EE 369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 14
Power Flow
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick
1
Announcements
Read Chapter 12, concentrating on sections
12.4 and 12.5.
Homework 11 is 12.20, 12.21, 12.25, 12.27,
7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5; due Thursday,
December 6.
2
400 MVA
15 kV
400 MVA
15/345 kV
T1
T2
800 MVA
345/15 kV
800 MVA
15 kV
520 MVA
80 MW 40 Mvar
280 MVAr 800 MW
Line 3
345 kV
L
i
n
e

2

L
i
n
e

1

345 kV
100 mi
345 kV
200 mi
50 mi
1 4 3
2
5
Single-line diagram
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
3

Bus

Type
|V|
per
unit

degrees
P
G

per
unit
Q
G

per
unit
P
L

per
unit
Q
L

per
unit
Q
Gmax

per
unit
Q
Gmin

per
unit
1 Slack 1.0 0 0 0
2 Load 0 0 8.0 2.8
3 Constant
voltage
1.05 5.2 0.8 0.4 4.0 -2.8
4 Load 0 0 0 0
5 Load 0 0 0 0
Table 1.
Bus input
data


Bus-to-
Bus

R
per unit

X
per unit

G
per unit

B
per unit
Maximum
MVA
per unit
2-4 0.0090 0.100 0 1.72 12.0
2-5 0.0045 0.050 0 0.88 12.0
4-5 0.00225 0.025 0 0.44 12.0
Table 2.
Line input data
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
4



Bus-to-
Bus

R
per
unit

X
per
unit

G
c
per
unit

B
m
per
unit

Maximum
MVA
per unit
Maximum
TAP
Setting
per unit
1-5 0.00150 0.02 0 0 6.0
3-4 0.00075 0.01 0 0 10.0
Table 3.
Transformer
input data
Bus Input Data Unknowns
1 |V
1
|= 1.0,
1
= 0 P
1
, Q
1
2 P
2
= P
G2
-P
L2
= -8
Q
2
= Q
G2
-Q
L2
= -2.8
|V
2
|,
2

3 |V
3
|= 1.05
P
3
= P
G3
-P
L3
= 4.4
Q
3
,
3

4 P
4
= 0, Q
4
= 0 |V
4
|,
4

5 P
5
= 0, Q
5
= 0 |V
5
|,
5

Table 4. Input data
and unknowns
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
5
Let the Computer Do the Calculations!
(Ybus Shown)
6
Ybus Details
0
23 21
= = Y Y
unit per j
j jX R
Y 91964 . 9 89276 . 0
1 . 0 009 . 0
1 1
'
24
'
24
24
+ =
+

=
+

=
unit per j
j jX R
Y 83932 . 19 78552 . 1
05 . 0 0045 . 0
1 1
'
25
'
25
25
+ =
+

