Guidance Note 3

Pollution Prevention and Abatement

July 31, 2007

This Guidance Note 3 corresponds to Performance Standard 3. Please also refer to the
Performance Standards 1, 2 and 4-8 as well as the corresponding Guidance Notes for
additional information. Bibliographical information on all reference materials appearing in the
text of this Guidance Note can be found in the References Section at the end.

Introduction

1. Performance Standard 3 recognizes that increased industrial activity and urbanization

often generate increased levels of pollution to air, water, and land that may threaten people
and the environment at the local, regional, and global level.1 On the other hand, along with
international trade, pollution prevention and control technologies and practices have
become more accessible and achievable in virtually all parts of the world. This Performance
Standard outlines a project approach to pollution prevention and abatement in line with
these internationally disseminated technologies and practices. In addition, this
Performance Standard promotes the private sector’s ability to integrate such technologies
and practices as far as their use is technically and financially feasible and cost-effective in
the context of a project that relies on commercially available skills and resources.

Objectives

ƒ To avoid or minimize adverse impacts on human health and the environment by

avoiding or minimizing pollution from project activities
ƒ To promote the reduction of emissions that contribute to climate change
_________________________
1
For the purposes of this performance standard, the term “pollution” is used to refer to both hazardous and non-
hazardous pollutants in the solid, liquid, or gaseous forms, and is intended to include other forms such as
nuisance odors, noise, vibration, radiation, electromagnetic energy, and the creation of potential visual impacts
including light.

G1. To achieve these objectives, clients should take into account the potential impact of their
emissions on the ambient conditions (such as ambient air quality) and seek to avoid or minimize
these impacts within the context of the nature and significance of pollutants emitted. For small
and medium–sized projects with limited potential emissions, this may be achieved through
compliance with emissions and effluent standards and the application of other pollution
prevention and control approaches. Large projects with potentially significant emissions and /or
high impacts, however, may require impacts on the surrounding environment (i.e., changes in
ambient levels) to be monitored, in addition to the implementation of control measures. Further
information on how to address ambient conditions is provided in paragraph 9 of Performance
Standard 3 and its accompanying Guidance Note.

G2. The potential environmental impacts associated with the emissions of greenhouse gases
(GHGs) are considered to be among the most complex to predict and mitigate due to their
global nature. Clients are therefore encouraged to consider their potential contribution to
climate change when developing and implementing projects and develop a strategy to help
reduce it.

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Scope of Application

2. The applicability of this Performance Standard is established during the Social and
Environmental Assessment process, while implementation of the actions necessary to meet
the requirements of this Performance Standard is managed through the client’s Social and
Environmental Management System. The assessment and management system
requirements are outlined in Performance Standard 1.

G3. Impacts and risks associated with the generation, use, storage, release, and/or disposal
of pollutants are identified during the Social and Environmental Assessment process, planned
as part of the client’s Social and Environmental Management, and implemented as part of the
client’s Action Plan. Since not all potential impacts can possibly be identified at the outset of a
project, the client should uphold the requirements of pollution prevention and abatement
provided in Performance Standard 3 as part of its Management System so that those
unforeseen circumstances that are identified during the course of the project can be evaluated
and addressed.

Requirements

General Requirements
3. During the design, construction, operation and decommissioning of the project (the
project life-cycle) the client will consider ambient conditions and apply pollution prevention
and control technologies and practices (techniques) that are best suited to avoid or, where
avoidance is not feasible, minimize or reduce adverse impacts on human health and the
environment while remaining technically and financially feasible and cost-effective.2 The
project-specific pollution prevention and control techniques applied during the project life-
cycle will be tailored to the hazards and risks associated with project emissions and
consistent with good international industry practice,3 as reflected in various internationally
recognized sources, including IFC’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (the EHS
Guidelines).
_________________________
2 “Technical feasibility” and “financial feasibility” are defined in Performance Standard 1. “Cost-effectiveness” is
based on the effectiveness of reducing emissions relative to the additional cost required to do so.
3
Defined as the exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence and foresight that would reasonably be
expected from skilled and experienced professionals engaged in the same type of undertaking under the same
or similar circumstances globally. The circumstances that skilled and experienced professionals may find when
evaluating the range of pollution prevention and control techniques available to a project may include, but are
not limited to, varying levels of environmental degradation and environmental assimilative capacity as well as
varying levels of financial and technical feasibility.

(i) Development of a new project (including major expansion of an existing operation)

G4. Clients developing new projects or major expansions should incorporate environmental
aspects of the project during the design phase (including project design and site selection).
Considerations should include background ambient conditions (that may occur due to natural
and/or anthropogenic causes not related to the project), the presence of local communities,
environmentally sensitive receptors (such as potable water supplies or ecologically protected

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areas), the expected project demand for water, and the availability of waste disposal
infrastructure.

G5. Key environmental impacts can occur at any phase of a project and depend on a
number of factors including industry sector and site location. Therefore, the design approach
should encompass all physical phases of a project, from site investigation and construction
through operation to decommissioning. Potential future expansions should be accounted for in
the initial design, where possible.

G6. Environmental aspects of the decommissioning stage should be also considered, both
during initial design and during periodic reviews undertaken as part of the management system.

(ii) Privatizations, modernizations, and retrofits of existing facilities:

G7. If clients do not have the opportunity to incorporate these environmental aspects into the
design phase because a project involves or consists of existing facilities, they are expected to
evaluate the feasibility of meeting the requirements of Performance Standard 3, and seek to
improve performance through mutually agreed milestones included in the Action Plan.

G8. Clients with existing operations should assess possibilities for investing in environmental
and risk management improvements by performing relevant studies including industrial risk
assessment or hazard and operability studies, taking into account facility operations at full load
under routine circumstances including intermittent exceedances during startups, shutdowns,
and warm-up periods.

