2008 James Ruse HSC Chemistry Trial Solutions
2008 James Ruse HSC Chemistry Trial Solutions
2008 James Ruse HSC Chemistry Trial Solutions
Mark / 100
2008
TRIAL HSC
EXAMINATION
ANSWERS
Chemistry
General Instructions
Confidential
Keep Secure
Pages....
75 marks
This section has two parts, Part A and Part B
Part A 15 marks
Attempt Questions 1-15
Allow about 30 minutes for this part
Part B 60 marks
Attempt Questions .........
Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this
part
Section II
Pages ......
25 marks
Attempt Question.29
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
page 1 of 37
Section I
75 marks
Part A 15 marks
Attempt Questions 1-15
Allow about 30 minutes for this part
page 2 of 37
1.
Which is the most common catalyst for the manufacture of ethanol from ethene and water?
Outcome: H8
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Yeast
Iron
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
3.
What method could be used to separate the other product from the reaction mixture?
Outcome H11
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
4.
0.86 L
19.61 L
21.40L
38.0 L
Refluxing
Fractional distillation
The use of a separating funnel
Filtration.
488
1661
2022
2676
page 3 of 37
5.
The results of tests involving metals L,M,N,P and solutions of their ions were as follows:
Ions
L
N/R
N/R
N/R
N/R
2+
L
M2+
N2+
P2+
M
Solid deposit
N/R
N/R
N/R
Metals
N
Solid deposit
Solid Deposit
N/R
N/R
P
Solid Deposit
Solid Deposit
Solid Deposit
N/R
N/R= no reaction
Which metal is the most active?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
L
M
N
P
Outcome H14
6.
7.
Acetic acid
Nitric acid
Phosphoric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Bromine gas may be formed from the decomposition of bromine pentafluoride as shown in the equation.
2BrF5(g) Br2(g) + 5F2(g)
H = 858 kJ mol-1
What will happen to the concentration of bromine if the pressure is increased (temperature kept constant)
after the reaction has attained equilibrium?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
remain the same because only the reaction rate will change
decrease because there are fewer gaseous reactant molecules than products
increase since the reaction acquires energy from the pressure
decrease because there are more gaseous reactant molecules than products
page 4 of 37
8.
9.
Common oxides include CaO, CO2, Na2O and SO2. Which of these oxides would give a
solution with a pH less than 7, and which oxides would give a solution with a pH greater
than 7?
pH <7
pH >7
(A)
CO2, SO2
Na2O, CaO
(B)
SO2, CaO
CO2, Na2O
(C)
Na2O, CaO
CO2, SO2
(D)
CO2, Na2O
CaO, SO2
10.
11.
hexanoic acid
1-hexanol
hexane
hexene
page 5 of 37
12.
citric acid
hydrochloric acid
acetic acid
propanoic acid
Outcome: H13
13.
chlorine
fluorine,
iron (III) chloride
sodium fluoride.
Outcome: H9
14.
Which of the following ozones is vital to the survival of all living things on Earth?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
atmospheric ozone
stratospheric ozone
tropospheric ozone
mesospheric ozone
Outcome:H4
15.
The colourless aqueous solution of a white solid sample formed a precipitate with
an acidified aqueous solution of lead (II) nitrate. What is the possible identity of the original
solution of this sample?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Outcome: H13
page 6 of 37
Student Number
Section I
Part A
Multiple Choice Answer Sheet
Mark
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13
14.
15.
page 7 of 37
-----/15
Student No. .
Part B. 60 marks
Attempt questions 16 to 28
Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations
MARKS
Question 16 (8 marks)
Draw a diagram to show the construction of a galvanic cell that could measure the difference in
potential between silver and zinc.
On the diagram label:
the anode
the cathode
nature of the electrolyte solutions
the direction and location of electron flow
the direction and location of positive ion flow
Below the diagram :
Write half equations and a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction.
Calculate the potential Eo using the table of standard potentials
Outcome: H7
Criteria
Anode labeled correctly- zinc
Cathode labeled correctly-silver
Zinc nitrate labeled correctly
Silver nitrate labeled correctly
Electron flow from zinc to silver through wire labeled correctly
Positive ion flow from zinc to silver half cell through salt bridge labeled correctly
Both half equations correct
Balanced net ionic equation correct
Correct Eo value (1.56V)
page 8 of 37
Marks
1
1
1
1
3
1
Eo = +0.80 V
Ag+(aq) + e-1 ---> Ag(s) reduction
o
Zn(s) ---> Zn2+(aq) + 2e-1 oxidation
E = +0.76 V
_________________________________
Ecell = +1.56 V
2 Ag+(aq) + Zn(s) ---- > 2Ag(s) + Zn2+(aq)
page 9 of 37
Question 17 (3 marks)
The condensed structural formula of a monomer is shown.
