400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001

SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

J198

REV. JUN93 1971-01 1993-06

Issued Revised

Submitted for recognition as an American National Standard

Superseding J198 JUN91

WINDSHIELD WIPER SYSTEMS TRUCKS, BUSES, AND MULTIPURPOSE VEHICLES

1.

ScopeThis SAE Recommended Practice establishes for trucks, buses, and multipurpose passenger vehicles with GVW of 4500 kg (10 000 lb) or greater: a. Minimum performance requirements for windshield wiping systems. b. Uniform test procedures that include those tests that can be conducted on uniform test equipment by commercially available laboratory facilities. c. Uniform terminology of windshield wiper system characteristics and phenomena consistent with those found in guides for the use of engineering layout studies to evaluate system performance. d. Guides for the design and location of components of the systems for function, servicing of the system, etc. The test procedures and minimum performance requirements, outlined in this document, are based on currently available engineering data. It is the intent that all portions of the document will be periodically reviewed and revised as additional data regarding windshield wiping system performance are developed.

2. 2.1

References Applicable DocumentsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. SAE J680Location and Operation of Instruments and Controls in Motor Truck Cabs SAE J687NomenclatureTruck, Bus, Trailer SAE J941Motor Vehicle Drivers Eye Range

2.1.1

2.1.2

ASTM PUBLICATIONSAvailable from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 ASTM D 518Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurface Cracking ASTM D 1171Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurface Ozone Cracking Outdoors or Chamber (Triangular Specimens)

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user. SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (412) 772-8512 FAX: (412) 776-0243 TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (412) 776-4970 FAX: (412) 776-0790 SAE WEB ADDRESS http://www.sae.org Copyright 1993 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Printed in U.S.A.

SAE J198 Revised JUN93 3. 3.1 Definitions Wiper SystemThe wiper system consists of all the apparatus for clearing the exterior of the windshield glazing surface, together with the necessary devices and controls to start and stop the operations. Wiper BladeA device for clearing the effective wipe pattern, capable of receiving a load from an arm, comprising a suitable superstructure supporting and controlling a wiper blade element. Wiper Blade ElementThe resilient member of the wiper blade that contacts the windshield glazing surface. Wiper ArmA device to both interconnect the wiper blade and the output shaft of the wiper motor or linkage assembly. The wiper arm has the dual function of: a. Maintaining the wiper blade into its desired position throughout the wipe pattern. b. Exerting a load onto the wiper blade, sufficient for its function. 3.5 Linkage AssemblyThe multicomponent member that connects to the wiper motor (where applicable) to transmit its action into accurate motion for driving the wiper arm. Wiper Control Valve/SwitchThe manually actuated mechanism that allows passage of pneumatic or electric signal to the wiper motor for activating the wiper system into its various operating or nonoperating modes. Wiped AreaThe specific area on the glazing surface which shall be covered by the effective wiper pattern; the area developed as being compatible with viewing requirements necessary to operate the types of vehicles listed inTable 1. EyellipseA statistical representation of the driver's eye location in a motor vehicle, as defined in SAE J941. For the purpose of this document, the head turn consideration in SAE J941 will not be used. Effective Wipe PatternThat portion of the wet windshield glazing surface which is cleared when the wiper blade travels through a cycle with system on highest frequency.

3.2

3.3 3.4

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.10 Multipiece WindshieldA windshield consisting of two or more windshield glazing surface areas. 3.11 CycleA cycle shall consist of wiper blade movement during system operation from one extreme of the wipe pattern to the other extreme and return. 3.12 Daylight Opening (DLO)The term "daylight opening" (DLO) refers to the maximum opening of any glass aperture which is unobstructed by moldings, masking, or framing. 3.13 Light-Duty VehicleA light-duty vehicle is a personnel and/or cargo carrying vehicle with basic GVW of 4500 kg (10 000 lb) or less (class 1 and 2) and with the basic design intended for both on- and off-highway use.

