs = Skin frictional resistance, Qp = End bearing resistance In the present case,the pile passes through the fine sand for a depth of 8.40m(As per soil testing report) Qs = fs x As fs = K Pdi tan Where, K = coefficient of earth pressure; Pdi = average effective overburden pressure in kgf/cm = angle of wall friction between pile and soil in degrees(To be taken equal to ) As = surface area of pile Effective overburden preesure at top of the pile = 960.00Kg/sqm

Effective overburden preesure at the level of pile tip = (Upto Water Table + After water table)

5598.40Kg/sqm

Average effective overburden pressure along pile shaft Pdi = Hence Qs = Qp = qp x Ap qp = Pdi (Nq-1) Where, Pdi = Effective overburden pressure at tip of the pile in kgf/cm Nq = Bearing capacity factor as per Fig.1 of IS 2911(1)-1 Ap = End bearing area of pile Nq = Pdi = Ap = 40 5598.4Kg/sqm 0.20sqm Hence,Qp = 43667.52kg 4822.52kg

3279.20Kg/m

Ultimate bearing capacity of pile =

48490.04kg

Applying a factor of safety of 2, allowable safe bearing capacity =

24.25t

b)Lateral load carrying capacity:Case1:- Pile considered as short fixed head pile embedded in cohesion less soil The pile considered as short restrained(Fixed head) pile embedded in cohesionless soil.As per Broom's theory,failure takes place when the load applied to the pile is equal to the ultimate lateral resistance of the soil Pu = 1.5 L d Kp Where, L = Length of embeddment d = Diametre of pile Kp = Coefficient of passive earth pressure Hence Pu = 100000.00kg 33.33t
2

Safe lateral load carrying capacity = (Applying a factor of safety of 3)

Case2:- Pile considered as short fixed head pile embedded in normally consolidated clay The lateral load capacity of the pile is estimated as per the layer of soil situated at the ground level, as it will have the major contribution in the lateral load capacity of pile. As the top most soil layer is normally consolidated clay,

T = (EI/h) E = 5000fck = I= For medium sand h = T= 1.71 2.500m 25000000

5260.00KN/cum

From Figure 2 of IS: 2911 (Part 1)-19793, depth of fixity L f =

As the pile is short pile,the length of fixity is greater than the actual length,hence actual length is to be considered for design. Hence,lateral load capacity of fixed head pile is calculated as, Q = 12EIY/L3 where, Y = limiting lateral deflection of pile head = 5 mm for bridge substructures Hence Q = 294.72KN 29.47t

Load carrying capacity is taken as average of the above two values

31.40t

c)Structural design of pile:Now,the fixed end moment of the equivalent cantilever is given by Mu = Q(Lf)/2 = 9.39t-m =93.90KNm 77.00KNm 270.75KN 115.50KNm 0.75 0.03 0.043 0.037 0.15 1471.88sqmm 7.324243631

Applying a reduction factor of 0.82 as per IS 2911(PartI)-I,the moment = The pile is to be designed for axial load Pu = and moment of Mu = Assuming percentage of steel p = p/fck = Pu/fckD2 = Mu/fckD3 = d'/D = Area of steel required =

Using 16mm dia HYSD bars,No.of bars required for each pile = Hence provide 8 Nos of 16mm dia bars for each pile Provide 8mm ties at 200mm c/c Hence,the safe lateral load carrying capacity of pile is

31.40t

The passive earth pressure on grade beam = Kph = Passive earth pressure force for 2.0m length =

3936.00Kg/sqm 2361.60Kg 2.36t 65.16t 17385.55Kg 17.39t < 65.16t

Hence,the total lateral load carrying capacity of the structure is The total lateral load due to active earth pressure = Hence safe. Centre to centre spacing between two rows of 500mm dia piles = Hence,the over all width of the base slab =

1.50m 2.30m

Design of wall or stem:Factored bending moment Mu = Effective depth required d = Over all depth provided = Mu/0.138fckb = 400.00mm 352.00mm 22960.26Kgm 257.98mm

Effective depth provided(Assuming 40mm cover) d = Mu/bd2 = 1.853

From table 2 of SP 16,percentage of steel required = Area of steel required = Hence provide 16mm dia HYSD bars@ 100mm c/c spacing Hence Ast provided = 2009.60sqmm

0.566 1992.32sqmm

Curtail 1/3rd of the reinforcement from half of the height Check for shear:Percentage of tension steel = Maximum shear force on the member = Factored Design shear force = Nominal shear stress tv =Vu/bd = Hence section is safe from shear strength point of view The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from Table 19 of IS 456 is 0.51 N/sqmm > 0.37 Hence,no shear reinforcement is required. Provide temperature re inforcement @ 0.12% Area required = 360.00sqmm 120.00sqmm 130.39KN 0.37 N/sqmm <2.8 N/sqmm (As per Table 20 of 1S 456) 0.57 86.93KN