CH2 = CHCl
(a) Identify the systematic name of this monomer.
(b) Draw the structure of the polymer made from this monomer (showing 4 monomer units)
(c) What is the molecular weight of this polymer made from 4 monomers.?
..
Outcome H9
Sample Answer
(a) chloroethene
(b)
page 10 of 37
Criteria
Correctly names the monomer
Correctly draws the structure for PVC showing 4 monomer units only
Correctly calculates the molecular weight for the polymer drawn
Two of above
One of above
Marks
3
2
1
Question 18 (5 marks)
(a)
.............
..............
..............
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(b)
If 1-pentanol was used instead of 1-propanol would you expect that a greater or lesser
quantity of fuel could be used to heat the same volume of water by the same amount?
Explain your answer.
Outcome: H9
Sample answer
(a)
page 11 of 37
(b)
Marks
2
1
A lesser quantity (No. of moles) of fuel could be used if 1-pentanol was used because it would be
expected that 1-pentanol would have a greater heat of combustion per mole as it has more chemical
energy stored in the greater number of chemical bonds (longer chain length) which could
be released when the compound is combusted and new products are formed.
(b)
Criteria
Identifies that a lesser quantity of 1-pentanol could be used
Correctly identifies that 1-pentanol has a greater heat of combustion per
mole than 1-propanol
Gives a correct explanation for higher heat of combustion
Two of above
One of above
Question 19
(a)
Marks
3
2
1
(4 marks)
(b)
Give one example of a transuranic element and describe where and how it is produced.
page 12 of 37
Question 20
Marks
4
3
2
1
(4 marks)
.......................................................................................................................................................
Answer:
Combustion of coal to produce electricity. Metal smelters. Combustion of diesel.
Outcome criteria
Stating one industrial source of SO2.
(b)
Marks
1
Write a balanced formulae equation to describe how sulfur dioxide may be formed
........................................................................................................................................................
Answer: S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)
Outcome criteria
Writing a balanced equation (including states).
Marks
1
page 13 of 37
(c)
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SO2(g) is a poisonous gas that may trigger asthma.
SO2(g) may react with water to form acid rain.
Outcome criteria
Marks
page 14 of 37
Question 21
(5 marks)
The graph shows the national trends in emissions of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds,
sulfur dioxide and particulate matter in the United States over an approximately 50-year time frame.
35
30
25
20
NOx
15
VOC
SO2
10
PM
0
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year
Figure
(a)
USA national trends in emissions of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds (VOC),
sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter (PM).
Answer:
NO2, NO, N2O4
Outcome criteria
Marks
1
page 15 of 37
(b)
Explain the trend observed for the emission of nitrogen oxides over the 50-year period.
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Sample Answer:
There has been a gradual increase in the amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere over the
past fifty years. This increase could be due to an increase in the use of motor vehicles and power
stations; both of these are sources of nitrogen oxides as a result of the combustion of fuel using air. Air is
predominately nitrogen, which reacts with oxygen in the combustion chambers of engines under high
temperature and pressure to form nitrogen oxides
(c)
Outcome criteria
Marks
Identifies the graphical trend for nitrogen oxides + provides one reason for the trend.
Describe how you would assess the validity and reliability of above evidence for the
emission of nitrogen oxides.
..........................................................................................................................................................
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page 16 of 37
Sample Answer
The sources of information provided for the graph would be investigated for their credibility. If the sources were
university-based researchers using scientific means of obtaining data then the data would be valid (accurate). If
other creditable sources of nitrogen oxide data reflect the same type of trend, then the information would be
assessed as reliable (precise or reproducible). If the data from other sources differs, then the data would be
treated as skeptical and treated with caution.
Outcome criteria
Marks
States one way of assessing information obtained from secondary sources in terms of validity
and reliability. Students must distinguish between validity and reliability.
States one way of assessing information obtained from secondary sources in terms of validity
or reliability.
V = validity mark
2
1
R = reliability mark
page 17 of 37
Question 22
(5 marks)
When Alka-Seltzer tablets are placed in water, a series of chemical reactions results in the formation
of carbon dioxide and water. The results of an investigation that examined the effects of temperature
on the solubility of carbon dioxide in water are displayed in the table.
Beaker 1
Beaker 2
Beaker 3
Beaker 4
150
150
150
150
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
70
70
light blue
yellow
colourless to
light green
light blue
Colour of solution
Information regarding the colours of bromothymol blue in acidic, neutral and alkaline solutions is given in the
table below.
