Ece421hw04 Abm

ECE421:
Introduction to Power Systems
Homework # 04
Due Session 21 (October 14th)
Arturo Barradas Munoz
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 1 of 23
Homework #04
1. Problem 3.48 in Glover, Sarma and Overbye
5. Problem 3.59 in Glover, Sarma and Ovebye
General Definitions
a 1 120
Turns 1
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 2 of 23
Problem 01.
With the same transformer banks as in Problem 3.47, Figure 3.41 shows the one-line diagram of
a generator, a step-up transformer bank, a transmission line, a step-down transformer bank,
and an impedance load. The generator terminal voltage is 15 kV (line-to-line).
(a) Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit, accounting for phase shifts for positive sequence
operation.
(b) By choosing the line-to-neutral generator terminal voltage as the reference, determine the
magnitudes of the generator current, transmission-line current, load current, and line-to-line
load voltage. Also, find the three-phase complex power delivered to the load.
ECE421:
Homework # 04
ZLoad ((5 + 1j))
ZLine ((100j))
XT1_Sph_LV 0.24j
XT1_Sph_LV
XT1_LV
3
XT1_LV = 0.08i
XT2_Sph_LV 0.24j
XT2_Sph_LV
XT2_LV
3
XT2_LV = 0.08i
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 3 of 23
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 4 of 23
(a) Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit, accounting for phase shifts for positive sequence
operation.
(b) By choosing the line-to-neutral generator terminal voltage as the reference, determine the
magnitudes of the generator current, transmission-line current, load current, and line-to-line
load voltage. Also, find the three-phase complex power delivered to the load.
15
Vg_T
0

3
Vg_T = ((8.66025 0))
ZRight_LV ZLoad + XT2_LV
ZRight_LV = ((5 + 1.08j))

2
ZRight_HV ZRight_LV 10
3
ZRight_HV = ((1500 + 324j))
ZMiddle_HV ZLine + ZRight_HV
ZMiddle_HV = ((1500 + 424j))
1
ZMiddle_LV ZMiddle_HV
10
3
ZMiddle_LV = ((5 + 1.41333j))
ZLeft_LV ZMiddle_LV + XT1_LV
ZLeft_LV = ((5 + 1.49333i))
Vg_T
Ig_T
ZLeft_LV
Ig_T = ((1659.61158 16.62913))

||Ig_T|| = 1.65961 10 3
_______________________/
ECE421:
1
ILine Ig_T
((1 30))
10 3
Homework # 04
ILine = ((95.81772 13.37087))

||ILine|| = 95.81772
_______________________/
3 ((1 30))
ILoad ILine 10
ILoad = 1.65961 10 3 16.62913

||ILoad|| = 1659.61158
_______________________/
VLoad ILoad ZLoad
VLoad = 8.46239 10 3 5.3192

VLoad_LL VLoad
3
||VLoad_LL|| = 14.65729
_______________________/
ILoad
SLoad 3 VLoad
SLoad = ((41.31466 + 8.26293i))

SLoad = ((42.13285 11.30993))
________________________________/
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 5 of 23
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 6 of 23
Problem 02.
Consider the single-line diagram of a power system shown in Figure 3.42 with equipment
ratings given below:
Generator G1:
Generator G2:
3Ph -Y T1:
3Ph Y- T2:
Load:
50 MVA, 13.2kV, x=0.15 pu