Pollution Prevention, Resource Conservation and Energy Efficiency

4. The client will avoid the release of pollutants or, when avoidance is not feasible,
minimize or control the intensity or load of their release. This applies to the release of
pollutants due to routine, non-routine or accidental circumstances with the potential for
local, regional, and transboundary impacts.4 In addition, the client should examine and
incorporate in its operations resource conservation and energy efficiency measures,
consistent with the principles of cleaner production.
_________________________
4
In reference to transboundary pollutants, including those covered under the Convention on Long-range
Transboundary Air Pollution.

G9. Where control techniques are necessary to minimize emissions or achieve a pre-
established performance level, the client should monitor their performance to ensure that the
requirements of Performance Standard 3 are being met. The frequency with which pollutant
emissions are monitored should be appropriate to the nature and scale of potential impacts.
This may range from continuous to daily, monthly, annually, or less frequently. Clients can
obtain guidance on recommended monitoring approaches and frequencies appropriate to the
nature of their operations from various internationally recognized sources including the EHS
Guidelines (as included in the References section). Monitoring emissions can benefit clients by:
1) demonstrating their compliance with environmental permits or other legal obligations;
2) providing information to evaluate project performance and determine if corrective actions are
necessary; 3) helping to identify opportunities for further improvement; and 4) by making data

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available for analysis of actual incremental impacts on the ambient levels (especially for projects
with potentially significant emissions impacts).

G10. Monitoring is particularly important for large projects with impacts that may be uncertain
and potentially irreversible and consequently in need of more frequent evaluation of emissions
levels or ambient quality. In addition, clients should include monitoring processes within their
management system to alert them to significant increases in pollutant emissions or impacts on
ambient conditions that may be an indicator of problems with manufacturing processes or
pollution control equipment that could require corrective action (see Performance Standard 1
and its accompanying Guidance Note).

G11. The management systems approach may also include an element of continual
improvement which, in the application of Performance Standard 3, should encourage
performance levels that go beyond compliance with emissions and effluent standards or
guidelines. Improvements may include efficiency gains in production processes that result in
improved operational, environmental, or financial performance through, for example,
improvements in energy/water consumption per unit of industrial output and solid/liquid waste
production per unit of industrial output.

G12. Pollutant release and transfer registers that collect and disseminate data on
environmental releases and transfers of pollutants from industrial facilities have been found to
be effective for promoting pollution reduction in some industrial sectors – particularly where all
or most industrial facilities operating within a geographic region participate and where the
information is made accessible to local communities. Where such registries are not already
required by law, and in addition to meeting the disclosure requirements of Performance
Standard 1 for disclosure of significant potential environmental impacts, clients are encouraged
to participate in voluntary initiatives that seek to establish formal pollutant release and transfer
registers at the national or regional levels. A reference for additional information on pollutant
release and transfer registers is included in the References section.

G13. Cleaner production refers to the concept of integrating pollution reduction into the
production process and the design of a product. This involves continuous application of an
integrated preventive environmental strategy to processes, products, and services in order to
increase overall efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment through the
conservation of raw materials, water and energy, and through the reduction or elimination of the
use of toxic and hazardous raw materials. 1 Cleaner production can also mean taking advantage
of renewable energy sources such as solar energy and geothermal resources. Cleaner
production and energy efficiency are often cost-effective, especially when assessed over the
project life-cycle. The client is encouraged to keep abreast of cleaner production examples
applicable to its project sector and apply them to the design of the project when technically and
financially feasible and cost-effective. References to various examples of cleaner production
are included in the References section. Additional guidance is provided in the General EHS
Guidelines and Industry Sector EHS Guidelines.

G14. Examples of energy efficiency measures include more energy efficient electricity
generation, cogeneration to achieve overall energy utilization efficiency, and the installation of

1
United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP)

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more energy efficient demand-side equipment (e.g. electric motors, heaters, lighting fixtures,
etc.). Opportunities for demand-side energy savings with financial benefits are common to
almost all industry sectors. Examples of renewable energy sources include solar power, hydro,
wind, certain types of geothermal, and biomass. Renewable energy sources are particularly
beneficial when they can be used in project operations that include an energy generation
component that would otherwise produce potentially significant emissions.

Wastes
5. The client will avoid or minimize the generation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste
materials as far as practicable. Where waste generation cannot be avoided but has been
minimized, the client will recover and reuse waste; where waste can not be recovered or
reused, the client will treat, destroy, and dispose of it in an environmentally sound manner.
If the generated waste is considered hazardous,5 the client will explore commercially
reasonable alternatives for its environmentally sound disposal considering the limitations
applicable to its transboundary movement.6 When waste disposal is conducted by third
parties, the client will use contractors that are reputable and legitimate enterprises licensed
by the relevant regulatory agencies.
_________________________
5
As defined by local legislation or international conventions.
6
Consistent with the objectives of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes.

G15. Because of the risks to the environment and the ever-increasing costs and liabilities
associated with the management and disposal of waste material, Performance Standard 3
requires clients to investigate options for waste avoidance, waste recovery and waste disposal
during the operational stage of the project. The level of effort in addressing this requirement
depends on the risks associated with the waste materials generated by a project. Clients
should reasonably inquire about the location of the final disposal of their waste, even if the
disposal is conducted by a third party, and especially if the waste is considered to be hazardous
to human health and the environment. If no suitable disposal method is available through
commercial or other means, the client should develop their own recovery or disposal facilities or
work through their local business association or other similar entity to identify viable alternatives
or approaches. Additional guidance is provided in the General EHS Guidelines and Industry
Sector EHS Guidelines.

G16. In cases where the waste treatment, storage, or disposal alternative selected has the
potential to generate polluting emissions, the client should apply adequate control techniques to
avoid, minimize or reduce these emissions according to the requirements of paragraphs 4, 10
and 11 of Performance Standard 3. Further information on the environmentally sound handling
and disposal of wastes can be found in the EHS Guidelines as referred to in paragraph 8 of
Performance Standard 3 and its accompanying Guidance Note, as well as numerous
publications in support of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and in support of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (see the References Section).

