C H A P T E R

16
Circular Functions
Objectives
To use radians and degrees for the measurement of angle. To convert radians to degrees and vice versa. To define the circular functions sine, cosine and tangent. To explore the symmetry properties of circular functions. To find standard exact values of circular functions. To understand and sketch the graphs of circular functions.

16.1

Measuring angles in degrees and radians

The diagram shows a unit circle, i.e. a circle of radius 1 unit. The circumference of the unit circle = 2 1 = 2 units the distance in an anticlockwise direction around the circle from A to B = units 2 A to C = units 3 units A to D = 2

1 B C 1 A 1

0 1 D y 1 P

Definition of a radian
In moving around the circle a distance of 1 unit from A to P, the angle POA is dened. The measure of this angle is 1 radian. One radian (written 1c ) is the angle subtended at the centre of the unit circle by an arc of length 1 unit.

0 1

1 unit 1c A 1

445

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Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Note: Angles formed by moving anticlockwise around the circumference of the unit

circle are dened as positive. Those formed by moving in a clockwise direction are said to be negative.

Degrees and radians

The angle, in radians, swept out in one revolution of a circle is 2 c .

2 c = 360 c = 180 1c = 180 or 1 = c 180

Example 1 Convert 30 to radians. Solution c 180 30 c 30 = = 180 6 1 =

Example 2 Convert c to degrees. 4 Solution 180 c 180 = = 45 4 4 1c = rather 4

Note: Often the symbol for radian, c , is omitted. For example, angle 45 is written as

than

c . 4

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

447

Using the TI-Nspire

To change 32 degrees to radians, type 32 Rad as shown. The degree symbol is found in the or catalog ( symbols palette ( and ). The Rad command can be found in ). the catalog ( To change 2 radians to degrees, type 2r DD as shown. The radian symbol r is found in the or catalog ( symbols palette ( and ). The DD command can be found in ). the catalog ( Note that if the calculator is already in radian mode you can change 32 to radians by simply typing 32 followed by enter. Likewise, if the calculator is already in degree mode, simply type 2r followed by enter to obtain the result in radians.

Using the Casio ClassPad

When using the CAS calculator to change 32o to radians, ensure your calculator is in Radian mode and enter 32o , then EXE. (The degree symbol is found in the mthTRIG menu on the keyboard.) The answer can be displayed in exact notation, as to shown, or highlight the solution and click convert to decimal. To change 0.5 radians to degrees click InteractiveTransformationto and enter 0.5.

Exercise 16A
Example

1 Express the following angles in radian measure in terms of : a 60 d 330 b 144 e 420 c 240 f 480

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Example

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

2

2 Express, in degrees, the angles with the following radian measures: 7 5 2 d 0.9 c b a 6 6 3 11 9 5 h 1.8 g f e 9 5 9 3 Use a calculator to convert the following angles from radians to degrees: a 0.6 e 3.72 b 1.89 f 5.18 c 2.9 g 4.73 d 4.31 h 6.00

4 Use a calculator to express the following in radian measure: a 38 e 84.1 b 73 f 228 c 107 g 136.4 d 161 h 329

5 Express, in degrees, the angle with the following radian measure: b 4 c 3 d a 3 5 11 23 23 e f g h 3 6 6 6 6 Express each of the following in radian measure, in terms of : a 360 d 720 b 540 e 330 c 240 f 210

16.2

Consider the unit circle. The position of point P on the circle can be described by relating the cartesian coordinates x and y and the angle . The point P on the circumference corresponding to an angle is written P( ). Many different angles will give the same point P on 1 the circle, so the relation linking an angle to the coordinates is a many-to-one function. There are, in fact, two functions involved and they are called sine and cosine, and they are dened as follows: The x -coordinate of P , x = cosine , R The y -coordinate of P , y = sine , R
Note: These functions are usually written in an abbreviated

Defining circular functions: sine and cosine y

1 1 c 0 x 1 P() y x

y 1 P() = (cos , sin ) sin 1 x

form as follows: x = cos y = sin

Note: cos (2 + ) = cos and sin (2 + ) = sin ,

1 0 cos

as adding 2 results in a return to the same point on the unit circle.