Colour change
Indicator
Highly
acidic
Slightly
acidic
neutral
Slightly
alkaline
Bromothymol blue
Yellow
Yellow
Colourless
to light
green
Blue
Highly
alkaline
blue
page 18 of 37
Explain how the results demonstrate the effect of temperature on the solubility of carbon dioxide
in water?
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Sample Answer
Beakers 1 and 4 are light blue to the alkaline nature of the solution they contain; this means that temperature
does not affect the acidity of the NaOH(aq)/indicator/water solutions. These beakers are controls for Beakers 2
and 3 respectively. The solutions are alkaline due to the NaOH(aq) added. Beaker 2 is acidic due to the CO2
formed from the Alka Seltzer tablet reaction with water reacting with water to form carbonic acid. The neutral
status of the solution in Beaker 3 is a result of the high temperature of the solution causing less CO2 to dissolve,
compared to Beaker 2, and thus there is less CO2 to react with water to form carbonic acid.
Outcome criteria
Marks
(L): recognises that the solubility of CO2 in water decreases with increasing temperature of
solution. (Inverse relationship.)
(T): Compares results of Beakers 2 and 3 in order to derive the impact of temperature on
solubility of CO2 in water.
(A): explains acidity of solutions with CO2: identifies carbonic acid as a product of CO2
reacting with water (NOT dissolving with water).
1
1
1
(C) Identifying the alkaline nature of the solutions in Beakers 1 and 4 (controls) as a baseline
measure. Or, variables controlled when comparing Beakers 2 and 3. (V)
page 19 of 37
Question 23 (4 marks)
A 0.126 mol L-1 solution of a triprotic acid, H3A, has a pH of 4.56.
(a)
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
Outcomes: H10, H13
Sample Answer:
H3A is a weak acid. A stronger acid should record a pH of approximately 1 for this
acid concentration,i.e., less than (-log10 [0.126])
Criteria
correct answer + justification
(b)
Mark(s)
1
Calculate the volume of a 0.432 mol L-1 NaOH which will react completely with
20.0 mL of the acid.. Show your working.
..................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................
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Outcome: H10
Sample Answer:
H3A(aq) +
3 H2O (l)
1 mark
Criteria
correct calculations + equation
1 mark
1 mark
Mark(s)
3
page 20 of 37
Question 24
(3 marks)
Despite extreme care, Anne Koh, a top Chemistry student, spilled some concentrated
sulfuric acid on a school wooden bench. What chemical substance should Anne use to minimise
the damage to the table and lessen the associated hazard of the spilled concentrated acid?
Justify your choice by citing an appropriate desirable characteristics of the chemical of your choice.
Include in your answer a balanced chemical equation.
......................................................................................................................................................................
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Outcome: H11
Sample Answer:
Anne should sprinkle solid sodium hydrogen carbonate on the spilled acid until the effervescence stops. (1)
2 NaHCO3 (s) +
H2SO4(l)
(1)
It is important to use solid NaHCO3 so as not to dilute the sulfuric acid. NaHCO3 is a good acid
neutraliser to use because of its weakly basic nature It is able to neutralise the concentrated acid
effectively without being corrosive, an excess of the sodium hydrogen carbonate can be used
without harm to the surrounding and the experimenter.
(1)
Criteria
correct choice of solid sodium hydrogen carbonate (also sodium carbonate)
correct chemical equation (subscript not marked)
any correct chemical property of sodium hydrogen carbonate
Mark(s)
1
1
1
page 21 of 37
Question 25
(2 marks)
Manny Tor is an industrial chemist employed by Hubba Industries to oversee the production
of ammonia by the Haber process. Two other chemists work with Manny to keep Hubba Industries
running.
Justify the collaboration between chemists in this industry.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Outcomes: H15
Collaboration between chemists is important in this industry because of the specialisation
of most chemists and the variety of expertise required(for rate vs. equilibrium adjustment,
physical chemists, catalysts experts, analytical chemist to analyse raw materials (N2
contamination and the purity of the ammonia produced).
Criteria
2 or more valid reasons for collaboration in the Haber process industry
2 or more valid reasons for collaboration but not specifically for this industry
and
H2 for
Mark(s)
2
1
Question 26 (5 marks)
Several drinking water samples were to be analysed by AAS for their copper ion content.