=
+

=
2 2
1 1
'
25
'
24
'
25
'
25
'
24
'
24
22
B
j
B
j
jX R jX R
Y + +
+
+
+
=
2
88 . 0
2
72 . 1
) 83932 . 19 78552 . 1 ( ) 91964 . 9 89276 . 0 ( j j j j + + + =
unit per j Z = = 624 . 84 5847 . 28 4590 . 28 67828 . 2
Elements of Y
bus
connected to bus 2
7
Here are the Initial Bus Mismatches
8
And the Initial Power Flow Jacobian
9
Five Bus Power System Solved
slack
One
Two
Three Four Five
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.000 pu 0.974 pu
0.834 pu
1.019 pu
1.050 pu
0.000 Deg -4.548 Deg
-22.406 Deg
-2.834 Deg
-0.597 Deg
395 MW
114 Mvar
520 MW
337 Mvar
800 MW
280 Mvar
80 MW
40 Mvar
10
37 Bus Example Design Case
slack
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
0.99 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu 1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
1.00 pu
A
MVA
System Losses: 10.70 MW
220 MW
52 Mvar
12 MW
3 Mvar
20 MW
12 Mvar
124 MW
45 Mvar
37 MW
13 Mvar
12 MW
5 Mvar
150 MW
0 Mvar
56 MW
13 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
14 MW
2 Mvar
38 MW
3 Mvar
45 MW
0 Mvar
25 MW
36 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
10 MW
5 Mvar
22 MW
15 Mvar
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
28 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
33 MW
13 Mvar
15.9 Mvar 18 MW
5 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
60 MW
19 Mvar
14.2 Mvar
25 MW
10 Mvar
20 MW
3 Mvar
23 MW
6 Mvar 14 MW
3 Mvar
4.9 Mvar
7.3 Mvar
12.8 Mvar
28.9 Mvar
7.4 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
55 MW
25 Mvar
39 MW
13 Mvar
150 MW
0 Mvar
17 MW
3 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
14 MW
4 Mvar
KYLE69
A
MVA
11
Good Power System Operation
Good power system operation requires that
there be no reliability violations (needing to
shed load, have cascading outages, or other
unacceptable conditions) for either the current
condition or in the event of statistically likely
contingencies:
Reliability requires as a minimum that there be no
transmission line/transformer limit violations and
that bus voltages be within acceptable limits
(perhaps 0.95 to 1.08)
Example contingencies are the loss of any single
device. This is known as n-1 reliability. 12
Good Power System Operation
North American Electric Reliability Corporation
now has legal authority to enforce reliability
standards (and there are now lots of them).
See http://www.nerc.com for details (click on
Standards)
13
Looking at the Impact of Line Outages
slack
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
0.90 pu
0.90 pu
0.94 pu
1.01 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu 1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
1.00 pu
A
MVA
System Losses: 17.61 MW
227 MW
43 Mvar
12 MW
3 Mvar
20 MW
12 Mvar
124 MW
45 Mvar
37 MW
13 Mvar
12 MW
5 Mvar
150 MW
4 Mvar
56 MW
13 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
14 MW
2 Mvar
38 MW
9 Mvar
45 MW
0 Mvar
25 MW
36 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
10 MW
5 Mvar
22 MW
15 Mvar
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
40 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
33 MW
13 Mvar
16.0 Mvar 18 MW
5 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
60 MW
19 Mvar
11.6 Mvar
25 MW
10 Mvar
20 MW
3 Mvar
23 MW
6 Mvar 14 MW
3 Mvar
4.9 Mvar
7.2 Mvar
12.8 Mvar
28.9 Mvar
7.3 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
55 MW
32 Mvar
39 MW
13 Mvar
150 MW
4 Mvar
17 MW
3 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
14 MW
4 Mvar
KYLE69
A
MVA
80%
A
MVA
135%
A
MVA
110%
A
MVA
Opening
one line
(Tim69-
Hannah69)
causes
overloads.
This would
not be
Allowed.
14
Contingency Analysis
Contingency
analysis provides
an automatic
way of looking
at all the
statistically
likely
contingencies. In
this example the
contingency set
is all the single
line/transformer
outages
15
Power Flow And Design
One common usage of the power flow is to
determine how the system should be modified
to remove contingencies problems or serve new
load
In an operational context this requires working with
the existing electric grid, typically involving re-
dispatch of generation.
In a planning context additions to the grid can be
considered as well as re-dispatch.