Hazardous Materials
6. The client will avoid or, when avoidance is not feasible, minimize or control the release
of hazardous materials resulting from their production, transportation, handling, storage
and use for project activities. The client will avoid the manufacture, trade, and use of

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chemicals and hazardous materials subject to international bans or phase-outs due to their
high toxicity to living organisms, environmental persistence, potential for bioaccumulation,
or potential for depletion of the ozone layer,7 and consider the use of less hazardous
substitutes for such chemicals and materials.
_________________________
7 Consistent with the objectives of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Similar considerations will apply to certain World Health
Organization (WHO) classes of pesticides.

G17. Because the best way to prevent the release of hazardous materials is to avoid using
them in the first place, clients should explore opportunities throughout the project life-cycle to
use non-hazardous materials in place of hazardous materials, especially where the hazards of
the materials cannot easily be prevented under normal use and disposal at the end of their life
cycle. Substitutions have been found, for example, for the use of asbestos in building materials,
PCBs in electrical equipment, persistent organic pollutants in pesticides formulations, and ozone
depleting substances in refrigeration systems. A reference to guidelines on ozone depletion
substances is included in the References section.

G18. Where a project has the potential to release toxic, hazardous, flammable or explosive
material, or where project operations could result in injury to plant personnel or the public as
identified in the Social and Environmental Assessment, the client should conduct a hazard
analysis of their operations. Hazard analysis is often conducted in conjunction with Hazard and
Operability studies (HAZOP) and allows clients to systematically identify systems and
procedures that could result in accidental pollutant release and also helps to prioritize the
allocation of resources for emergency response equipment and training programs.

G19. Clients should review the list of active ingredients included in Annex A and B of the
Stockholm Convention and ensure that no chemical formulations are manufactured, sold or
used in the project that include these ingredients unless it is under the highly exceptional
circumstances noted in Annexes A and B of the Stockholm Convention. Persistent Organic
Pollutants are chemicals that have five characteristics of environmental and public health
concern: they are toxic, long-lived, mobile, accumulate in fatty tissue and magnify in the food
chain. Their high mobility makes them a global issue, while their other properties mean that they
are hazardous to animal and human health even at low levels of exposure. Where projects
have pre-existing involvement with such ingredients, including the presence of existing
stockpiles of obsolete chemicals, the Action Plan should include a phase-out plan for the client
to meet Performance Standard 3 in a reasonable amount of time. Clients should manage and
ultimately dispose of PCBs identified on the project site, in an environmentally sound manner,
according to the terms of the Stockholm Convention. Further guidance on the management and
disposal of PCBs can be found in the EHS Guidelines.

G20. The client should also minimize the unintentional generation and release such as by
incineration, of chemicals listed in Annex C of the Stockholm Convention, as outlined in that
Annex. Guidance on how to identify, quantify and reduce emissions of Annex C chemicals from
potentially significant sources is included in the publications in support of the Stockholm
Convention as included in the References section. Due to its association with the unintentional
release of persistent organic pollutants, primarily through the incineration of mixed waste
streams containing PVC products, when developing projects that manufacture PVC products,

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clients should weigh the overall benefits of the project against costs, including those to the
environment and the communities.

G21. The client should also review the list of chemicals included in Annex III of the Rotterdam
Convention of Prior Informed Consent for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in
International Trade (See the References Section) and seek to prevent their manufacture, trade
and use. These chemicals are listed in this international convention because their use has been
banned or severely restricted in one or more national jurisdictions in order to protect human
health and the environment. The list also includes some pesticide formulations considered
severely hazardous due to their severe health or environmental effects.

Emergency Preparedness and Response

7. The client will be prepared to respond to process upset, accidental, and emergency
situations in a manner appropriate to the operational risks and the need to prevent their
potential negative consequences. This preparation will include a plan that addresses the
training, resources, responsibilities, communication, procedures, and other aspects
required to effectively respond to emergencies associated with project hazards. Additional
requirements on emergency preparedness and response are found in paragraph 12 of
Performance Standard 4.

G22. While the emergency preparedness and response requirements of Performance

Standard 3 refer to the contingencies that could affect personnel and facilities within the
physical project boundaries, clients should also take into account the need to protect the health
and safety of project workers (as noted in paragraph 16 of Performance Standard 2) and the
affected community (as noted in Performance Standard 4) and address emergency
preparedness and response in an integrated way. Whether clients are developing a new project
or expanding an existing facility, they should address contingencies associated with process
upset and accidental circumstances through the use of emergency response plans or other
similar tools appropriate to the specific industry sector, as part of the Action Plan. Additional
guidance is provided in the General EHS Guidelines and Industry Sector EHS Guidelines.

G23. Effective emergency response plans help clients prepare for the best outcomes while
assuming the worst possible scenarios. They include clearly assigned responsibilities for the
assessment of the degree of risk to life and property with procedures on whom to communicate
different types of emergencies with and how. These plans should also include procedures for
shutting down equipment and production processes and for evacuations, including a designated
meeting place outside the project site. Additionally, effective emergency plans should include
specific training and practice schedules and equipment requirements for employees who are
responsible for rescue operations, medical duties, hazardous responses, fire fighting and other
responses specific to project site. Further guidance on minimizing the occurrence and harmful
effects of technological accidents and environmental emergencies can be found in the
References section.

Technical Guidance
8. The client will refer to the current version of the EHS Guidelines when evaluating and
selecting pollution prevention and control techniques for the project. These Guidelines
contain the performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable and applicable to
projects. When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in

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the EHS Guidelines, clients will achieve whichever is more stringent. If less stringent levels
or measures are appropriate in view of specific project circumstances, the client will provide
full and detailed justification for any proposed alternatives. This justification will
demonstrate that the choice for any alternate performance levels is consistent with the
overall requirements of this Performance Standard.