The absorbance of each of the solutions were determined as well as the absorbance readings of
4 standard solutions. The result of the analysis is given in the table below:
Concentration of the standard (ppm)
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Water Samples
X
Z
M
(a)
Absorbance
0.240
0.319
0.402
0.478
Absorbance
0.257
0.456
0.579
Use the grid below to construct a calibration curve for this analysis
page 22 of 37
Calibration Plot
0.6
0.5
absorbance
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
ppm
Outcomes: H13
Sample Answer:
page 23 of 37
Calibration Plot
0.6
0.5
absorbance
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
ppm
Marking Guidelines
Criteria
Correct data plotting
Line of best fit
(b)
Mark(s)
1
1
Outcome:H13
Answer:
Sample X
page 24 of 37
(c)
Which of the results had the least validity? Explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................................................................
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Outcome:H14
Answer:
Sample M had the least validity because it is an extrapolated value whereas samples X and Y were
interpolated values.
Criteria
choice of M and reason for the choice
Mark(s)
1
Question 27 (6 marks)
Discuss the problems associated with the use of CFCs and evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the
replacement chemicals to CFCs.
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JRAHS HSC Chemistry TRIAL Exam 2008 _ANS
page 25 of 37
CFCs are non-reactive carbon compounds containing carbon, chlorine and fluorine.
These compounds have favourable energy of vapourisation and liquefaction that makes them ideal as
refrigerants and unreactivity that makes them ideal as propellants
Through diffusion, these compounds have reached the stratosphere where high energy radiation breaks
them down releasing atomic chlorine
atomic chlorine catalyses the destruction of stratospheric ozone
reduced ozone layer results in increased UV penetrating the Earths atmosphere with adverse
consequences to life on Earth, ( higher incidence of skin cancer, cataracts, etc)
useful as they are, they are being replaced with HCFC (still capable of destroying ozone) and HFC
(non-ozone destroying but a greenhouse gas)
HCFCs and HFCs are more expensive but are less efficient than the CFCs
Verdict: Replacements are less effective but are less harmful to the environment, hence are very much
acceptable as an alternative.
Criteria
Mark(s)
statement of what CFCs are and their use(s) (W)
1
statement of how they destroy the ozone layer (H)
1
statement of effect of such destruction on UV B penetration of the Earths 1
atmosphere (E1)
statement of the effect of such penetration on the life on Earth (E2)
1
description of replacements to CFCs (R)
1
an evaluation statement on the effectiveness of these replacements (J)
1
page 26 of 37
Question 28 (7 marks)
The diagram shows an outback region, Unnice valley, located just at the foot of a limestone mountain.
The region centres around a meandering river that goes out to sea at D. Water analysis was done at
points A, B, C and D as part of an environmental assessment of the feasibility of erecting a housing
development for the workers in the already existing industries in the area. Since the town is rather
remote, no town water supply is yet available. It is proposed that the residents obtain their
drinking water from bores, rainfall tanks and from the river. It is also envisaged that the river
would provide food (fish) and recreational facilities for the residents.
prevailing northerly wind
to Limestone mountain
chicken
farm
C
metal smelter
nuclear reactor
Unnice Valley
proposed housing
development
vegetable
farm
sea water
Shown below is the experimental results of analysis of water samples at A,B,C and D
Substance/Area
Dissolved Oxygen (mg L-1)
Temperature (0 C)
pH
Cl- (mol L-1)
Ca 2+ (mg L-1)
BOD
(a)
A
8.0
15
3.0
10-4
10
3
B
8.0
17
4.0
10-4
10
3
C
3.0
18
7.5
10-3
200
200
D
2.0
20
7.0
0.3
250
300
What is the possible cause of the observed river water pH in area A and B? Justify your
page 27 of 37
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Sample answer:
The low pH could be due to the smelter emitting sulfur dioxide which forms acid rain that falls into the river.
(1 mark)
The possible reaction is : SO2 + H2O H2SO3 H+ + HSO3- (1 mark)
Criteria
choice of the smelter as the cause of low pH and accompanying explanation
equation
(b)
Mark
1
1
Explain the effect of high calcium ion concentration in the water sample obtained from C if
this water is used in the home.
.
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Sample Answer:
High Ca2+ ion concentration in water constitutes hardness in water. This results in the development
of scum on equipment (deposition of calcium carbonate on the equipment) and the non-lathering of soap due to
the precipitation of calcium ion with the soap.
Criteria
Effect of high calcium ion concentration
Explanation of this effect
Mark
1
1
page 28 of 37
(c)
Assess the capacity of the river system to provide food and recreational facilities
(such as boating or swimming) for the residents of this proposed housing development.
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Sample Answer:
support of fish population depends on the dissolved oxygen in the river. The presence of the
nuclear reactor dumping its cooling water on the river (shown by the elevated temperature in C and D
lowers the oxygen solubility and hence the dissolved oxygen.