Provide 1/3rd of above reinforcement on earthen side = Provide 8mm dia @ 300mm c/c on earthen side

Provide 2/3rd of above reinforcement on other side = Provide 8mm dia @ 200mm c/c on other side

240.00sqmm

Provide 10mm bars at 300mm c/c vertically on the outer face to support horizontal rods

Design of base slab:Thickness of base slab assumed = 0.40m

The loading on the base slab can be approximated as shown below:-

Wt.of wall =

3375.00Kg/m

33.75

Earth pressure = Wt.of earth =

8692.77Kg/m Self weight = 8856kg/m/m 1000.00kg/m/m 1.76m

RA 0.4 0.85 0.69 0.81

RB 0.4

Analysis is carried out assuming fixed supports to arrive at max.hogging moment,further supports are assumed to be hinged to arrive at max.sagging moments. After analysis, RA = RB = 12.540kN 141.170kN

The bending moment diagram is as shown below:-

100.12Knm

100.12Knm

Moment at A =

8.64Knm

Moment at B =

36.24Knm

Factored bending moment Mu = Effective depth required d = Over all depth provided = Mu/0.138fckb = 400.00mm

150.18Knm 208.64mm

Effective depth provided(Assuming 40mm cover) d = Mu/bd =

355.00mm

1.192 0.353 1253.15sqmm

From table 2 of SP 16,percentage of steel required = Area of steel required = Hence provide 16mm dia HYSD bars@ 150mm c/c spacing Hence Ast provided = Check for shear:Percentage of tension steel = Maximum shear force on the member = Factored Design shear force = Nominal shear stress tv =Vu/bd = Hence section is safe from shear strength point of view The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from Table 19 of IS 456 is 0.43 N/sqmm > 0.17 Hence,no shear reinforcement is required. 211.76KN 0.38 1339.73sqmm

141.17KN

0.60 N/sqmm <2.8 N/sqmm (As per Table 20 of 1S 456)

Provide same reinforcement at bottom also.Provide 10mm dia bars @150mm c/c at top&bottom as distribution reinforcement .

Design of beam:Breadth of the beam assumed = Depth of the beam assumed = UDL on beam :Due to self weight of slab = Due to weight of retained earth = 1150.00Kg/m 8413.20Kg/m 9563Kg/m 0.45m 0.60m

Twisting moment on beam :Due to earth pressure(Distributed to both beams) = 7653.42Kgm

2.00m

After analysis,the bending moment diagram is

31.90Knm

15.90Knm

Factored bending moment Mu = Torsional Moment 'T' in KN-m Equivalent bending moment Mt in KN-m Design Moment Me1 in KN-m Effective depth required d = Over all depth provided = Mu/0.138fckb = 600.00mm

47.85Knm 114.80Knm 157.57Knm 205.42Knm 363.75mm

Effective depth provided(Assuming 40mm cover) d = Mu/bd2 = 1.498

552.00mm

From table 2 of SP 16,percentage of steel required = Area of steel required = Hence provide 4 Nos of 20mm dia HYSD bars both at top&bottom Provide 2-12mm dia on each face as side face reinforcement Hence Ast provided = 1256.00sqmm 0.51

0.449 1115.32sqmm

Percentage of tension steel = Maximum shear force on the member = Factored shear force =

46.40KN 69.60KN 477.78KN 1.92 N/sqmm <2.8 N/sqmm (As per Table 20 of 1S 456)

Design shear force including equivalent shear due to torsion = Nominal shear stress tv =Vu/bd = Hence section is safe from shear strength point of view

The design shear strength of concrete for the above steel percentage from Table 19 of IS 456 is 0.49 N/sqmm Hence Vuc = Vus = Vu-Vuc = Vus/d = 6.45 KN/cm 85mm 356.06KN 121.72KN

Using 10mm dia two legged vertical stirrups,from table 62 of SP 16,the spacing required is

However,from safety point of view,provide 10mm dia 2 legged stirrups @ 80mm c/c

15306.84

DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT

0.00 8mm bars@300mm c/c

10mm bars@300mm c/c 12mm bars@175mm c/c

8mm bars@200mm c/c

0.00m 0.15 0.30 0.15

1.80m

Beam size 0.375x0.50m Main steel:4-16mm both at top and bottom Shear steel:8mm stirrups@110mm c/c At bottom 10mm mat 150mm c/c

At top 10mm mat 150mm c/c

375mm DUR piles

5 Nos--12mm dia main 6mm dia stirrups at 300mm c/c

10mm bars@300mm c/c

8mm bars@200mm c/c

0.30m

1.75m

1.15m

0.85m