G24. The client should refer to the current versions of the EHS Guidelines when evaluating
and selecting pollution prevention and control techniques for the project. These documents
contain the performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable to IFC and are
generally considered to be achievable at reasonable costs by existing technology. The
discharge effluent, air emissions, and other numerical guidelines and performance indicators as
well as other prevention and control approaches included in the EHS Guidelines are considered
to be default values applicable to new projects, though the application of alternate performance
levels and measures may be considered. As described in Performance Standard 3, clients that
request application of alternate performance levels of measures (typically for projects involving
existing facilities with older equipment and pollution control technologies) must provide
justification and explanation for any levels or measures that are less stringent than those
identified in the EHS Guidelines and demonstrate consideration of impacts to ambient quality,
human health, and the environment. The EHS Guidelines also provide general or industry-
specific information relevant to the Occupational Health and Safety aspects of Performance
Standard 2, Community Health and Safety aspects of Performance Standard 4, and Biodiversity
Conservation and Natural Resource Management under Performance Standard 6.

G25. Clients with projects having significant emissions or whose operations are in already
degraded environments should also strive to improve their performance beyond the
performance levels and measures articulated in the EHS Guidelines.

Ambient Considerations
9. To address adverse project impacts on existing ambient conditions,8 the client will:
(i) consider a number of factors, including the finite assimilative capacity9 of the
environment, existing and future land use, existing ambient conditions, the project’s
proximity to ecologically sensitive or protected areas, and the potential for cumulative
impacts with uncertain and irreversible consequences; and (ii) promote strategies that avoid
or, where avoidance is not feasible, minimize or reduce the release of pollutants, including
strategies that contribute to the improvement of ambient conditions when the project has
the potential to constitute a significant source of emissions in an already degraded area.
These strategies include, but are not limited to, evaluation of project location alternatives
and emissions offsets.
_________________________
8
Such as air, surface and groundwater, and soils.
9
The capacity of the environment for absorbing an incremental load of pollutants while remaining below a
threshold of unacceptable risk to human health and the environment.

(i) Development of a new project (including major expansion of an existing operation):

G26. When developing a new project that is expected to produce potentially significant
emissions of pollutants, clients should evaluate whether the existing background ambient levels
are in compliance with the relevant ambient quality guidelines and/or standards. Ambient

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quality standards are ambient quality levels established and published through national
legislative and regulatory processes, and ambient quality guidelines refer to ambient quality
levels primarily developed through clinical, toxicological, and epidemiological evidence (such as
those published by the World Health Organization).

G27. If the ambient levels exceed the relevant ambient quality guidelines or standards (i.e.,
ambient conditions are already deteriorated), clients are expected to demonstrate that they have
explored and, if necessary, adopted a higher level of performance than would be otherwise
required under less deteriorated ambient conditions as well as further mitigation measures (e.g.
offsetting emissions, modifying site selection) in order to minimize further deterioration of the
environment or preferably to achieve improvement. If ambient levels are in compliance with
relevant ambient quality guidelines and/or standards, projects with potentially significant
emissions of pollutants should be designed so as to reduce the potential for significant
deterioration and to ensure continuing compliance. References to internationally-recognized
ambient quality guidelines and standards (including those published by the World Health
Organization) are included in the References section.

(ii) Privatizations, modernizations, and retrofits of existing facilities:

G28. Where a project that is expected to produce potentially significant emissions of pollutants
involves the privatization, modernization, or retrofit of an existing facility, clients are encouraged
to evaluate whether the current ambient conditions are in compliance with the ambient quality
guidelines and/or standards. If the levels exceed the ambient quality guidelines and/or
standards, and if the existing facility is one of the major sources of emissions affecting such
exceedances, clients are encouraged to evaluate feasibility of options to reduce emissions and
implement selected options (e.g. rehabilitation of existing operations, arranging emissions
offsets outside project boundary) so that the already deteriorated ambient conditions will be
improved targeting the relevant ambient quality guidelines and/or standards.

(iii) Projects located in or near ecologically sensitive areas:

G29. Clients with projects whose area of influence includes ecologically sensitive areas such
as national parks should implement measures to avoid or minimize their incremental impacts on
these areas to the extent technically and financially feasible and cost effective.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

10. The client will promote the reduction of project-related greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in a manner appropriate to the nature and scale of project operations and
impacts.

11. During the development or operation of projects that are expected to or currently
produce significant quantities of GHGs,10 the client will quantify direct emissions from the
facilities owned or controlled within the physical project boundary and indirect emissions
associated with the off-site production of power used by the project. Quantification and
monitoring of GHG emissions will be conducted annually in accordance with internationally
recognized methodologies.11 In addition, the client will evaluate technically and financially
feasible and cost-effective options to reduce or offset project-related GHG emissions during
the design and operation of the project. These options may include, but are not limited to,

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carbon financing, energy efficiency improvement, the use of renewable energy sources,
alterations of project design, emissions offsets, and the adoption of other mitigation
measures such as the reduction of fugitive emissions and the reduction of gas flaring.
_________________________
10
The significance of a project’s contribution to GHG emissions varies between industry sectors. The threshold
for this Performance Standard is 100,000 metric tons CO2 equivalent per year for the aggregate emissions of
direct sources and indirect sources associated with purchased electricity for own consumption. This or similar
thresholds will apply to such industry sectors or activities as energy, transport, heavy industry, agriculture,
forestry, and waste management in order to help promote awareness and reduction of emissions.
11 Estimation methodologies are provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), various
international organizations, and relevant host country agencies.