20 MVA, 13.8kV, x=0.15 pu
80 MVA, 13.2 /165 Y kV, X=0.1 pu
40 MVA, 165 Y/13.8 kV, X=0.1 pu
40 MVA, 0.8 PF lagging, operating at 150kV
Choose a base of 100 MVA for the system and 132-kV base in the transmission-line circuit. Let
the load be modeled as a parallel combination of resistance and inductance. Neglect
transformer phase shifts.
Draw a per-phase equivalent circuit of the system showing all impedances in per unit.
SG1_rat 50
VG1_rat 13.2
xG1_rat 0.15j
SG2_rat 50
VG2_rat 13.2
xG2_rat 0.15j
ST1_rat 80
VT1_HV_rat 165
xT1_rat 0.1j
VT1_LV_rat 13.2
ST2_rat 40
VT2_HV_rat 165
VT2_LV_rat 13.8
xT2_rat 0.1j
ECE421:
SLoad_rat ((40 acos ((0.8))))
ZLine1_ ((50 + 200j))
SB 100
13.2
VB_G1 VB_HV
165
13.8
VB_G2 VB_HV
165
Session 21
Fall 2013
Homework # 04
SLoad_rat = ((32 + 24j))
ZLine2_ ((25 + 100j))
Page 7 of 23
VLoad_rat 150
ZLine3_ ((25 + 100j))
VB_HV 132
VB_HV 2
ZB_HV
SB
ZB_HV = 174.24
VB_G1 = 10.56
VB_G1 2
ZB_G1
SB
ZB_G1 = 1.11514
VB_G2 = 11.04
VB_G2 2
ZB_G2
SB
ZB_G2 = 1.21882
Change of base
VG1_rat 2 SB
xG1 xG1_rat

VB_G1 SG1_rat
xG1 = 0.46875j
___________________/
VG2_rat 2 SB
xG2 xG2_rat

VB_G2 SG2_rat
xG2 = 0.42888j
___________________/
VT1_HV_rat 2 SB
xT1 xT1_rat

VB_HV ST1_rat
xT1 = 0.19531i
___________________/
VT2_HV_rat 2 SB
xT2 xT2_rat

VB_HV ST2_rat
xT2 = 0.39063i
___________________/
ZLine1_
ZLine1
ZB_HV
ZLine1 = ((0.28696 + 1.14784i))

____________________________/
ZLine2_
ZLine2
ZB_HV
ZLine2 = ((0.14348 + 0.57392i))

____________________________/
ZLine3_
ZLine3
ZB_HV
ZLine3 = ((0.14348 + 0.57392i))

____________________________/
ECE421:
Homework # 04
SLoad_rat
SLoad
SB
SLoad = ((0.32 + 0.24i))
VLoad_rat
VLoad
VB_HV
VLoad = 1.13636
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 8 of 23
||VLoad|| 2
RLoad_Parallel
Re SLoad
RLoad_Parallel = 4.03538
____________________________/
||VLoad|| 2 1j
XLoad_Parallel
Im SLoad
XLoad_Parallel = 5.38051j
____________________________/
Draw a per-phase equivalent circuit of the system showing all impedances in per unit.
ECE421:
Session 21
Fall 2013
Homework # 04
Page 9 of 23
Problem 03.
The ratings of a three-phase, three-winding transformer are:
Primary:
Secondary:
Tertiary:
Y connected, 66 kV, 15 MVA

Y connected, 13.2 kV, 10 MVA
connected, 2.3 kV, 5 MVA
Neglecting resistances and exciting current, the leakage reactances are:

XPS= 0.07 per unit on a 15-MVA; 66-kV base
XPT= 0.09 per unit on a 15-MVA; 66-kV base
XST= 0.08 per unit on a 10-MVA; 13.2-kV base
Determine the per-unit reactances of the per-phase equivalent circuit using a base of 15 MVA
and 66 kV for the primary.
SB 15
VB_P 66
VB_S 13.2
XPS_rat 0.07
XPT_rat 0.09
XST_rat 0.08
SB
XPS XPS_rat
15
XPS = 0.07
SB
XPT XPT_rat
15
XPT = 0.09
SB
XST XST_rat
10
XST = 0.12
VB_S 2.3
1
XP XPS + XPT XST
2
1
XS XPS XPT + XST
2
1
XT XPS + XPT + XST
2
XP = 0.02
_____________/
XS = 0.05
_____________/
XT = 0.07
_____________/
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 10 of 23