In the next example we look at how to remove
the existing contingency violations while serving
new load.
16
An Unreliable Solution:
some line outages result in overloads
slack
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
0.97 pu
0.97 pu
0.99 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu 1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
1.00 pu
A
MVA
System Losses: 14.49 MW
269 MW
67 Mvar
12 MW
3 Mvar
20 MW
12 Mvar
124 MW
45 Mvar
37 MW
13 Mvar
12 MW
5 Mvar
150 MW
1 Mvar
56 MW
13 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
14 MW
2 Mvar
38 MW
4 Mvar
45 MW
0 Mvar
25 MW
36 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
10 MW
5 Mvar
22 MW
15 Mvar
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
40 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
33 MW
13 Mvar
15.9 Mvar 18 MW
5 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
60 MW
19 Mvar
13.6 Mvar
25 MW
10 Mvar
20 MW
3 Mvar
23 MW
6 Mvar 14 MW
3 Mvar
4.9 Mvar
7.3 Mvar
12.8 Mvar
28.9 Mvar
7.4 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
55 MW
28 Mvar
39 MW
13 Mvar
150 MW
1 Mvar
17 MW
3 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
14 MW
4 Mvar
KYLE69
A
MVA
96%
A
MVA
Case now
has nine
separate
contingencies
having
reliability
violations
(overloads in
post-contingency
system).
17
A Reliable Solution:
no line outages result in overloads
slack
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
1.02 pu
0.99 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu 1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
System Losses: 11.66 MW
266 MW
59 Mvar
12 MW
3 Mvar
20 MW
12 Mvar
124 MW
45 Mvar
37 MW
13 Mvar
12 MW
5 Mvar
150 MW
1 Mvar
56 MW
13 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
14 MW
2 Mvar
38 MW
4 Mvar
45 MW
0 Mvar
25 MW
36 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
10 MW
5 Mvar
22 MW
15 Mvar
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
38 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
33 MW
13 Mvar
15.8 Mvar 18 MW
5 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
60 MW
19 Mvar
14.1 Mvar
25 MW
10 Mvar
20 MW
3 Mvar
23 MW
6 Mvar 14 MW
3 Mvar
4.9 Mvar
7.3 Mvar
12.8 Mvar
28.9 Mvar
7.4 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
55 MW
29 Mvar
39 MW
13 Mvar
150 MW
1 Mvar
17 MW
3 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
14 MW
4 Mvar
KYLE69
A
MVA
Kyle138
A
M VA
Previous
case was
augmented
with the
addition of a
138 kV
Transmission
Line
18
Generation Changes and The Slack
Bus
The power flow is a steady-state analysis tool,
so the assumption is total load plus losses is
always equal to total generation
Generation mismatch is made up at the slack bus
When doing generation change power flow
studies one always needs to be cognizant of
where the generation is being made up
Common options include distributed slack, where
the mismatch is distributed across multiple
generators by participation factors or by economics.
19
Generation Change Example 1
slack
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
0.00 pu
-0.01 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.03 pu
-0.01 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.03 pu
-0.01 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.002 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu 0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
A
MVA
-0.01 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
0.00 pu
A
MVA
0.00 pu
A
MVA
162 MW
35 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
-157 MW
-45 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
2 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
3 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
4 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
-0.2 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
0 MW
51 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
2 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
Display shows
Difference
Flows
between
original
37 bus case,
and case with
a BLT138
generation
outage;
note all the
power change
is picked
up at the slack
Slack bus
20
Generation Change Example 2
slack
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