G30. In order to determine the applicability of this requirement to a project, the client should
determine if the project falls into sectors that have the potential for emitting one or more of the
following six greenhouse gases that form part of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change:

(i) Carbon dioxide (CO2)

(ii) Methane (CH4)
(iii) Nitrous oxide (N2O)
(iv) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
(v) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
(vi) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

G31. Examples of sectors that have potentially significant emissions of greenhouse gases
include: energy, transport, heavy industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management.
Reduction and control options considered by clients in these and other sectors include:
(i) enhancement of energy efficiency, (ii) protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of
greenhouse gases, (iii) promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture and forestry, (iv)
promotion, development and increased use of renewable forms of energy, (v) carbon capture
and storage technologies, and (vi) limitation and/or reduction of methane emissions through
recovery and use in waste management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution
of energy (coal, oil, and gas). Carbon finance may create additional funding sources for
pursuing these reduction and control options. Illustrative examples of project activities that may
result in potentially significant emissions of GHGs can be found in Annex A

G32. Indirect emissions associated with the off-site production of power used by the project
can be estimated by using a national average GHG emissions performance for electricity
generation (e.g., national average of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of electricity generated
for the country). More project specific GHG emissions performance for electricity generation
should be used if available (e.g., utility average of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of
electricity generated for the utility from which the project purchases electricity). Several sources
providing statistics on national average GHG emissions are included in the References section.

G33. When developing a project that is expected to produce a significant emission of GHGs
the client should consider options to reduce or offset the GHGs, as described above. The use
of carbon financing as a carbon emissions reduction strategy may include the host government-
endorsed Clean Development Mechanism or Joint Implementation of the United Nations

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Framework Convention on Climate Change. For the oil and gas sector, the client should seek
to reduce flaring and venting of gas associated with the extraction of crude oil. Examples of
gas flaring reduction approaches taken by governments and the petroleum industry include the
Global Gas Flaring Reduction Public-Private Partnership sponsored by the World Bank Group.

G34. Clients are encouraged to disclose their GHG emissions annually through corporate
reports, or through other voluntary disclosure mechanisms currently being used by private
sector companies internationally of which an example has been included in the References
section.

G35. Suggested GHG quantifying and monitoring practices are provided in Annex A.

Pesticide Use and Management

12. The client will formulate and implement an integrated pest management (IPM) and/or
integrated vector management (IVM) approach for pest management activities. The client’s
IPM and IVM program will entail coordinated use of pest and environmental information
along with available pest control methods, including cultural practices, biological, genetic
and, as a last resort, chemical means to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage.

13. When pest management activities include the use of pesticides, the client will select
pesticides that are low in human toxicity, known to be effective against the target species,
and have minimal effects on non-target species and the environment. When the client
selects pesticides, the selection will be based on whether the pesticides are packaged in
safe containers, are clearly labeled for safe and proper use, and have been manufactured by
an entity currently licensed by relevant regulatory agencies.

14. The client will design its pesticide application regime to minimize damage to natural
enemies and prevent the development of resistance in pests. In addition, pesticides will be
handled, stored, applied, and disposed of in accordance with the Food and Agriculture
Organization’s International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides or
other good international industry practice.

15. The client will not use products that fall in World Health Organization Recommended
Classification of Pesticides by Hazard Classes Ia (extremely hazardous) and Ib (highly
hazardous); or Class II (moderately hazardous), if the project host country lacks restrictions
on distribution and use of these chemicals, or if they are likely to be accessible to personnel
without proper training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, apply, and dispose of
these products properly.

G36. Performance Standard 3 requires that the client use pesticides only to the extent
necessary to achieve the project objectives under an integrated pest management and
integrated vector management approach and only after other pest management practices have
failed or proven inefficient. In the event that the use of pesticides beyond isolated or incidental
use is proposed as an integral aspect of the client’s activities, the client should present evidence
in the Social and Environmental Assessment of the need to use pesticides that describes the
proposed use and intended users, and the nature and degree of associated risks. Under these
circumstances, clients should also take into consideration the potential impacts to the health
and resources of nearby communities as described in Performance Standard 4 and its

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accompanying Guidance Note. Relevant international guidelines on hazardous chemicals are

included in the References section.

G37. Clients who finance agricultural activities that require the use of pesticides by third
parties should promote the use of integrated pest management and integrated vector
management approaches through all feasible means of dissemination of information about
these agricultural approaches.

G38. The client is expected to exercise a high degree of diligence in the selection of
pesticides so that the pesticides selected are designed to meet the project’s technical and
scientific specifications. When selecting pesticides for use, the client should consider the need
for appropriate precautions to prevent the improper use of the pesticides and to protect the
health and safety of the project workers and the affected community in accordance with the
principles and requirements of paragraph 16 of Performance Standard 2 and Performance
Standard 4.

G39. The packaging requirements for pesticides of Performance Standard 3 are intended to
protect the health and safety of persons involved in the transportation, storage and handling of
the pesticides, and to reduce the need for transfer between containers or repackaging into
improvised containers. The labeling requirements should clearly identify the contents of the
packaging and include instructions for intended use as well as safety information. Packaging
and labeling of pesticides should be done in a form that is appropriate for each specific market,
but should follow the guidelines for the proper packaging and labeling of pesticides which have
been published by the Food and Agriculture Organization, as included in the References
section.

G40. Purchasing pesticides manufactured under license will increase the likelihood that the
pesticides meet minimum quality and purity conditions consistent with the use and safety
documentation provided. The client should refer to and follow the recommendations and
minimum standards described in the guidelines published by the Food and Agriculture
Organization, as included in the References section

G41. The storage, handling, application, and disposal of pesticides according to good
international industry practice should include a program to discontinue the use of pesticides
listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention, and to store and dispose of them in an
environmentally sound manner, especially when these pesticides are considered obsolete.

G42. The client should seek to promote the responsible management and use of pesticides
within the context of integrated pest management and integrated vector management by
interacting with the agricultural extension services or similar organizations that may be available
locally. Additional guidance is provided in the General EHS Guidelines and Industry Sector EHS
Guidelines.