A single-phase two-winding transformer rated 90 MVA, 80/120 kV is to be connected as an
autotransformer rated 80/200 kV. Assume that the transformer is ideal.
(a) Draw a schematic diagram of the ideal transformer connected as an autotransformer,
showing the voltages, currents, and dot notation for polarity.
(b) Determine the permissible kVA rating of the autotransformer if the winding currents and
voltages are not to exceed the rated values as a two-winding transformer.
How much of the kVA rating is transferred by magnetic induction?
90
IPrim
80
90
ISec
120
ITot IPrim + ISec
IPrim = 1125
ISec = 750
ITot = 1875
VPrim 80
VSec 120
VTot VPrim + VSec = 200
(a) Draw a schematic diagram of the ideal transformer connected as an autotransformer,

showing the voltages, currents, and dot notation for polarity.
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 11 of 23
(b) Determine the permissible kVA rating of the autotransformer if the winding currents and
voltages are not to exceed the rated values as a two-winding transformer.
SAuto VPrim ITot
SAuto = 150000
VTot ISec = 150000
______________________/
How much of the kVA rating is transferred by magnetic induction?
STrans_Ind VPrim IPrim
STrans_Ind = 90000
______________________/
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 12 of 23
Problem 05.
The two parallel lines in Example 3.13 supply a balanced load with a load current of 1.0 /30
degrees per unit. Determine the real and reactive power supplied to the load bus from each
parallel line with (a) no regulating transformer, (b) the voltage-magnitude regulating
transformer in Example 3.13(a), and (c) the phase-angle-regulating transformer in Example
3.13(b). Assume that the voltage at bus abc is adjusted so that the voltage at bus a'b'c'
remains constant at 1.0/ 0 per unit. Also assume positive sequence.
Comment on the eects of the regulating transformers.
ILoad ((1 30))
VLoad ((1 0))
SLoad VLoad
ILoad
SLoad = ((0.86603 + 0.5j))
PLoad Re SLoad
PLoad = 0.86603
QLoad Im SLoad
QLoad = 0.5
ZLine_0.20 0.20j
ZLine_0.25 0.25j
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 13 of 23
Determine the real and reactive power supplied to the load bus from each parallel line with
(a) no regulating transformer. Assume that the voltage at bus abc is adjusted so that the
voltage at bus a'b'c' remains constant at 1.0/ 0 per unit. Also assume positive sequence.
ILoad ZLine_0.25
ILine_0.20
ZLine_0.20 + ZLine_0.25
ILine_0.20 = ((0.48113 0.27778i))
ILoad ZLine_0.20
ILine_0.25
ZLine_0.20 + ZLine_0.25
ILine_0.25 = ((0.3849 0.22222i))
SLine_0.20 VLoad
ILine_0.20
SLine_0.20 = ((0.48113 + 0.27778i))

SLine_0.20 = ((0.55556 30))
PLine_0.20 Re SLine_0.20
PLine_0.20 = 0.48113
QLine_0.20 Im SLine_0.20
QLine_0.20 = 0.27778
SLine_0.25 VLoad
ILine_0.25
SLine_0.25 = ((0.3849 + 0.22222i))

SLine_0.25 = ((0.44444 30))
PLine_0.25 Re SLine_0.25
PLine_0.25 = 0.3849
______________________/
QLine_0.25 Im SLine_0.25
QLine_0.25 = 0.22222
______________________/
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 14 of 23
(b) the voltage-magnitude regulating transformer in Example 3.13(a). Assume that the voltage
at bus abc is adjusted so that the voltage at bus a'b'c' remains constant at 1.0/ 0 per unit. Also
assume positive sequence.
Comment on the effects of the regulating transformers.
From page 133 in Duncan Glover's Book the admittance parameters of the equation
shown below are,
I1 Y11 Y12 V1