0.00 pu
-0.01 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.03 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.03 pu
-0.01 pu
-0.01 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.003 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu 0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
A
MVA
0.00 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
0.00 pu
A
MVA
0.00 pu
A
MVA
0 MW
37 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
-157 MW
-45 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
42 MW
-14 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
99 MW
-20 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
-0.2 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
19 MW
51 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
Display repeats previous case except now the change in
generation is picked up by other generators using a
participation factor (change is shared) approach.
21
Voltage Regulation Example: 37 Buses
Display shows voltage contour of the power system
slack
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
0.997 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu 1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
1.00 pu
A
MVA
219 MW
52 Mvar
21 MW
7 Mvar
45 MW
12 Mvar
157 MW
45 Mvar
37 MW
13 Mvar
12 MW
5 Mvar
150 MW
0 Mvar
56 MW
13 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
14 MW
2 Mvar
38 MW
3 Mvar
45 MW
0 Mvar
58 MW
36 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
22 MW
15 Mvar
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
9 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
33 MW
13 Mvar
15.9 Mvar 18 MW
5 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar 51 MW
15 Mvar
14.3 Mvar
33 MW
10 Mvar
15 MW
3 Mvar
23 MW
6 Mvar 14 MW
3 Mvar
4.8 Mvar
7.2 Mvar
12.8 Mvar
29.0 Mvar
7.4 Mvar
20.8 Mvar
92 MW
10 Mvar
20 MW
8 Mvar
150 MW
0 Mvar
17 MW
3 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
14 MW
4 Mvar
1.010 pu
0.0 Mvar
System Losses: 11.51 MW
22
Real-sized Power Flow Cases
Real power flow studies are usually done with
cases with many thousands of buses
Outside of ERCOT, buses are usually grouped into
various balancing authority areas, with each area
doing its own interchange control.
Cases also model a variety of different
automatic control devices, such as generator
reactive power limits, load tap changing
transformers, phase shifting transformers,
switched capacitors, HVDC transmission lines,
and (potentially) FACTS devices. 23
Sparse Matrices and Large Systems
Since for realistic power systems the model sizes
are quite large, this means the Y
bus
and Jacobian
matrices are also large.
However, most elements in these matrices are
zero, therefore special techniques, sparse
matrix/vector methods, are used to store the
values and solve the power flow:
Without these techniques large systems would be
essentially unsolvable.
24
Eastern Interconnect Example
Peoria
Rockford
Nort h Chi cago
Abbot t Labs Park U. S. N Trai ni ng
Ol d El m
Deerf i el d
Nort hbrook
Lakehurst
Waukegan
Zi on
Gurnee
Ant i och
Pl easant
Round Lake
Zi on (138 kV)
Lake Zuri ch
Lest hon
Apt aki si c
Buf f al o Groove
Wheel i ng
Prospect Hei ght s
Pal at i ne
Arl i ngt on
Mount Prospect
Prospect
Gol f Mi l l
Des Pl ai nes
El mhurst
I t asca
Garf i el d
Tol l way
W407 ( Fermi )
Wi l son
Barri ngt on
D undee
Si l ver Lake
Cherry Val l ey
Wempl eton
Nel son
H -471 (NW Steel )
Paddock
Ponti ac Mi dpoi nt
Brai dwood
State Li ne
Shef i el d
Chi ave
Munster
St. John
El ect ri c Junct i on
Pl ano
La Sal l e
Lombard
Li sl e
Col l i ns
D resden
Lockport
East Frankf ort
Goodi ngs Grove
Li bert yvi l l e 345 kV Li bert yvi l l e 138 kV
Lake George
D unacr
Green Acres
Schahf er
Tower Rd
Babcock
Hei ght s
Prai ri e
Raci ne
Mi chi gan Ci ty
El wood
D equi ne
Loui sa
East Mol i ne
Sub 91
Wal cott
D avenport
Sub 92
Rock Crk.
Sal em
GILMAN
WATSEKA 17GOD LND
ELPASO T
MINONK T
OGLESBY
1556A TP OTTAWA T
OGLSBY M
OGLES; T
H ENNEPIN
ESK TAP
LTV TP N LTV TP E
H ENNE; T
LTV STL
PRINC TP
PRINCTN
RICH LAND
KEWAN IP
S ST TAP
GALESBRG
NORMA; B NORMA; R
R FAL; R
MONMOUTH
GALESBR5
KEWAN;
H ALLOCK
CAT MOSS FARGO