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Annex A
Suggested GHG Quantifying and Monitoring Practice

Suggested GHG emissions estimation methodologies:

There are many greenhouse gas emission estimation methodologies available for use by private
sector projects. The most authoritative and updated methodologies can be found in the 2006
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines that
consist of Volume 1 (General Guidance and Reporting), Volume 2 (Energy), Volume 3
(Industrial Processes and Product Use), Volume 4 (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use)
and Volume 5 (Waste) provide suggested estimation methodologies for a number of activities
and sectors.

These 2006 IPCC Guidelines build on the previous Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the
subsequent Good Practice reports, and cover new sources and gases as well as updates to
previously published methods where technical and scientific knowledge have improved. Clients
with projects producing significant GHG emissions who were using the Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines are recommended to review these new 2006 IPCC Guidelines and to continue to
monitor the development of newer guidelines and supplemental documents by IPCC.

In addition to the IPCC Guidelines, clients with projects of significant GHG emissions may
depending on the type and sector of the project to best meet the objective of estimating and
reporting GHG emissions, refer to the several internationally-recognized greenhouse gas
emissions methodologies which can be found in the Reference section.

Illustrative examples of project activities that may result in potentially significant GHG emissions
(100,000 metric ton CO2 equivalent per year or more) have been included in the following table:

Sector / Project Projects with 100,000 Assumptions

metric ton CO2
equivalent per year
A: Direct Emissions
A-(i) Energy (Fossil Fuel Combustion)
Coal-fired combustion facility Coal consumption - Emission factor – 25.8 tC/TJ, Fraction of carbon
45,000 ton/yr (or 1,100 oxidized – 0.98, Net calorific value – 24.05
TJ/yr) TJ/1,000ton
Oil-fired combustion facility Oil consumption - 32,000 Emission factor – 21.1 tC/TJ, Fraction of carbon
ton/yr (or 1,300 TJ/yr) oxidized – 0.99, Net calorific value – 40.19
TJ/1,000ton
Gas-fired combustion facility Gas consumption - 36,000 Emission factor – 15.3 tC/TJ, Fraction of carbon
ton/yr (or 1,800 TJ/yr) oxidized – 0.995, Net calorific value – 50.03
TJ/1,000ton
A-(ii) Energy (Electricity Generation)
Coal-fired power generation Generating Capacity - World average emission factor in 2001-2003 –
18MW 893 gCO2/kWh, Annual capacity factor – 70%
Oil-fired power generation Generating Capacity - World average emission factor in 2001-2003 –
25MW 659 gCO2/kWh, Annual capacity factor – 70%
Gas-fired power generation Generating Capacity - World average emission factor in 2001-2003 –
41MW 395 gCO2/kWh, Annual capacity factor – 70%
A-(iii) Energy (Coal Mining)
Underground coal mining Coal production - 370,000 Emission factor – 17.5m3 CH4/ton of coal, 0.67

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ton coal/yr GgCH4/million m3

Surface coal mining Coal production - Emission factor – 2.45m3 CH4/ton of coal, 0.67
2,600,000 ton coal/yr GgCH4/million m3
A-(iv) Heavy Industry
Cement production Cement production - Emission factor – 0.4985 tCO2/t cement
201,000 ton cement/yr
Iron and steel production Iron / steel production - Emission factor – 1.6 tCO2/t iron or steel
63,000 ton iron or steel/yr
A-(v) Agriculture
Domestic livestock (dairy Livestock - 74,000 cattle Emission factor – 59 kgCH4/head/yr
cattle, Latin America)
Domestic livestock (dairy Livestock- 118,000 cattle Emission factor – 37 kgCH4/head/yr
cattle, Africa)
A-(vi) Forestry / Land Use Change
Conversion of fast growing Conversion area: 4,400 Annual average accumulation of dry matter as
hardwoods tropical forest ha biomass – 12.5 ton dm/ha/yr, carbon fraction of
dry matter – 0.5
Conversion of Douglas fir Conversion area: 9,100 Annual average accumulation of dry matter as
temperate forest ha biomass – 6.0 ton dm/ha/yr, carbon fraction of
dry matter – 0.5
A-(vii) Oil and Gas Production (Flaring only)
Natural Gas Production 83,000 million m3/yr CO2 emission factor of 1.2E-03 Gg per million
m3 gas production. Source: IPCC Guidelines
for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories,
Table 4.2.5 (2006)
Oil Production 2.4 million m3/yr CO2 emission factor of 4.1E-02 Gg per
3
thousand m oil production. Source: IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories, Table 4.2.5 (2006)
Associated Gas Flaring 1,400 million standard American Petroleum Institute (API)
cubic feet (SCF) gas Combustions Emissions Estimation Methods,
flaring/yr Exhibit 4.8 (2004)
B: Indirect Emissions (from Purchased Electricity)
Average Generation Mixture Electricity consumption - World average emission factor in 2001-2003 –
200 GWh/yr 494 gCO2/kWh
Coal-fired generation Electricity consumption - World average emission factor in 2001-2003 –
110 GWh/yr 893 gCO2/kWh
Oil-fired generation Electricity consumption - World average emission factor in 2001-2003 –
150 GWh/yr 659 gCO2/kWh
Gas-fired generation Electricity consumption - World average emission factor in 2001-2003 –
250 GWh/yr 395 gCO2/kWh
Note: Assumptions are from (i) Revised 1996 and 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, (ii) IEA
Statistics – CO2 Emissions from Fuel combustion 1971-2003, and (iii) IEA Energy Statistics Manual, 2004. These levels are for
illustrative purpose only and not to be used as threshold to determine whether projects exceed 100,000 metric ton CO2 equivalent
per year.

Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions performance:

Clients with projects having significant GHG emissions are recommended to annually evaluate
the following where necessary statistics are available for the operating country:

1. The project’s greenhouse gas emissions relative to the host country total national
emissions to understand the magnitude of its own emissions

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2. The project’s greenhouse gas emissions performance relative to the good

international practice performance / host country national average performance
3. The annual trend of the project’s greenhouse gas emissions performance over time
to monitor deterioration from the originally designed performance
4. Opportunities to further improve the project’s greenhouse gas emissions
performance

Greenhouse gas emission performance indicators commonly used for evaluating items 2 and 3
above include intensity ratio indicators such as:

ƒ Electricity generation: kg-CO2 equivalent per kWh electricity generated

ƒ Steel production: tons of CO2 equivalent per ton of crude steel produced
ƒ Cement production: tons of CO2 equivalent per ton of clinker produced; etc

Clients with projects producing significant GHG emissions are also recommended to evaluate
(i) direct emissions from the facilities that they own or control within the physical project
boundary and, if feasible and relevant, and (ii) major indirect emissions occurring outside the
project boundary (e.g. GHG emissions from purchased electricity). This will help the client to
formulate a comprehensive strategy to reduce greenhouse emissions. Emissions associated
with projects that have an impact on land use and forests should be evaluated as part of the
direct emissions. The client should also compare the gross emissions from the project and the
gross emissions from an alternative project to determine the net emissions impact by the
project. This comparison will help to identify the feasibility of additional carbon financing.
Detailed guidance for carbon financing is available from the Clean Development Mechanism
Executive Board.

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References

ƒ IFC’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (IFC) – technical guidance

informing those parts of the new policy structure related to environmental, health and
safety issues. http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines

Several of the requirements set out in the Performance Standard relate to the following
international agreements and guidelines:

Guidance on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers can be found in:

ƒ International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals of the United Nations
Environment Programme (Instituted by UNEP Chemicals) – data on
environmental releases and transfers of toxic chemicals from industrial facilities.
http://www.chem.unep.ch/prtr/Default.htm

Guidance on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution can be found in:

ƒ Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (UNECE, 1979) provides
a framework for controlling and reducing the damage to human health and the
environment caused by transboundary air pollution.
http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap

Various examples of cleaner production are being compiled by international organizations

such as:

ƒ United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP)

ƒ United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
ƒ Asian Productivity Organization (APO)

Guidance on waste and hazardous materials can be found in:

ƒ Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous

Wastes and their Disposal (UNEP, 1989) provides assistance and guidelines on
legal and technical issues, gathers statistical data, and conducts training on the
proper management of hazardous waste http://www.basel.int/index.html

ƒ Supporting information to the Basel Convention are available at:

http://www.basel.int/meetings/sbc/workdoc/techdocs.html

ƒ Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (UNEP, 2001) promotes

the reduction or elimination of releases of POPs through intentional and/or
unintentional production and use of chemicals, and from stockpiles and wastes.
http://www.pops.int/

ƒ Draft Guidelines on Best Available Techniques and Provisional Guidance on

Best Environmental Practices relevant to Article 5 and Annex C of the
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

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ƒ Standardized Toolkit for the Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and

Furan Releases (UNEP Chemicals, 2005) provides methodology to aid
countries in developing their inventories to estimate releases of PCDD/PCDF
and reviewing these inventories. http://www.pops.int/documents/guidance/

ƒ Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (UNEP, 2000)
sets targets for reducing the production and consumption of ozone depleting
substances.
http://hq.unep.org/ozone/Montreal-Protocol/Montreal-Protocol2000.shtml

ƒ Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent for Certain Hazardous

Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (UNEP, revised 2005) -
procedure for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade
(Annex III).
http://www.pic.int/home.php?type=t&id=49

ƒ Marpol 73/78 - International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from

Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (International
Maritime Organization, 1973/1978) - prevention of pollution of the marine
environment by ships from operational or accidental causes.
http://www.imo.org/Conventions/contents.asp?doc_id=678&topic_id=258

For guidance on minimizing the occurrence and harmful effects of technological accidents
and environmental emergencies:

ƒ APELL - Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies on a Local Level

(UNEP) – provides technical reports and other materials to assist disaster
prevention and response planning in vulnerable areas.
http://www.uneptie.org/pc/apell/

In addition, the requirements set out in the Performance Standard on Ambient Conditions relate
to the following Internationally Recognized Ambient Quality Guidelines and Standards:

ƒ Air Quality Guidelines – Global Update 2005 (World Health Organization, 2006)
http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E90038.pdf

ƒ Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments - Volume 1. Coastal and Fresh
Waters (World Health Organization, 2003) describes the present state of knowledge
regarding the impact of recreational use of coastal and freshwater environments
upon the health of users.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/bathing/srwe1/en/

ƒ Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality - Third Edition (World Health Organization,

2004) sets worldwide basis for regulation and standard setting to ensure the safety of
drinking-water. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3/en/

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ƒ Guidelines for Community Noise (World Health Organization, 1999) provide

guidance to environmental health authorities and professional trying to protect
people from the harmful effects of noise in non-industrial environments.
http://www.who.int/docstore/peh/noise/guidelines2.html

ƒ Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection -

ICRP Publication 60. (International Commission on Radiological Protection, 1991)
intended to help regulatory and advisory agencies deal with ionizing radiation and
with the protection of man. http://www.icrp.org

ƒ International Basic safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for
the Safety of Radiation Sources - Safety Series No. 115 (International Atomic Energy
Agency, 1996) provides basic requirements for protection against the risks
associated with exposure to ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources
that may deliver such exposure.
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/SS-115-Web/Pub996_web-1a.pdf

ƒ Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic, and

Electromagnetic Fields (Up To 300 GHz) (International Commission on Non-Ionizing
Radiation Protection, 1998) establishes guidelines for limiting electromagnetic field
exposure to protect against known adverse health affects
http://www.icnirp.de/documents/emfgdl.pdf

Additional reference to protection against radiation:

IAEA Safety Standards for protecting people and the environment published 2006 provides
safety fundamentals/principals.
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273_web.pdf

In addition, the requirements set out in the Performance Standard on Greenhouse Gas
Emissions relate to the following Internationally Recognized Guidelines and Standards:

ƒ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN, 1994) sets an

overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed by
climate change. http://www.unfccc.int

ƒ Kyoto Protocol (UN, 1997) sets individual, legally-binding targets to limit or reduce
greenhouse gas emissions in order to pursue the objectives of the UNFCCC.
http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php

ƒ Clean Development Mechanism (UN) to assist Parties not included in Annex I

in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate
objective of the UNFCCC, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in
achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction
commitments. http://unfccc.int/kyoto_mechanisms/cdm/items/2718.php

ƒ Joint Implementation (UN) - an Annex I Party may implement an emission-

reducing project or a project that enhances removals by sinks in the territory

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of another Annex I Party and count the resulting emission reduction units
towards meeting its own Kyoto target.
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_mechanisms/ji/items/1674.php

ƒ Revised 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,2006) - methodologies for estimating
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases" in
calculation of legally-binding targets during the first commitment period.
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.htm

Internationally-recognized greenhouse gas emissions methodologies:

ƒ World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) / World Resources

Institute (WRI). Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol Initiative:

ƒ A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition (WBCSD and

WRI 2004) includes additional guidance, case studies, appendices, and a new
chapter on setting a GHG target.
http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&id=OTA4Mg

ƒ The GHG Protocol for Project Accounting (WBCSD and WRI, 2005) aims to be a
guidance manual as well as a tool for quantifying and reporting reductions from
GHG projects. The uniqueness of the protocol lies in its ability to distinguish
between policy decisions and technical accounting aspects.
http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&id=MTc1MDk

ƒ Climate Leaders GHG Inventory Protocol (US Environmental Protection Agency) -

guidance on how to inventory and report GHG emissions.
http://www.epa.gov/climateleaders/resources/guidance.html

ƒ ISO 14064 Part 2 - ISO Greenhouse Gas Project Accounting Standard (ISO, 2006)
Specification with guidance at the project level for quantification, monitoring and
reporting of greenhouse gas emission reductions or removal enhancements
http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=3838
2&ICS1=13&ICS2=20&ICS3=40

ƒ Guidelines for the Measurement and Reporting of Emissions (UK Department of

Environment and International Affairs, 2003) a set of reporting guidelines and
protocols for direct participants in the UK emissions trading scheme.
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/trading/uk/pdf/trading-
reporting.pdf

ƒ Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Volume VIII – Estimating Greenhouse

Gas Emissions (US Environmental Protection Agency, 1999) currently under revision.
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/

ƒ The Aluminum Sector Greenhouse Gas Protocol (International Aluminum Institute,

2006) enhances and expands for the aluminum sector the World Business Council

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for Sustainable Development/World Resources Institute greenhouse gas corporate

accounting and reporting protocol.
http://www.world-aluminium.org/environment/climate/ghg_protocol.pdf

ƒ Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Methodologies for the Oil and Gas
Industry (American Petroleum Institute, 2004) provides tools for companies
measuring and reporting their greenhouse gas emissions in the oil and gas industry.
http://api-ec.api.org/policy/index.cfm?bitmask=001001004002000000#

ƒ Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Reporting GHG Emissions (International

Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association, 2003) guidance
focused specifically on the accounting and reporting of GHG emissions at the facility
through the corporate level.
http://www.ipieca.org/activities/climate_change/climate_publications.php

An example on private sector disclosure of GHG Emissions:

ƒ Carbon Disclosure Project - institutional investors collectively sign a single global

request for disclosure of information on Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
http://www.cdproject.net/

Various sources providing national greenhouse gas emission statistics are:

ƒ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (International Energy Agency, 2006 edition)
provides data to assist in understanding the evolution of the emissions of CO2 for
more than 140 countries and regions by sector and by fuel.
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/publications/free_new_Desc.asp?PUBS_ID=1825

ƒ Carbon Dioxide Emission from Fossil Fuel Combustion (A Compendium of Data on

Global Change, 2005) provides synopses of frequently used time series of global-
change data. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm

ƒ Energy Information Administration (The US Department of Energy) provides US

emission data and other useful tools. http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html

In addition, the requirements set out in the Performance Standard on Pesticides relate to the
following <Internationally Recognized Pesticides Guidelines and Standards>:

ƒ The International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2003) establishes and
encourages implementation of voluntary standards of conduct associated with the
distribution and use of pesticides.
http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/AGPP/Pesticid/

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ƒ Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual (Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations, 1996) useful in many countries particularly in the management
and stock control of stored pesticides.
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/V8966E/V8966E00.htm

ƒ Revised Guidelines on Good Labeling Practice (Food and Agriculture Organization of

the United Nations, 1995) guidance on the preparation of a label and specific advice
on content and layout.
http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/AGPP/Pesticid/Code/Dow
nload/label.doc

ƒ Guidelines for Retail Distribution of Pesticides with Particular Reference to Storage

and Handling at the Point of Supply to Users in Developing Countries (Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1988) guidance on how to store and
handle pesticides at the point of supply to users.
http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/AGPP/Pesticid/Code/Dow
nload/retail.doc

ƒ Guidelines for the Management of Small Quantities of Unwanted and Obsolete

Pesticides - FAO Pesticide Disposal Series 7 (Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations, 1999) guidance on the disposal of small quantities of unusable
pesticide stocks, pesticide-related waste and contaminated containers.
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/X1531E/X1531E00.htm

ƒ Guidelines for Personal Protection when Working with Pesticides in Tropical

Climates (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990) guidance
on protecting pesticide users while ensuring they are able to work comfortably and
efficiently in tropical climates.
http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/AGPP/Pesticid/Code/Guide.htm

ƒ Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent for Certain Hazardous

Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (UNEP, revised 2005) - procedure
for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade (Annex III).
http://www.pic.int/home.php?type=t&id=36&sid=34

ƒ The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to

Classification (International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), 2002) Provides
classification system to distinguish between the more and the less hazardous forms
of selected pesticides based on acute risk to human health.
http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard/en/

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