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SAE J198 Revised JUN93

TABLE 1WIPED AREA VIEWING REQUIREMENTS

F Dimension mm 01020 F Dimension in 040 Angle Up, deg 10 5 5 8 3 3 6 1 1 7.5 3 1 7 2 1 9 4 2 7 4 4 7 2 1 6 1 1 Angle Down, deg 5 3 1 7 5 3 9 7 5 22 22 16 14 11 11 7 4 2 5 3 2 12 11 6 9 7 5 Angle Left, deg 18 14 10 18 14 10 18 14 10 22 22 22 18 18 18 18 14 10 16 13 8 18 15 10 18 14 10 Angle Right, deg 56 53 15 56 53 15 56 53 15 62 62 15 65 65 25 56 53 15 49 49 13 58 56 15 56 53 15

Classification Truck, CBE and CAE(1)

Area A B C

1020 1270

4050

A B C

1270Up

50-Up

A B C

Buses, CBE School and Commercial(2) Buses, Forward Control, School and Commercial

1270 1520

5060

A B C

1270 1520

5060

A B C

Forward Control or Multipurpose

All

All

A B C

Light-Duty Utility Vehicle(1) Van, Multistop(1)

All

All

A B C

Open

Open

A B C

Trucks, COE

1020Up

40-Up

A B C

See SAE J687 for nomenclature.Angles are minimum. 1. Specifications also cover passenger carrying derivatives. 2. Geometric center of eyellipse located 457 mm (18 in) from centerline of vehicle.

3.14 Medium-Duty VehicleA medium-duty vehicle is a personnel and/or cargo carrying vehicle with basic GVW of 4500 kg (10 000 lb) to 11 800 kg (26 000 lb) (class 3 to 6) and with the basic design intended for both on-and off-highway use. 3.15 Heavy-Duty VehicleA heavy-duty vehicle is a personnel and/or cargo carrying vehicle with basic GVW of 11 801 kg (26 001 lb) or greater (class 7 and 8) and with the basic design intended for both on- and off-highway use.

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SAE J198 Revised JUN93 3.16 Passenger Carrying DerivativeA passenger carrying derivative is a vehicle where the basic design, other than driver windshield relationship, has been modified for the purpose of carrying occupants. 3.17 FunctionAbility of the wiper system to clear the specified area of the windshield when the system is operated in accordance with the vehicle manufacturer's instructions. The FUNCTION requirements are defined as follows: a. b. c. d. 4. 4.1 4.1.1 Wiped Area: See 4.1.1 Wipe Frequency: See 4.1.2 Durability: See 4.1.3 Wiped Quality: See 4.2.3

Requirements Windshield Wiper System Requirements REQUIRED WIPED AREAThe minimum windshield wiped area is described by three specific areas on the exterior windshield glazing surface. The three areas are developed with the vehicle loaded to the manufacturer's base design load and are identified in Table 1 as areas A, B, and C. Each area has been established using the angles of Table 1 applied as shown in Figure 1. In the side view, the upper and lower boundary of the area is established by the intersection of two planes, which are seen as lines in the side view tangent to the upper and lower edges of the eyellipse, with the windshield glazing surface. The planes are fixed by the angles above and below the XX line. In the plan view the left and right boundary of the area is established by the intersection of two vertical planes tangent to the left and right edges of the eyellipse with the windshield glazing surface. The planes are fixed by angles to the left and right of the XX line. The areas used in determining the percentage of wiped area are those areas on the exterior glazing surface which are not within 25 mm (1 in) of the edge of the daylight opening (pillars, division bar, header, etc.). The percentage is the ratio of wiped area within the defined area to the defined area. Using test procedures established in 5.1, Table 2 for percentages to be wiped.

TABLE 2MINIMUM PERCENT OF WINDSHIELD TO BE WIPED

Windshield Type One Piece Multipiece Area A 80 65 Area B 94 70 Area C 99 84

4.1.2

FREQUENCY a. b. c. d. e. The windshield wiper system shall be designed to provide two or more frequencies. The highest frequency shall be a minimum of 45 cycles/min. The highest and one lower frequencies shall differ by at least 15 cycles/min. Such lower frequency shall be at least 20 cycles/min. Frequencies must be obtainable under normal vehicle operating conditions regardless of engine speed and/or engine load, following test procedures and test conditions described in 5.2.

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SAE J198 Revised JUN93

FIGURE 1EYELLIPSE TEMPLATE LOCATION (FOR DEFINITION OF DIMENSIONS SEE SAE J941)