SPNG BAY
E PEORIA
RSW EAST
PIONEERC
RAD NOR
CAT TAP
CAT SUB1
SB 18 5
E MOLINE
SB 43 5
SB 112 5
KPECKTP5
SO. SUB 5
SB 85 5
SB 31T 5
SB 28 5
SB 17 5
SB 49 5
SB 53 5
SB 47 5 SB 48 5
SB A 5
SB 70 5
SB 79 5
SB 88 5
SB 71 5
BVR CH 65 BVR CH 5 ALBANY 5
YORK 5
SAVANNA5
GALENA 5
8TH ST. 5
LORE 5
SO. GVW. 5
SALEM N5
ALBANY 6
GARD E;
H 71 ; BT
H 71 ; B
H 71 ; R
R FAL; B
NELSO; R
NELSO; RT
STERL; B
D IXON; BT
MECCORD 3
CORD O;
Quad Ci ti es
LEECO; BP
Byron
MARYL; B
MEND O; T
STILL; RT
B427 ; 1T
LANCA; R
PECAT; B
FREEP;
ELERO; BT ELERO; RT
LENA ; R LENA ; B
H 440 ; RT
H 440 ; R
STEWA; B
H 445 ; 3B
Roscoe
Pi erpont
S PEC; R
FORD A; R
H arl em
Sand Park
NWT 138
BLK 138
ROR 138
JAN 138
ALB 138
NOM 138
D AR 138
H LM 138
POT 138 MRE 138
COR 138 D IK 138
BCH 138
Sabrooke
Bl awkhawk
Al pi ne
E. Rockf ord
Charl es
Bel vi dere
B465
Marengo
WIB 138
WBT 138 ELK 138
NLG 138
NLK GV T
SGR CK5
BRLGTN1
BRLGTN2
SGR CK4
UNIVRSTY
UNIV NEU
WH TWTR5
WH TWTR4
WH TWTR3
SUN 138
VIK 138
LBT 138
TICH IGN PARIS WE
ALBERS-2
C434
El mwood
Ni l es
Evanst on
Devon
Rose Hi l l
Skoki e
Nort hwest
Dri ver
Ford Ci ty
H ayf ord
Sawyer
Nort hri dge
Hi ggi ns Des Pl ai nes
Frankl i n Park
Oak Park
Ri dgel and
D799
Gal ewood
Y450
Congress
Rockwel l Cl ybourn
Quarry
Lasal l e
State
Crosby
Ki ngsbury
Jef f erson
Ohi o
Tayl or
Cl i nt
D ekov
Fi sk
Crawf ord
Uni versi ty
Ri ver
Z-494
Washi ngton Park
H arbor
Cal umet
H egewi sch
Z-715
South H ol l and
Evergreen
D amen
Wal l ace
Beverl y
G3851
Z-524
G3852
Wi l dwood
H arvey
Green Lake
Sand Ri dge
Chi cago H ei ghts
Burnham
Lansi ng
F-575
F-503
Gl enwood
Bl oom
Park Forest Matteson
Country Cl ub H i l l s
Al t GE
Nat oma
Woodhi l l U. Park
Moken
McHenry
Cryst al Lake
Al gonqui n
Hunt l ey
P Val
Woodstock
Bl ue Isl and
G394
Al si p
Crestwood
K-319 #1
K-319 #2
Bradl ey
Kankakee
D avi s Creek
Wi l mi ngton
Wi l ton Center
Frankf ort
N Len
Bri gg
Oakbrook
D owners Groove
Woodri dge
W604
W603
Bol i ngbrook
Sugar Grove
W. De Kal b Gl i dden
N Aurora
El gi n
Hanover
Spaul di ng Bart l et t
Hof f man Est at es
S. Schaumberg
Tonne
Landm Busse
Schaumberg
Howard
Berkel ey
Bel l wood
La Grange
Church
Addi son
Nordi Gl endal e
Gl en El l yn
But t e
York Cent er
D775
Bedf ord Park
Cl earni ng
Sayre
Bri dgevi ew
Ti nl ey Park
Roberts
Pal os
Romeo
Wi l l ow
Burr Ri dge
Jo456
J322
Sout h El gi n Wayne
West Chi cago
Aurora
Warrenvi l l e
W507
Montgomery
Oswego
Wol f Creek
Frontenac
W600 ( Napervi l l e)
W602
W601 J307
Sandwi ch
Wat erman
J323
Mason
J-371
J-375
J-339
Streator
Marsei l l es Lasal l e
N LASAL
Mendota
J370
Shore
Goose Lake
J-305
J-390
J-326
Pl ai nf i el d
J-332
Archer
Bel l Road
Wi l l Co.
H i l l crest Rockdal e
Jol i et
Kendra
Crete
Upnor
LAKEVIEW
BAIN 4
Kenosha
SOMERS
ST RITA
BIG BEND
MUKWONGO
NED 138
NED 161
LAN 138
EEN 138
CASVILL5
TRK RIV5
LIBERTY5
ASBURY 5
CNTRGRV5
JULIAN 5
MQOKETA5
E CALMS5
GR MND 5
D EWITT 5
SBH YC5
SUB 77 5
SB 74 5 SB 90 5
SB 78 5
D AVNPRT5
SB 76 5
SB 58 5
SB 52 5
SB 89 5
IPSCO 5
IPSCO 3
NEWPORT5
H WY61 5
WEST 5
9 SUB 5
TRIPP
Z-100
Orl an
Kenda
MPWSPLIT
WYOMING5
MT VERN5
BERTRAM5
PCI 5
SB JIC 5
SB UIC 5
-0. 40 deg
2. 35 deg
-13. 3 deg -13. 4 deg
McCook
-1. 1 deg
1. 9 deg
0. 6 deg
93%
B
MVA
105%
B
MVA
Example, which models the Eastern Interconnect
contains about 43,000 buses.
25
Solution Log for 1200 MW Outage
In this example the
losss of a 1200 MW
generator in Northern
Illinois was simulated.
This caused
a generation imbalance
in the associated
balancing authority
area, which was
corrected by a
redispatch of local
generation.
26
Interconnected Operation
Power systems are interconnected across
large distances.
For example most of North America east of
the Rockies is one system, most of North
America west of the Rockies is another.
Most of Texas and Quebec are each
interconnected systems.
27
Balancing Authority Areas
A balancing authority area (previously called a
control area) has traditionally represented the
portion of the interconnected electric grid
operated by a single utility or transmission
entity.
Transmission lines that join two areas are known
as tie-lines.
The net power out of an area is the sum of the
flow on its tie-lines.
The flow out of an area is equal to