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

449

Example 3 Evaluate sin and cos . Solution In moving through an angle of , the position is P( ), which is (1, 0)

cos = 1 sin = 0

Example 4 Evaluate sin 3 2 and cos . 2

Solution

sin

3 =1 2 cos =0 2

Example 5 Evaluate sin 5 2 and sin 5 2 7 2 7 . 2 1 = sin 2 = sin 2 + = sin =1 2 2 2 1 3 = sin 3 = sin 2 + 2 2 = sin 3 2 = 1

Solution sin sin

Example 6 Evaluate sin 9 2 and cos (27 ). 9 2 = sin =1 2 2

Solution sin

= sin 4 +

cos (27 ) = cos (26 + ) = cos = 1

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Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Exercise 16B
Examples

5, 6

1 For each of the following angles, t, determine the values of sin t and cos t: 3 3 5 a t=0 b t= c t = d t= 2 2 2 7 9 g t= e t = 3 h t = 4 f t= 2 2 2 Evaluate using your calculator (Check that your calculator is in Rad mode): a sin 1.9 e cos 2.1 b sin 2.3 f cos (1.6) c sin 4.1 g sin (2.1) d cos 0.3 h sin (3.8)

Example

3 For each of the following angles, , determine the values of sin and cos : 5 27 9 a = 27 b = c = d = 2 2 2 11 f = 57 g = 211 h = 53 e = 2

16.3

Another circular function: tangent

Again consider the unit circle. If a tangent to the unit circle at A is drawn then the y-coordinate of C, the point of intersection of the extension of OP and the tangent, is called tangent (abbreviated to tan ). By considering the similar triangles OPD and OCA: sin tan = 1 cos sin tan = cos

B y 1 P() sin 1 0 cos D A 1 x C (1, y)

tan

Now when cos = 0, tan is undened. 3 5 Hence tan is undened when = , , , . . . 2 2 2 Domain of tan = R \ {: cos = 0} Example 7 Evaluate, using a calculator: a tan 1.3 b tan 1.9 Solution a b c d e tan 1.3 = 3.6 tan 1.9 = 2.93 tan (2.8) = 0.36 tan 59 = 1.66 tan 138 = 0.9

c tan (2.8)

d tan 59

e tan 138

(Dont forget calculator must be in RAD mode) (cos 1.9 is negative) (cos 2.8 and sin 2.8 both negative tan is positive) (Calculate in DEG mode)

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Exercise 16C
1 Evaluate: a tan d tan (2 )
Example

b tan ( ) e tan 5 2

c tan

7 2 f tan 2 d tan (54 )

2 Use a calculator to nd correct to 2 decimal places: a tan 1.6 e tan 3.9 b tan (1.2) f tan (2.5) c tan 136 g tan 239

3 For each of the following values of nd tan : a = 180 d = 180 b = 360 e = 540 c =0 f = 720

16.4

Reviewing trigonometric ratios

For right-angled triangles: O H A cos = H O tan = A sin =

Hypotenuse, H

Opposite side, O

Adjacent side, A y 1 1 1 0 x A B y 1 x

Applying these trigonometric ratios to the right-angled triangle, OAB, in the unit circle: y O = =y sin = H 1 A x cos = = =x H 1 y sin O = = tan = A x cos

For 0 < < , the functions sin, cos and tan are dened 2 by the trigonometric ratios and are the same as the respective circular functions introduced earlier.

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Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Exercise 16D
1 Find the value of the pronumeral for each of the following: a b
5 8 3 25 x 25

c
6 x

d
10 50 x

e
5

f
x 10 20 6

i
5

x 65 x

40

70
y (a, b) x

2 a Use your calculator to nd a and b correct to 4 decimal places. b Hence nd the values of c and d. (c, d ) c i Use your calculator to nd cos 140 and sin 140 . ii Write cos 140 in terms of cos 40 .

140

1 40

16.5

Symmetry properties of circular functions

The coordinate axes divide the unit circle into four quadrants. The quadrants can be numbered, anticlockwise from the positive direction of the x-axis, as shown. Relationships, based on symmetry, between circular functions for angles in different quadrants can be determined.
y Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1 x Quadrant 4

0 Quadrant 3

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

Quadrant 2 By symmetry: sin ( ) = b = sin cos( ) = a = cos b tan ( ) = = tan a P( ) (a, 0) 0 P( + ) Quadrant 1

453

(0, b)

P() = (cos , sin ) = (a, b) (a, 0) (0, b) P(2 )

Quadrant 3 sin ( + ) = b = sin cos ( + ) = a = cos b tan ( + ) = a = tan

Quadrant 4 sin(2 ) = b = sin cos(2 ) = a = cos b tan(2 ) = a = tan a

Note: These relationships are true for all values of .