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SAE J198 Revised JUN93 4.1.3 DURABILITYWiping system, except for the blade, and the control valve/switch must remain functional using test procedures and conditions established in 5.2 per the following durations: a. Light- and medium-duty vehicles Trucks, buses, and multipurpose vehicles with GVW to 11 800 kg (26 000 lb): 1.5 million cycles b. Heavy-duty trucks/buses Vehicles with GVW of 11 801 kg (26 001 lb) or greater: 3.0 million cycles The control valve/switch, when using the same test procedure and conditions will, during the test, be activated/deactivated the following minimum cycles: 5000 cycles for a 1.5 million cycle wiper system 10 000 cycles for a 3 million cycle wiper system NOTEAny component failure, except the wiper blade during this test, denotes system failure. Throughout this test and at the completion of such: 1. Wipe angles as measured on the high speed setting with wet glass must allow compliance with vision area specification and should not exceed the DLO (unless specifically designed to do so). 2. All components must remain without permanent set or distortion which would impair function of the wiper system or result in damage to the windshield surface or to metal/nonmetallic exterior surface. 3. Support members onto which the wiper motor and bracket, the linkage and pivot assemblies are mounted must remain without permanent set, distortion, crazing, fatigue cracking, etc., that affect either performance of the wiper system or cause failure of such. 4.1.4 SYSTEM STRENGTHThe system shall be capable of withstanding the loads induced by stall, using test conditions and test procedures established in 5.3, with all mechanical components remaining functional and without permanent distortion. For electrical systems, operation must resume within the specified parameters of the manufacturer. Pneumatic system operation must resume upon removal of the restriction. Support members onto which the wiper motor and bracket, the linkage and pivot assemblies are mounted must remain without permanent set, distortion, crazing, etc., that would affect either performance of the wiper system or cause failure of such. 4.1.5 TEMPERATURE OPERATIONAL CAPABILITYThe windshield wiper system shall be capable of functioning between the temperatures of 55 C 3 C (130 F 5 F) and 30 C 3 C (20 F 5 F), using test procedures and test conditions established in 5.4. ACCESSIBILITYThe control for the wiper system should be positioned so that it is readily accessible to the driver. Controls are to be: a. b. c. d. On either the dash panel or console per SAE J680, Or attached to the steering column, Or mounted above the operator in the header section, Or, if due to special needs of the specific vehicle/function, located in an area that does not restrict, operator's normal bodily movement or require diverting attention from main visibility area.

4.1.6

4.1.7

COMPONENT ACCESSIBILITYThe wiper system components, such as the wiper motor assembly, pivot assemblies, and/or transmission assemblies, shall be accessible for servicing/replacement preferably within maximum of 1 h each.

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SAE J198 Revised JUN93 4.1.8 WIPER ARM LOADINGThe wiper arm must be capable of applying sufficient load to the wiper blade so as to allow it to function consistent with 4.2.3 with both the vehicle parked and at maximum allowable vehicle speeds. Windshield Wiper Blade Requirements DURABILITYThe wiper blade, except for the wiping element of the wiper blade, must remain functional after operating 1.5 million cycles using test procedures and conditions established in 5.2. Function is evidenced by the frame or structure of the wiper blade remaining without deformation or wear that affects the function or allows it to come into contact with the windshield surface or surrounding moldings. The wiper blade element shall wipe effectively for 500 000 cycles of the three million cycle system test. Element shall remain intact, without tearing or otherwise disengaging from its frame. AGINGThe wiper blade element of the wiper blade assembly shall withstand the ozone test established in 5.5, with an ASTM rating of "0," as defined in ASTM D 1171. WIPE QUALITYUsing test procedures and equipment described in 5.2, the wiper blade shall clear its entire wipe pattern within one wiping cycle with only minor streaking or unwiped lines remaining. A rapidly disappearing haze is acceptable. Unwiped areas, aside from minor streaking, are not to occur in the critical primary vision area of the windshield. After the durability test described in 4.2.1, the wiper blade element may lose its effectiveness by allowing more numerous streaks, wider unwiped lines, or longer lingering haze, but must be capable of functioning. 4.2.4 CHEMICAL RESISTANCEA section of the wiper blade element when placed in a 50% solution of either methyl or isopropyl alcohol for a period of 24 h, shall not exceed more than 2% weight change. Test Methods Area to be Wiped Test Procedure TEST EQUIPMENT a. Drafting equipment sufficient for full size windshield and wiper system layout b. Transparent heavy gage plastic sheet prepared clear acetate or equivalent c. Test Buck A test buck shall consist of a structure capable of maintaining throughout a test the proper relationship of the glazing surface and the windshield wiping system components as established by the vehicle manufacturer. d. Power source must be capable of supplying power to the drive motor as required per vehicle manufacturer's specifications e. Spray equipment Spray nozzles to apply water to glazing surface 5.1.2 DRAFTING a. Work to exterior surface of windshield glazing. b. The design wipe pattern shall be shown plus the growth due to wet windshield and high-speed wiper operation. This growth may be determined experimentally or an allowance of 3 degrees each direction of wipe may be utilized. c. All calculations to be made in the unwrapped view. d. In vehicle position plan view and side view, layout windshield surface, DLO (daylight opening), 95th percentile eyellipse per Appendix of SAE J941, and the areas A, B, and C, generated on the exterior of the windshield glazing using the angles from Table 1.