total gen - total load - total losses = tie-line flow
28
Area Control Error (ACE)
The area control error is a combination of:
the deviation of frequency from nominal, and
the difference between the actual flow out of an
area and the scheduled flow.
That is, the area control error (ACE) is the
difference between the actual flow out of an
area and the scheduled flow, plus a
frequency component:

29
actual tie-line flow sched
ACE 10 P P f | = + A
Area Control Error (ACE)
Ideally the ACE should always be zero.
Because the load is constantly changing,
each area must constantly change its
generation to drive the ACE towards zero.
For ERCOT, the historical ten control areas
were amalgamated into one in 2001, so the
actual and scheduled interchange are
essentially the same (both small compared
to total demand in ERCOT).
In ERCOT, ACE is predominantly due to
frequency deviations from nominal.

30
Automatic Generation Control
Most systems use automatic generation
control (AGC) to automatically change
generation to keep their ACE close to zero.
Usually the control center (either ISO or
utility) calculates ACE based upon tie-line
flows and frequency; then the AGC module
sends control signals out to the generators
every four seconds or so.
31
Power Transactions
Power transactions are contracts between
generators and loads.
Contracts can be for any amount of time at
any price for any amount of power.
Scheduled power transactions between
balancing areas are called interchange and
implemented by modifying the value of P
sched