Signs of circular functions

These symmetry properties can be summarised for the signs of sin, cos and tan for the four quadrants as follows: 1st quadrant: All are positive (A) 2nd quadrant: Sin is positive (S) 3rd quadrant: Tan is positive (T) 4th quadrant: Cos is positive (C).

S T

A x C

Negative of angles
By symmetry: cos ( ) = cos sin ( ) = sin sin tan ( ) = cos = tan
1

y 1 P() x

1 P( )

Example 8 If sin x = 0.6, nd the value of: a sin ( x) b sin ( + x)

c sin (2 x)

d sin (x)

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Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Solution a sin ( x) = sin x = 0.6 Example 9 If cos x = 0.8, nd the value of: b cos (180 + x) a cos (180 x) Solution a cos (180 x) = cos x = 0.8 b cos (180 + x) = cos x = 0.8 c cos (360 x) = cos (x) = 0.8 d cos (x) = cos x = 0.8 b sin ( + x) = sin x = 0.6 c sin (2 x) = sin x = 0.6 d sin (x) = sin x = 0.6

c cos (360 x)

d cos (x)

Exercise 16E
Example

1 If sin = 0.42, cos x = 0.7 and tan = 0.38, write down the values of: a sin ( + ) e sin ( ) 2 a b c d e f b cos ( x) f tan (2 ) c sin (2 ) g cos ( + x) d tan ( ) h cos (2 x).

If sin x = sin 60 and 90 < x < 180 , nd the value of x. If sin x = sin 60 and 180 < x < 270 , nd the value of x. If sin x = sin 60 and 90 < x < 0 , nd the value of x. If cos x = cos 60 and 90 < x < 180 , nd the value of x. If cos x = cos 60 and 180 < x < 270 , nd the value of x. If cos x = cos 60 and 270 < x < 360 , nd the value of x. and < x < , nd the value of x. 3 a If cos x = cos 6 2 3 and < x < , nd the value of x. b If cos x = cos 6 2 3 c If cos x = cos and < x < 2, nd the value of x. 6 2 4 Write down the values of: a b c d e f a = cos ( ) b = sin ( ) c = cos ( ) d = sin ( ) tan ( ) tan ( )
(a, b) y

1 3 , 2 2

x (c, d )

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

455

5 Write down the values of: a b c d e

Example

y
1 3 , 2 2

d = sin ( + ) c = cos ( + ) tan ( + ) sin (2 ) cos (2 )

+ 1 (c, d ) x

6 If sin x = 0.7, cos = 0.6 and tan = 0.4, write down the values of: a sin (180 + x) e sin (360 x) b cos (180 + ) f sin (x) c tan (360 ) g tan (360 + ) d cos (180 ) h cos ( )

16.6

Exact values of circular functions

A calculator can be used to nd the values of the circular functions for different values of . For many values of the calculator gives an approximation. We consider some values of such that sin, cos and tan can be calculated exactly.

Exact values for 0 (0) and

From the unit circle: When = 0, sin = 0 cos = 1 tan = 0
y 1 0 cos 1

(90) 2
When = , 2 sin =1 2 cos =0 2 tan is undened. 2

sin 1

Exact values for (30 ) and (60) 6 3

Consider an equilateral triangle ABC of side length 2 units. In ACD, by Pythagoras Theorem: DC = = AC 2 AD 2

C
3 CD sin 60 = = AC 2

3 1 AD = sin 30 = AC 2 3 CD = cos 30 = AC 2 tan 30 = AD 1 = CD 3

30 30

cos 60 =

60 A 1 D

60 1 B

1 AD = AC 2 3 CD = = 3 tan 60 = AD 1

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Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Exact values for

AC =

(45) 4
2

12 + 12 = BC 1 = sin 45 = AC 2 1 AB cos 45 = = AC 2 BC =1 tan 45 = AB

1 45 A 1 B

As an aid to memory, the exact values for circular functions can be tabulated.

