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Chapter 13 Flat Plates

13.1 Introduction Flat plate
A structural member whose middle surface lies in a plane Thickness is normal to the mid-surface plane Thickness relatively small to length and width May be constant or variable thickness

Fig. 13.1 Flat plate coordinates

Small deflection theory

The lateral displacement w of the plate in the z direction is less than half of the plate thickness, i.e. w < h/2 If w > h/2, then 2nd order effects become significant
In-plane membrane forces can be developed

Fig. 13.1 Flat plate coordinates

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13.2 Stress Resultants in a Flat Plate Special notation for

In-plane forces (tractions), Nxx, Nyy, Nxy [force per unit length] Bending moments, Mxx, Myy [moment per unit length] Twisting moments, Mxy [moment per unit length] Shears, Qx, Qy, [force per unit length]

Fig. 13.3 Resultant tractions on a reference surface Fig. 13.2 Infinitesimal element of a flat plate
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Fig. 13.4 Resultant moments and shears on a reference surface

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13.3

Kinematics: Strain-Displacement Equations of Plates

Let U, V and W be the components of the displacement vector The purpose of plate theory is to reduce the 3D problem to a more tractable 2D problem Kirchhoff assumed straight-line normals to the undeformed middle surface (reference plane) remain
Straight Inextensible Normal to the midsurface Plane strain

Kirchhoff assumption
Not limited to small displacements Material independent OK for both elastic and inelastic conditions

Fig. 13.5

By Kirchhoff approximation, W-w is a second order effect, so let W=w U, V and W vary through the thickness of the plate

(13.7)

Fig. 13.5 Displacement components in a plate element

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(13.19)

13.4

Equilibrium Equations for Small-Displacement Theory of Flat Plates

(13.23)

(13.25)
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13.5.1 Stress Components in Terms of Tractions and Moments Stresses vary linearly through the thickness of the plate

(13.35)

13.6

Strain Energy of a Plate U = Um + Ub + Ut

(13.38)

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13.7

Boundary Conditions for Plates

(13.54)

Fig. 13.6 Boundary conditions at a reference surface edge

Substituting for Mxx, Mxy and Myy in terms of Eq. 13.25 with Bz=0 and Pz=p gives
(13.56) where
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13.8.1 Solution of 22 w=p/D for Rectangular Plates Consider

simply supported rectangular plate thickness h in-plane dimensions a and b

The function (Levy, 1899)

(13.57a)

Where n is an integer satisfies the simple support BC @ y=0 and y=b

Fig. 13.7 Simply supported rectangular plate

(13.57b)
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Substitution of Eq. 13.57a into Eq. 13.56 yields an ordinary 4th order DE for Xn(x,y) Solution gives four constants of integration that satisfy the remaining BCs
No shear at x=0 and x=a No Moment at x=0 and x=a

The lateral pressure p must be expressed in an appropriate form

(13.59)

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13.8.2 Westergaard Approximate Solution for Rectangular Plates: Uniform Load The stress is always greater in the direction of the shorter span than in the larger span Consider two strips EF and GH
The deflections of the two strips at the center of the plate are equal The shorter strip has a smaller radius of curvature a greater stress in shorter strip

Fig. 13.8 Longitudinal (EF) and transverse (GH) plate strips

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Fig. 13.9 is the Westergaard solution for the bending moment per unit width across the diagonal at the corner (denoted by Mdiag)

Fig. 13.9 Ratio of bending moment M per unit width to pb2 in rectangular plates with simply supported edges. Note: Poissons ratio is assumed to be zero.
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Fig. 13.10 Ratio of bending moment M per unit width to pb2 in rectangular plates with fixed edges. Note: Poissons ratio is assumed to be zero.
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Other Types of Edge Conditions

The effect Poissons ratio is to increase the bending moment per unit width in the plate Let Macn and Mbcn represent the values of the bending momnets at the center of a rectangular plate when the material has a Poissons ratio n > 0

(13.69)

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13.8.3 Deflection of a Rectangular Plate: Uniformly Distributed Load The ODE for plates has been solved only for relatively simple shapes and loads For rectangular plate (where b is the short span length)

(13.70)

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Fig. E13.2

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13.9.1 Solution of 22 w=p/D for a Circular Plate

Circular Plate
Radius, a Thickness, h Polar coordinates with origin at the center of the plate

Fig. 13.11 Simply supported circular plate

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Considering only the axisymmetric case. Eq. 13.71

The solution of Eq. 13.72 with p=p0=constant is

where A1, A2, B1 and B2 are constants of integration A1, A2, B1 and B2 are found using the boundary conditions at r=a and The conditions that w, wr , Mrr and Vr must be finite at the center of the plate (r=0)