used in the ACE calculation:
ACE = P
actual

tie-line flow
P
sched

and then controlling the generation to bring
ACE towards zero.
32
Physical power Transactions
For ERCOT, interchange is only relevant over
asynchronous connections between ERCOT
and Eastern Interconnection or Mexico.
In Eastern and Western Interconnection,
interchange occurs between areas connected
by AC lines.
33
Three Bus Case on AGC:
no interchange.
Bus 2 Bus 1
Bus 3
Home Area
266 MW
133 MVR
150 MW
250 MW
34 MVR
166 MVR
133 MW
67 MVR
1.00 PU
-40 MW
8 MVR
40 MW
-8 MVR
-77 MW
25 MVR
78 MW
-21 MVR
39 MW
-11 MVR
-39 MW
12 MVR
1.00 PU
1.00 PU
101 MW
5 MVR
100 MW
AGC ON
AVR ON
AGC ON
AVR ON
Net tie-line flow is
close to zero
Generation
is automatically
changed to match
change in load
34
100 MW Transaction between
areas in Eastern or Western
Bus 2 Bus 1
Bus 3
Home Area
Scheduled Transactions
225 MW
113 MVR
150 MW
291 MW
8 MVR
138 MVR
113 MW
56 MVR
1.00 PU
8 MW
-2 MVR
-8 MW
2 MVR
-84 MW
27 MVR
85 MW
-23 MVR
93 MW
-25 MVR
-92 MW
30 MVR
1.00 PU
1.00 PU
0 MW
32 MVR
100 MW
AGC ON
AVR ON
AGC ON
AVR ON
100.0 MW
Scheduled
100 MW
Transaction from Left to Right
Net tie-line
flow is now
100 MW
35
PTDFs
Power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs)
show the linearized impact of a transfer of
power.
PTDFs calculated using the fast decoupled
power flow B matrix:

1
Once we know we can derive the change in
the transmission line flows.
Note that we can modify several elements in ,
in proportion to how the specified generators would
participate in the po

A = A
A
A
B P

P
wer transfer.
36
Nine Bus PTDF Example
10%
60%
55%
64%
57%
11%
74%
24%
32%
A
G
B
C
D
E
I
F
H
300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW
250.0 MW
250.0 MW
200.0 MW
250.0 MW
150.0 MW
150.0 MW
44%
71%

0.00 deg
71.1 MW
92%
Figure shows initial flows for a nine bus power system
37
Nine Bus PTDF Example, cont'd
43%
57%
13%
35%
20%
10%
2%
34%
34%
32%
A
G
B
C
D
E
I
F
H
300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW
250.0 MW
250.0 MW
200.0 MW
250.0 MW
150.0 MW
150.0 MW
34%
30%

0.00 deg
71.1 MW
Figure now shows percentage PTDF flows for a change in transaction from A to I
38
Nine Bus PTDF Example, cont'd
6%
6%
12%
61%
12%
6%
19%
21%
21%
A
G
B
C
D
E
I
F
H
300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW
250.0 MW
250.0 MW
200.0 MW
250.0 MW
150.0 MW
150.0 MW
20%
18%

0.00 deg
71.1 MW
Figure now shows percentage PTDF flows for a change in transaction from G to F
39
WE to TVA PTDFs
40
Line Outage Distribution Factors
(LODFs)
LODFs are used to approximate the change in
the flow on one line caused by the outage of a
second line
typically they are only used to determine the
change in the MW flow compared to the pre-
contingency flow
LODFs are used extensively in real-time operations
LODFs are approximately independent of flows
but do depend on the assumed network topology

41
Line Outage Distribution Factors
(LODFs)
42
,
change in flow on line ,
due to outage of line .
pre-contingency flow on line
l
k
l l k k
P l
k
P k
P LODF P
A =
=
A ~
Line Outage Distribution Factors
(LODFs)
43
,
,
If line had 100 MW of flow on it,
and line had 50 MW flow on it,
and then there was an outage of line ,
if =0.1 then the increase in flow
on line would be:
0.1 100 10 M
k
l
l k
l l k k
k P
l P
k
LODF
l
P LODF P
=
=
A ~ = = W
from 50 MW to 60 MW.
Flowgates
The real-time loading of the power grid can be
assessed via flowgates.
A flowgate flow is the real power flow on
one or more transmission elements for either
base case conditions or a single contingency
Flows in the event of a contingency are
approximated in terms of pre-contingency flows
using LODFs.
44
Flowgates
Limits due to voltage or stability limits are
often represented by effective flowgate limits,
which are acting as proxies for these other
types of limits.
Flowgate limits are also often used to
represent thermal constraints on corridors of
multiple lines between zones or areas.
The inter-zonal constraints that were used in
ERCOT until December 2010 are flowgates
that represent inter-zonal corridors of lines.
45