Summary
( ) 0 (30 ) 6 (45 ) 4 (60 ) 3 (90 ) 2 sin 0 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 cos 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 0 tan 0 1 3 1 3 undened

Example 10 Evaluate: a cos 150 Solution a cos 150 = cos (180 30) = cos 30 3 = 2 b sin 690 = sin (2 360 30) = sin (30) 1 = 2

b sin 690

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

457

Example 11 Evaluate: 5 a cos 4 Solution a cos 5 4 = cos + = cos 1 = 2 4 4 b sin (by symmetry) 11 6 = sin 2 = sin = 1 2 6

b sin

11 6

(by symmetry) 6

Exercise 16F
Example

10

1 Without using a calculator, evaluate the sin, cos and tan of each of the following: a 120 f 390 b 135 g 420 c 210 h 135 5 6 4 3 11 6 13 6 11 4 15 6 21 3 d 240 i 300 e 315 j 60

Example

11

2 Write down the exact values of: 3 2 b cos a sin 4 3 d sin g sin 7 6 5 3 e cos h cos 5 4 7 4

c tan f tan i tan

3 Write down the exact values of: 11 2 b cos a sin 3 4 e cos 14 4 f cos 3 4

c tan g sin

d tan

h cos

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Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

16.7

Graphs of sine and cosine

Graphs of sine functions
A table of values for y = sin x is given below. x y 0 3 4 2 4 4 3 2 4 5 4 3 2 7 4 2 0 9 5 11 3 4 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

A calculator can be used to plot the graph of y = sin x, ( x 3 ). Note that Radian mode must be selected. y
1 1
2 3 2 1 0 1 1 4 2 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 4 2 4 3 7 2 9 5 11 3 4 2 4 2 4 x y = sin x

1 2

Observations from the graph of y = sin x

The graph repeats itself after an interval of 2 units. A function which repeats itself regularly is called a periodic function and the interval between the repetitions is called the period of the function (also called the wavelength). Thus sin x has a period of 2 units. The maximum and minimum values of sin x are 1 and 1 respectively. The distance between the mean position and the maximum position is called the amplitude. The graph of y = sin x has an amplitude of 1.

Graphs of cosine functions

A table of exact values for cos x, x 3 , is as shown: x y 1 3 0 4 2 4 0 4 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 0 7 9 5 11 2 3 4 4 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 0 1 1 2

1 2

1 1 1 0 2 2

1 1 1 2 2

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

459

Using the TI-Nspire

A graph of y = cos x for x 3 can be plotted in a Graphs application by entering f 1 (x ) = cos(x ) | x and 3 . Change the widow to suit (b >Window/Zoom).

Using the Casio ClassPad

A graph of y = cos x for x 3 can be plotted on the CAS calculator. Enter y1 as shown, tick to select and click to produce the graph. (The window shown is produced by clicking in the graph window and selecting ZoomAuto.)

Observations from the graph of y = cos x

Period = 2 Amplitude = 1 The graph of y = cos x is the graph of y = sin x translated units to the left and parallel 2 to the x-axis.

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Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Sketch graphs of y = a sin (nt), y = a cos (nt)

Example 12 On separate axes draw graphs of the functions: 2 a y = 3 sin (2t), 0 t b y = 2 cos (3t), 0 t 3 Solution a t y = 3 sin (2t) b t y = 2 cos (3t)
y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 t y = 3 sin(2t ), 0 t

0 0

4 3 6 0

2 0 3 2

3 4 3 2 0

0 2 3 2

0 2

y 2 1 0 1 2

y = 2 cos(3t), 0 t

2 3

2 3

Observations
Function y = 3 sin (2t) y = 2 cos (3t) Amplitude 3 2 Period 2 3

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

461

Comparing these results with those for y = sin t and y = cos t, the following general rules can be stated for a and n positive: Function y = a sin (nt) y = a cos (nt) Amplitude a a Period 2 n 2 n

From the above it can be seen the transformation which takes the graph of y = sin t to the graph of y = 3 sin (2t) has the following result on some important points of the graph of y = sin t: (0, 0) (0, 0); ,1 , 3 ; (, 0) ,0 ; 2 4 2 3 3 ,1 , 3 ; (2, 0) (, 0) 2 4

Also, it can be seen that the transformation which takes the graph of y = cos t to y = 2 cos (3t) has the following result on some important points of the graph of y = cos t: ,0 , 0 ; (, 1) , 2 ; (0, 1) (0, 2); 2 6 3 2 3 ,0 , 0 ; (2, 1) ,2 2 2 3
Note: The graph of y = 3 sin (2t) can be obtained from the graph of y = sin t by applying two

dilations. If f (t) = sin t, the graph of y = f (t) is transformed to the graph of y = 3f (2t). From this it can be recognised that the sequence of transformations is: dilation of factor 1 from the y-axis 2 dilation of factor 3 from the t-axis The point with coordinates (t, y) is mapped to the point with coordinates t , 3y 2

In general, for a and n positive numbers, the following are important properties of the functions f (t ) = a sin (nt ) and g (t ) = a cos (nt ): The maximal domain of each of the functions is R. The amplitude of each of the functions is a. 2 . The period of each of the functions is n The graph of y = a sin (nt) ( y = a cos (nt)) is obtained from the graph of y = sin t ( y = cos t) by a dilation of factor a from the t-axis and a factor of 1 from the y-axis. The point with coordinates (t, y) is mapped to the point with n t , ay . coordinates n The range of each function is [a, a].