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Analogous to the expressions for the rectangular plate

(13.74)

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13.9.2 Circular Plate with Simply Supported Edges For a solid circular plate simply supported at the edge r=a, the BCs are
No displacement at support No moment at support

The requirement that the solution be finite at r=0 requires A2=0 and B2=0 in

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Solving the equations for A1 and B1 gives

(13.75)

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13.9.3 Circular Plate with Fixed Edges For a solid circular plate with fixed edges at r=a, the BCs are
No displacement at support No slope at support

The requirement that the solution be finite at r=0 requires A2=0 and B2=0 in

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Solving the equations for A1 and B1 gives

(13.76)

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13.9.4 Circular Plate with a Circular Hole at the Center For a circular plate with simply supported edges at r=a, with a circular hole at r=b and subject to a uniform pressure p=p0, the BCs are
No shear at free edge No moment at free edge (13.77)

No displacement at support

No moment at support
(13.78)
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Solving Eqs. 13.77 and 13.78 for A1, A2, B1 and B2 gives

(13.79)

With these coefficients and Eqs. 13.73 and 13.74, the displacement and stress resultants may be computed e.g., for a/b=2 and n=0.3
(13.80)

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Except for simple shapes of plates, the governing 4 th order PDE is complicated to solve Results can be reduced to tables or curves of coefficients for the maximum bending moments per unit width and for maximum displacements Eq. 13.56 does not include stiffening due to tensile forces

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13.9.5 Summary for Circular Plates with Simply Supported Edges The lateral displacement w and the bending moments Mrr, Mqq for uniform lateral pressure p are given by Eqs. 13.75 wmax occurs at the center of the plate smax occurs at the center of the plate The value smax of is tabulated in Table 13.2

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13.9.6 Summary for Circular Plates with Fixed Edges A circular plate rigidly held (fixed) so that no rotation or displacement occurs at the edge Under service conditions, the edges of plates are seldom completely fixed Slight yielding may occur at the fixed edge In general, an actual medium-thick plate with a fixed edge will be somewhere between fixed and simply supported Table 13.2 is good for thin and medium-thick plates, i.e. h/a < 0.1, and deflections < h/2

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13.9.7 Summary for Stresses and Deflections in Flat Circular Plates with Central Holes Circular plates of radius a with circular holes of radius r0 at the center are commonly used, e.g., thrustbearing plates, speaker diaphragms and piston heads. The max stress is given by formulas of the type
(13.81)

Likewise, the max deflections are given by formulas like

(13.82)
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Fig. 13.12 Circular plates with central holes, various loadings and BCs

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(13.81)

(13.82)
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13.9.8 Summary for Large Elastic Deflections of Circular Plates: Clamped Edge and Uniformly Distributed load
Consider a circular plate
Radius a Thickness h Lateral pressure p With wmax large compared to the thickness h

Let the edge of the plate be clamped Examine a diametral strip of one unit width showing the bending moments and the direct tensile forces Tensile forces come from:
The fixed support at the edge prevents the edge at opposite ends of the diameter from moving radially strips stretches as it deflects downward If the plate is simply supported at the edges, radial stresses arise due to the tendency of the outer concentric rings of the plate to retain their original diameter

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Fig. 13.13

Large deflections of clamped (i.e. fixed) and simply supported circular plates.

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Values of these stresses for a plate with fixed edges having a radius a and thickness h and elastic modulus E are given in Fig. 13.14
Ordinates are values of stress multiplied by the quantity a2/Eh2 (to be dimensionless) Abscissa is wmax/h Bending stress sbe at the fixed edge is the largest of the four stresses Stresses increase parabolically w.r.t. wmax/h Fig. 13.14

Stresses in thin circular plates having large deflections and with edges clamped. 49

13.9.9 Significant Stress when Edges are Clamped The max stress is the sum of the bending and tensile stresses The smax at points in the plate just inside the edge are much smaller than the stresses at the edge Stresses show another local max at the center of the plate If failure of the plate is by general yielding, the smax at the center of the plate is the significant stress because the effect of the smax at the edge is localized If failure of the plate is by fatigue crack growth or if the plate is brittle, the stress at the edge is the significant stress

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13.9.10 Load on a Plate when Edges are Clamped The dashed line represents values of load and maximum deflection as compared by neglecting the effect of direct tensile stress

Fig. 13.15

Maximum stresses and deflections in thin circular plates having large deflections and with edges clamped.

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Fig. 13.16

Stresses in thin circular plates having large deflections and with edges simply supported.
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No displacement at support No slope at support

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