The verdict: the river is an unsatisfactory source of food. It is also unsuitable as a venue for recreation,
especially swimming, for residents of this development.
Criteria
2 valid reasons on the capacity of the river to provide food and to be a
recreational facility for the residents
Judgment
Mark
2
1
page 29 of 37
Section II
25 marks
Attempt question 29
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Question 29
(a)
(b)
During your practical work you performed a first hand investigation to observe the reaction of
sulfuric acid acting as an oxidizing agent.
(i)
(ii)
2SO3 (g)
H = 198 kJmol-1
Product Concentrations
(mol L-1)
550 oC
SO2
O2
SO3
Initial
1.13
1.78
Final
0.950
0.180
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Does the reaction favour the reactants or the products at 550 oC?
Explain your answer.
(iv)
page 30 of 37
(c)
(d)
Soaps and detergents act as emulsifying agents when removing stains from materials, however,
they have different structures.
(i)
(ii)
Distinguish between soaps and detergents in terms of their effect in hard water.
2
(e)
(ii)
Calculate the mass and volume of carbon dioxide produced at 25 oC and 100 kPa
when 1000 kg of calcium carbonate is heated..
(iii)
(a)
During your practical work you performed a first hand investigation to observe the
reaction of sulfuric acid acting as an oxidizing agent.
(i)
Sample answer
Sulfuric acid is very corrosive and protective gloves should be worn
Marking criteria
Marks
1
Outcomes H11
(ii)
Sample Answer
React zinc metal with concentrated sulfuric acid in a test tube in a fume cupboard.
The results show the zinc disappearing and gas bubbles being liberated.
JRAHS HSC Chemistry TRIAL Exam 2008 _ANS
page 31 of 37
Marking criteria
Marks
(b)
2SO3 (g)
H = 198 kJmol-1
(i)
Product
Concentrations
mol L-1
550 oC
SO2
O2
SO3
Initial
1.13
1.78
Final
0.950
0.180
Sample Answer
K = [SO3] 2
[SO2] 2[O2]
Marking criteria
Marks
1
Sample Answer
x = 1.78 - (0.180) = 1.69
page 32 of 37
K = [SO3] 2
[SO2] 2[O2]
=
0.1802
0.9502 x 1.69
= 0.0212
Marking criteria
Marks
3
2
1
Does the reaction favour the reactants or the products at 550 0C?
Explain your answer.
Sample Answer
K is less than one which means the numerator is less than the denominator or
concentration of products is less than concentration of reactants. This means that the
reactants are favoured.
Marking criteria
(iv)
Marks
1
Sample answer
Even though low temperatures would favour the forward reaction as it is exothermic, it is
very slow, so a compromise temperature of 500 600 0C is used to increase the rate of reaction
so that equilibrium is reached faster.
page 33 of 37
Marking criteria
Marks
(c)
Marks
4
3
2
1
(d)
Soaps and detergents act as emulsifying agents when removing stains from materials, however,
they have different structures.
(i)
Sample answer
Emulsifiers allow immiscible materials to mix. Once the oil or grease is removed from
the material the soap acts as an emulsifying agent by keeping the droplets of oil in the water
where they can be carried away. The non-polar alkyl tail of the soap molecule forms dispersion
forces with the oil molecule. The tails bury themselves in the oil and the polar heads on the
JRAHS HSC Chemistry TRIAL Exam 2008 _ANS
page 34 of 37
outside of the droplet prevent the droplets from joining together (they repel each other). Thus
the oil droplets are suspended in the water.
Marking criteria
Marks
Outcomes H4, H9
(ii)
Distinguish between soaps and detergents in terms of their effect in hard water.
Sample answer
Soaps react with Ca and Mg ions in hard water to form precipitates that form a
grey scum and prevent the soap from lathering. Detergents do not form a scum with hard
water as the salts of these detergents are soluble.
Marking criteria
Marks
page 35 of 37
(e)
Sample answers
Glass making, Making detergents and soaps, manufacturing paper, making other chemicals,
preparing textiles, washing soda
Marking criteria
Marks
1
Outcomes H4
(ii)
Write an overall equation for the production of sodium carbonate from sodium chloride and
calcium carbonate.
CaCO3 + 2NaCl Na2CO3 CaCl2
Marking criteria
Marks
1
Outcomes H10
(iii)
Calculate the mass and volume of carbon dioxide produced at 250C and 100kPa when
1000kg of calcium carbonate is heated.
Sample answer
mol CaCO3 = mass/fw = 1000 x 103 / 100 = 10000 mol
mass CO2
V CO2
page 36 of 37
Marking criteria
Marks
3
2
1
page 37 of 37