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Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Example 13 For each of the following functions with domain R state the amplitude and period: t 1 b f (t) = sin a f (t) = 2 sin (3t) c f (t) = 4 cos (3 t ) 2 2 Solution a Amplitude is 2 2 Period = 3 b Amplitude is 1 2 1 Period = 2 = 4 2 c Amplitude is 4 2 2 Period = = 3 3

Example 14 Sketch the graphs of: x 1 a y = 2 cos (2 ) b y = sin 2 2 Show one complete cycle. Solution a The graph of y = 2 cos (2 ) is obtained from the graph of y = cos by a dilation of factor 2 from the -axis and 1 by a dilation of factor from the y-axis. 2 2 The period = = and the amplitude 2 is 2.
y 2 1 2 4 2 3 4 0 1 2 2 3 4 x

x 1 b The graph of y = sin is obtained 2 2 from the graph of y = cos x by a 1 dilation of factor from the x-axis 2 and by a dilation of factor 2 from the 1 y-axis. The period = 2 = 4 2 1 and the amplitude is . 2
y

Example 15 Sketch the following graphs for x [0, 4 ]: x a f (x) = 2 sin b y = cos (2x) 2

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

463

Solution a The graph of f (x) = 2 sin is obtained from the graph of x by a reection y = 2 sin 2 in the x-axis. The period is 4 and the amplitude is 2.
y 2 0 2 x 0 1 2 3 4 1 x

x 2

b The graph of y = cos (2x ) is obtained from the graph of y = cos (2x ) by a reection in the x-axis. The period is and the amplitude is 1.
y

In general, for a and n positive numbers, the following are important properties of the functions f (t) = a sin (nt) and g(t) = a cos (nt): The amplitude of each of the functions is a. 2 The period of each of the functions is . n The graph of y = a sin (nt) ( y = a cos (nt)) is obtained from the graph of y = a sin (nt) (a cos (nt)) by a reection in the t-axis. The range of each function is [a, a]. Remember that sin (x) = sin x and cos (x) = cos x. Hence when reected in the y-axis the graph of y = cos x transforms onto itself and the graph of y = sin x transforms onto the graph of y = sin x. Example 16 Sketch the graph of f : [0, 2] R, f (t) = 3 sin ( t) Solution
3 t
3 2

1 2

Exercise 16G
Example

13

1 Write down i the period and ii the amplitude of each of the following: 1 c cos (3 ) a 2 sin b 3 sin (2 ) 2

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Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

d 3 sin g 2 cos
Example

1 2 1 2

e 4 cos (3 ) h 2 cos( t )

1 f sin (4 ) 2 i 3 sin t 2

14

2 Sketch the graph of each of the following, showing one complete cycle. State the amplitude and period. a y = 3 sin (2x) b y = 2 cos (3 ) c y = 4 sin 2 1 e y = 4 sin (3x) f y = 5 cos (2x) d y = cos (3x) 2 g y = 3 cos i y = 2 sin h y = 2 cos (4 ) 2 3 3 Sketch the graph of: a f (x) = sin (2x) for x [2 , 2 ] c f (x) = 2 cos (3x) for x [0, 2 ] x for x [6 , 6 ] 3 d f (x) = 2 sin (3x) for x [0, 2 ] b f (x) = 2 sin 2x 5 cos . Hint: For endpoints nd f (0) and 2 3

Example

15

4 Sketch the graph of f : [0, 2 ] R, f (x) = f (2 ).

5 For each of the following give a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = sin x to the graph of y = g(x), and state the amplitude and period of g(x): x a g(x) = 3 sin x b g(x) = sin (5x) c g(x) = sin 3 d g(x) = 2 sin (5x) e g(x) = sin (5x) f g(x) = sin (x) x x x g g(x) = 2 sin h g(x) = 4 sin i g(x) = 2 sin 3 2 3
Example

16

6 Sketch the graph of: a f : [0, 2] R, f (t) = 2 cos ( t) b f : [0, 2] R, f (t) = 3 sin (2 t)

7 a On the one set of axes sketch the graph of f : [0, 2 ] R, f (x) = sin x and g: [0, 2 ] R, g(x) = cos x. b By inspection from the graph state the values of x for which sin x = cos x.