4.2 4.2.1

4.2.2

4.2.3

5. 5.1 5.1.1

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SAE J198 Revised JUN93 e. Develop an unwrapped view of the windshield glazing surface and DLO. Design the wipe pattern, apply growth as described in 5.1.2 (b), and transfer the pattern together with areas A, B, and C into this unwrapped view. f. Calculate the percentages of areas A, B, and C that are wiped with design pattern plus growth, in the unwrapped view, Figure 2 and compare the values with those of Table 2.

FIGURE 2WIPED AREA EVALUATION, DRAFTING TEST PROCEDURE UNWRAPPED VIEW SHOWING WIPED PATTERN AND AREAS A, B, AND C 5.1.3 5.1.3.1 EVALUATION TECHNIIQUESBoth methods are acceptable. 3-Dimensional CAD EvaluationConstruct a full-scale 3-dimensional model of the windshield, wiper arms, wiper blades, sweep patterns, and the A, B, and C areas, as described in 5.1.2. Calculate the percentages of the A, B, and C areas wiped. Compare the calculated values to those of Table 2. NOTEThe 3-dimensional models of the arms and blades must retain the same functional characteristics as the parts. The 3-dimensional sweep pattern must lie on the windshield model, and must represent the actual sweep pattern, as measured according to 4.1.3. 5.1.3.2 Test Buck Evaluation a. Operate test buck with water on, wiper system on high speed, and mark outline of wipe pattern. b. Transfer full-size unwrapped view with wipe pattern and areas A, B, and C as determined in 5.1.2 (e) to transparent heavy gage plastic sheet. c. Transfer wipe pattern from test buck to plastic sheet and recalculate the percentages of areas A, B, and C that are wiped and compare the values with those of Table 2.

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SAE J198 Revised JUN93 5.2 5.2.1 Wiper System Durability and Frequency Test TEST EQUIPMENT a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 5.2.2 Test equipment as required Power source See 5.1.1(d) Counter a device for determining the number of cycles Spray equipment See 5.1.1(e) Water softener a device, where required, to supply water meeting requirements of 5.2.2 (d) Cleanser nonabrasive type that leaves no coating or residue on the glass Temperature measuring device thermometer or equivalent Gauges appropriate for measuring/monitoring pressure, flow, etc., of the wiper motor(s)

TEST CONDITIONS a. Ambient temperature of 10 to 38 C (50 to 100 F) b. Water temperature of 5 to 27 C (40 to 80 F) c. Water nozzles to be located so as to provide an approximately equally distributed water flow on windshield glazing surface at rate of no less than 820 mL/min (50 in3/min) d. Water hardness not to exceed 205 ppm e. Power input level at drive (frequency test only) the minimum power available at the drive motor, as specified by the vehicle manufacturer, under normal vehicle operating conditions

5.2.3

DURABILITY TEST PROCEDUREThe windshield wiper system shall be operated to requirements per 4.1.3 with approximately 80% operation at low speed at 20% operation at high speed, according to the sequences in Table 3, or with the first 20% of the total test cycles at high speed and the remainder at low speed according to the sequence in Table 4.

TABLE 3OPERATION SEQUENCES

Speed/Sequence High Speed wet windshield Low Speed wet windshield Low Speed dry (drying) windshield Park dry windshield Minutes 1 5 0.5 0.5

TABLE 4LOW SPEED OPERATION SEQUENCE

Low Speed Sequence Wet windshield Dry (drying) windshield Park dry windshield Minutes 5.5 0.5 1 max

For the wet operation, water is to be supplied to the windshield in accordance with provisions of 5.2.2 (c). The windshield is to be cleaned when necessary. If rubber deposits appear within 15 min after cleaning, the wiper blade element or wiper blade must be replaced. 5.2.4 FREQUENCY TEST PROCEDUREClean the windshield. Water is to be applied continuously to the windshield throughout the test, as indicated in 5.2.2 (c). Apply power to the drive motor as specified in 5.2.2 (e). With appropriate control settings, determine system operating frequencies.