I2 Y21 Y22 V2
Y11 YEq
Y12 c YEq
Y21 c YEq
Y22 ||c|| 2 YEq
From page 138 in Duncan Glover's Book the admittance parameters are computed
as follows:
c 1.05 1
c = 0.95238
The admitance parameters of the regulating transformer in series with line of 0.25j pu
are:
1
Y11Line_0.25
ZLine_0.25
Y11Line_0.25 = 4j
Y22Line_0.25 ||c|| 2 Y11Line_0.25
Y22Line_0.25 = 3.62812j
Y12Line_0.25 c Y11Line_0.25
Y12Line_0.25 = 3.80952j
Y21Line_0.25
c Y11Line_0.25
Y21Line_0.25 = 3.80952j
ECE421:
Homework # 04
The admitance parameters of the line of 0.20j pu are:

1
Y11Line_0.20
ZLine_0.20
Y11Line_0.20 = 5j
Y22Line_0.20 Y11Line_0.20
Y22Line_0.20 = 5j
Y12Line_0.20 = 5j
Y21Line_0.20 = 5j
Combining both admitances in parallel,
Y11 Y11Line_0.25 + Y11Line_0.20
Y12 Y12Line_0.25 + Y12Line_0.20
Y21 Y21Line_0.25 + Y21Line_0.20
Y22 Y22Line_0.25 + Y22Line_0.20
Y11 = 9j
Y12 = 8.80952j
Y21 = 8.80952j
Y22 = 8.62812j
I1 Y11 Y12 V1
ILoad Y21 Y22 VLoad

Solving for V1
ILoad Y21 V1 + Y22 VLoad
ILoad Y22 VLoad
V1
Y21
V1 = ((1.04082 5.41968))
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 15 of 23
ECE421:
Homework # 04
V1 VLoad
ILine_0.20
ZLine_0.20
ILine_0.20 = ((0.52373 20.1976))
SLine_0.20_b VLoad
ILine_0.20
SLine_0.20_b = ((0.49153 + 0.18082j))
PLine_0.20_b Re SLine_0.20_b
PLine_0.20_b = 0.49153
______________________/
QLine_0.20_b Im SLine_0.20_b
QLine_0.20_b = 0.18082
______________________/
V1 VLoad c
ILine_0.25
ZLine_0.25
ILine_0.25 = ((0.51666 40.44026))
SLine_0.25_b VLoad I
Line_0.25 c
SLine_0.25_b = ((0.3745 + 0.31918j))
PLine_0.25_b = 0.3745
______________________/
QLine_0.25_b = 0.31918
______________________/
or in a simpler way
SLine_0.25_b SLoad SLine_0.20_b
SLine_0.25_b = 0.3745 + 0.31918j
PLine_0.25_b = 0.3745
______________________/
QLine_0.25_b = 0.31918
______________________/
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 16 of 23
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 17 of 23
SLine_0.20_b = ((0.49153 + 0.18082j))
SLine_0.20 = ((0.48113 + 0.27778j))
SLine_0.25_b = ((0.3745 + 0.31918j))
SLine_0.25 = ((0.3849 + 0.22222j))
The real power flow in line of 0.20j pu increases a little when comparing to the
previous case (from 0.48 to 0.29pu). In contrast the reactive power flow reduces
significantly from 0.27 pu to 0.18 pu.
The real power flow in line of 0.25j pu changes a little too when comparing to the
previous case (from 0.38 to 0.37 pu) whereas the reactive power flow increases from
0.22 to 0.31 pu, that is to say an approximately increase of 41%.
Therefore the regulating transformer with an increased voltage magnitude will affect
mostly the reactive power flow.
(c) the phase-angle-regulating transformer in Example 3.13(b). Assume that the voltage at bus
abc is adjusted so that the voltage at bus a'b'c' remains constant at 1.0/ 0 per unit. Also
assume positive sequence.
c ((1.0 3))
c = ((1 3))
The admitance parameters of the regulating transformer in series with line of 0.25j pu
are:
1
Y11Line_0.25
ZLine_0.25
Y11Line_0.25 = 4j
Y22Line_0.25 ||c|| 2 Y11Line_0.25
Y22Line_0.25 = 4j
Y12Line_0.25 = ((0.20934 + 3.99452j))
Y21Line_0.25 = ((0.20934 + 3.99452j))
ECE421:
Homework # 04
The admitance parameters of the line of 0.20j pu are:

1
Y11Line_0.20
ZLine_0.20
Y11Line_0.20 = 5j
Y22Line_0.20 = 5j
Y12Line_0.20 = 5j
Y21Line_0.20 = 5j
Combining both admitances in parallel,
Y11 Y11Line_0.25 + Y11Line_0.20
Y12 Y12Line_0.25 + Y12Line_0.20
Y21 Y21Line_0.25 + Y21Line_0.20
Y22 Y22Line_0.25 + Y22Line_0.20
Y11 = 9j
Y12 = 0.20934 + 8.99452j
Y21 = 0.20934 + 8.99452j
Y22 = 9j
I1 Y11 Y12 V1
ILoad Y21 Y22 VLoad

Solving for V1
ILoad Y21 V1 + Y22 VLoad
ILoad Y22 VLoad

V1
Y21
V1 = ((1.06029 3.87542))
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 18 of 23
ECE421:
Homework # 04
V1 VLoad
ILine_0.20
ZLine_0.20
ILine_0.20 = ((0.46054 38.92064))
SLine_0.20_b VLoad
ILine_0.20
SLine_0.20_b = ((0.35831 + 0.28933j))
PLine_0.20_b = 0.35831
______________________/
QLine_0.20_b = 0.28933
______________________/
SLine_0.25_b SLoad SLine_0.20_b
SLine_0.25_b = 0.50771 + 0.21067j
PLine_0.25_b = 0.50771
______________________/
QLine_0.25_b = 0.21067
______________________/
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 19 of 23
SLine_0.20_b = ((0.35831 + 0.28933j))
SLine_0.20 = ((0.48113 + 0.27778j))
SLine_0.25_b = ((0.50771 + 0.21067j))
SLine_0.25 = ((0.3849 + 0.22222j))
The reactive power flow in line of 0.20j pu increases a little when comparing to the
previous case (from 0.27 to 0.28pu). In contrast the real power flow reduces
significantly from 0.48 pu to 0.35 pu.
The reactive power flow in line of 0.25j pu changes a little too when comparing to the
previous case (from 0.22 to 0.21 pu) whereas the real power flow increases from 0.38
to 0.50 pu.
Therefore the regulating transformer with an increased phase angle will affect mostly
the real power flow.
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 20 of 23
Problem 06.
PowerWorld Simulator case Problem 3.60 duplicates Example 3.13 except that a resistance term of 0.06
per unit has been added to the transformer and 0.05 per unit to the transmission line. Since the system
is no longer lossless, a field showing the real power losses has also been added to the one-line. With
the LTC tap fixed at 1.05, plot the real power losses as the phase shift angle is varied from -10 to +10
degrees. What value of phase shift minimizes the system losses?
.
10
8
6
4
2
1
0.2
0
0.2
1
2
4
6
8
10
24.917
22.002
19.711
18.049
17.016
16.736
16.626
PLosses 16.614
16.609
16.65
16.843
17.703
19.192
21.309
24.051
100.288
88.67
79.611
73.123
69.211
68.223
67.897
QLosses 67.881
67.890
68.184
69.133
72.968
79.378
88.358
99.897
The system losses are minimized at near 0 degrees, P=16.609 MW and Q=67.89 MVAR
ECE421:
Session 21
Fall 2013
Homework # 04
Page 21 of 23
25.1
24.25
23.4
22.55
21.7
20.85
PLosses ((
))
QLosses ((
))
20
19.15
18.3
17.45
16.6
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
((
))
10
100.5
97.5
94.5
91.5
88.5
85.5
82.5
79.5
76.5
73.5
70.5
67.5
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
((
))
10
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 22 of 23
Problem 07.