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SAE J198 Revised JUN93 5.2.5 WIPE QUALITYTo evaluate for wipe quality, both initially and after durability test, the windshield is to be cleaned and the lip of the wiping element can be cleaned to remove residue of abrasion, etc. If desired, various methods such as providing a dark background for the windshield, use of a powdered dispersion in the test fluid to aid the visual display of streaks, etc., may be employed. The wiper system shall be activated for a single cycle while the windshield has a fine dispersion of water evenly distributed across the effective wipe pattern. Observation of streaks, unwiped area, lines, etc., is to be made. Test may be repeated for evaluation of reproducibility of the wipe quality. Specialized laboratory equipment may be utilized to evaluate wipe quality by agreement of vehicle manufacturer and system supplier. 5.3 5.3.1 Wiper System Stall Test TEST EQUIPMENT a. Test buck See 5.1.1(c) b. Power source See 5.1.1(d) 5.3.2 TEST PROCEDUREAt an ambient temperature between 10 C and 38 C (50 F and 100 F), and with the specified power source, the wiper system shall meet the requirements specified in 4.1.4 when the wiper arms, in any position in the wipe cycle, are restrained from movement for 15 min. Wiper System Temperature Operation Capability TEST EQUIPMENT a. Test buck See 5.1.1(c) b. Power source See 5.1.1(d) c. Test chamber a room or chamber large enough to contain the complete test buck and capable of maintaining a temperature of 55 C 3 C (130 F 5 F) and/or 30 C 3 C (20 F 5 F). 5.4.2 HOT TEST PROCEDREThe test buck and spray equipment are to be soaked in the test chamber at a temperature of 55 C 3 C (130 F 5 F) for 4 h. Following this soak period, and in the same temperature environment, the wiper system and spray equipment are to be turned on and operated for a period of 1/2 h at maximum wiper speed control setting with water applied continuously as indicated in 5.2.2 (c). COLD TEST PROCEDUREThe test buck is to be cold soaked in the test chamber at a temperature of 30 C 3 C (20 F 5 F) for 4 h. Following this soak period, and in the same temperature environment, the wiper system is to be turned on and the wipers operated for 1/2 h at maximum wiper system speed control setting. Ozone Testing EQUIPMENTCommercial ozone test cabinet. PREPARATION OF WIPER BLADE ELEMENTA 150 mm (6 in) specimen of the wiper blade element of the wiper blade assembly is to be installed in a suitable clamping fixture similar to that described in procedure A of ASTM D 518. Specimens are to be stretched to an extension of 15%, measured between gage marks that are 250 mm (10 in) apart. The mounted specimens are then to be exposed for 48 h in an ozone-free atmosphere. PROCEDURETest specimens are to be placed in the ozone test chamber for a period of 72 h. The test chamber is to be operated at a temperature of 38 C 3 C (100 F 5 F) and at a concentration of 0.5 ppm, by volume.

5.4 5.4.1

5.4.3

5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2

5.5.3

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SAE J198 Revised JUN93 5.5.4 RATINGThat area of fine specimen between the two benchmarks shall meet the requirements established in 4.2.2. Notes Marginal IndiciaThe change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions have been made to the previous issue of the report. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the report.

6. 6.1

PREPARED BY THE SAE TRUCK AND BUS DEFROSTING, DEFOGGING, AND WINDSHIELD WIPER SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE SAE TRUCK AND BUS CAB OCCUPANT AND ENVIRONMENT COMMITTEE

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SAE J198 Revised JUN93 RationaleThe only change was to 5.2.3 Durablity Test Procedurechange half, which was in the older text, to 20% which would allow this to be consistent with the first part of the section where the 80%/20% operation was defined. Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO StandardNot Applicable. ApplicationThis SAE Recommended Practice establishes for trucks, buses, and multipurpose passenger vehicles with GVW of 4500 kg (10 000 lb) or greater: a. Minimum performance requirements for windhsield wiping systems. b. Uniform test procedures that include those tests that can be conducted on uniform test equipment by commercially available laboratory facilities. c. Uniform terminology of windshield wiper system characteristics and phenomena consistent with those found in guides for the use of engineering layout studies to evaluate system performance. d. Guides for the design and location of components of the systems for function, servicing of the system, etc. The test procedures and minimum performance requirements, outlined in this document, are based on currrently available engineering data. It is the intent that all portions of the document will be periodically reviewed and revised as additional data regarding windshield wiping system performance are developed. Reference Section SAE J680Location and Operation of Instruments and Controls in Motor Trauck Cabs SAE J687NomenclatureTruck, Bus, Trailer SAE J941Motor Vehicle Drivers Eye Range ASTM D 518Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurface Cracking ASTM D 1171Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurface Ozone Cracking Outdoors or Chamber (Triangular Specimens) Developed by the SAE Truck and Bus Defrosting, Defogging, and WIndshield Wiper Subcommittee Sponsored by the SAE Truck and Bus Cab Occupant and Environment Committee