Repeat Problem 3.60, except keep the phase-shift angle fixed at 3.0 degrees, while varying
the LTC tap between 0.9 and 1.1. What tap value minimizes the real power losses?
0.900
0.925
0.950
0.975
0.9875
Tap 1.000
1.0125
1.025
1.050
1.075
1.100
19.578
18.241
17.320
16.785
16.652
PLosses 16.604
16.638
16.750
17.194
17.914
18.885
79.794
74.457
70.814
68.738
68.249
QLosses 68.106
68.296
68.805
70.728
73.773
77.846
The system losses are minimized at TAP=1, P=16.604 MW and Q=68.106 MVAR
ECE421:
Session 21
Fall 2013
Homework # 04
Page 23 of 23
The system losses are minimized at near 0 degrees, P=16.609 MW and Q=67.89 MVAR
19.6
19.3
19
18.7
18.4
18.1
PLosses ((
))
QLosses ((
))
17.8
17.5
17.2
16.9
16.6
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.12
Tap
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
Tap
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.12

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ECE421:

Introduction to Power Systems

ZLoad ((5 + 1j))

Vg_T = ((8.66025 0))

ZRight_LV ZLoad + XT2_LV

ZRight_LV = ((5 + 1.08j))

ZRight_HV = ((1500 + 324j))

ZMiddle_HV ZLine + ZRight_HV

ZMiddle_HV = ((1500 + 424j))

ZMiddle_LV = ((5 + 1.41333j))

ZLeft_LV ZMiddle_LV + XT1_LV

ZLeft_LV = ((5 + 1.49333i))

Ig_T = ((1659.61158 16.62913))

ILine = ((95.81772 13.37087))

ILoad = 1.65961 10 3 16.62913

VLoad ILoad ZLoad

VLoad = 8.46239 10 3 5.3192

SLoad = ((41.31466 + 8.26293i))

50 MVA, 13.2kV, x=0.15 pu

SLoad_rat ((40 acos ((0.8))))

ZLine1_ ((50 + 200j))

SLoad_rat = ((32 + 24j))

ZLine2_ ((25 + 100j))

ZLine3_ ((25 + 100j))

ZLine1 = ((0.28696 + 1.14784i))

ZLine2 = ((0.14348 + 0.57392i))

ZLine3 = ((0.14348 + 0.57392i))

SLoad = ((0.32 + 0.24i))

Y connected, 66 kV, 15 MVA

Neglecting resistances and exciting current, the leakage reactances are:

4. Problem 3.58 in Glover, Sarma and Overbye

ITot IPrim + ISec

VTot VPrim + VSec = 200

(a) Draw a schematic diagram of the ideal transformer connected as an autotransformer,

SAuto VPrim ITot

How much of the kVA rating is transferred by magnetic induction?

STrans_Ind VPrim IPrim

ILoad ((1 30))

VLoad ((1 0))

SLoad = ((0.86603 + 0.5j))

ILine_0.20 = ((0.48113 0.27778i))

ILine_0.25 = ((0.3849 0.22222i))

SLine_0.20 = ((0.48113 + 0.27778i))

SLine_0.25 = ((0.3849 + 0.22222i))

Y22 ||c|| 2 YEq

Y22Line_0.25 ||c|| 2 Y11Line_0.25

The admitance parameters of the line of 0.20j pu are:

Combining both admitances in parallel,

Y11 Y11Line_0.25 + Y11Line_0.20

Y12 Y12Line_0.25 + Y12Line_0.20

Y21 Y21Line_0.25 + Y21Line_0.20

Y22 Y22Line_0.25 + Y22Line_0.20

ILoad Y21 Y22 VLoad

ILine_0.20 = ((0.52373 20.1976))

SLine_0.20_b = ((0.49153 + 0.18082j))

ILine_0.25 = ((0.51666 40.44026))

SLine_0.25_b = ((0.3745 + 0.31918j))

SLine_0.25_b = 0.3745 + 0.31918j

Comment on the effects of the regulating transformers.