16.8

In this section translations of graphs of functions of the form f (t) = a sin (nt) and g(t) = a cos (nt) in the direction of the t-axis are considered. When a translation of units in 4 the positive direction of the t-axis is applied to the graph of y = f (t), the resulting image has . That is, the graph of f (t) = a sin (nt) is mapped to the graph with equation y = f t 4 equation y = a sin n t . 4

Sketch graphs of y = a sin n(t ) and y = a cos n(t )

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465

Example 17 On separate axes draw the graphs of the following functions. Use a calculator to help establish the shape. Set the window appropriately by noting the range and period. 5 b y = 2 cos 3 t + , t , t a y = 3 sin 2 t 3 3 3 4 4 4 Solution a y = 3 sin 2 t 5 , t 4 4 4 Note that the range is [3, 3] and the period is . b y = 2 cos 3 t + , t 3 3 3 Note that the range is [2, 2] and 2 the period is . 3

y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3

y 2 1 3 4 2 4 5 t 4 0 3 6 1 2 6 t 3

Observations
, amplitude = 3, period = . The graph is the same shape as 4 y = 3 sin (2t) but is translated units in the positive direction of the t-axis. 4 2 , amplitude = 2, period = . The graph is the same shape 2 For y = 2 cos 3 t + 3 3 as y = 2 cos (3t) but is translated units in the negative direction of the t-axis. 3 In each case has the effect of translating the graph parallel to the t-axis ( is called the phase). Note: To determine the sequence of transformations needed, the techniques of Section 6.10 can also be used. . The graph of y = sin t is transformed to the graph of y = 3 sin 2 t 4 y y Write the second equation as = sin 2 t . From this it can be seen that y = 3 4 3 and t = 2 t . 4 t Hence y = 3y and t = + . Hence the sequence of transformations is: 2 4 dilation of factor 3 from the t-axis 1 dilation of factor from the y-axis and 2 translation of units in the positive direction of the t-axis. 4 , The observation that the graph of y = f (t) is transformed to the graph of y = 3 f 2 t 4 where f (t) = sin t, also yields this information. 1 For y = 3 sin 2 t

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Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Exercise 16H
Example

17

1 Sketch the graph of each of the following, showing one complete cycle. State the period and amplitude, and the greatest and least values of y. b y = sin 2( + ) c y = 2 sin 3 + a y = 3 sin 2 4 d y = 3 sin 2 e y = 3 sin (2x) f y = 2 cos 3 + 2 4 g y = 2 sin 2 h y = 3 sin (2x) i y = 3 cos 2 + 3 2 : 2 For the function f : [0, 2 ] R, f (x) = cos x 3 a nd f (0), f (2 ) b sketch the graph of f 3 For the function f : [0, 2 ] R, f (x) = sin 2 x a nd f (0), f (2 ) : 3 b sketch the graph of f

4 For the function f : [ , ] R, f (x) = sin 3 x + a nd f ( ), f ( )

: 4 b sketch the graph of f

5 Find the equation of the image of y = sin x for each of the following transformations: a Dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis followed by dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis 1 b Dilation of factor from the y-axis followed by dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis 2 c Dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis followed by dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis 1 d Dilation of factor from the y-axis followed by a translation of units in the positive 2 3 direction of the x-axis e Dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis followed by a translation of units in the negative 3 direction of the x-axis

16.9

Solution of trigonometric equations

Example 18 Find all solutions to the equation sin = Solution It is clear from the graph that there are four solutions in the interval [0, 4 ]. is The solution for x 0, 2 x= . 6
y 1 0 1 6 y = sin y= 3 1 2

1 for [0, 4 ]. 2

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467

This solution can be obtained from a knowledge of exact values or by using sin1 on your calculator. The second solution is obtained by symmetry. The function is positive in the second quadrant and sin ( ) = sin . 5 is the second solution. Therefore x = 6 It can be seen that further solutions can be achieved by adding 2 , as sin = sin ( + 2 ). 17 13 and are also solutions. Thus = 6 6 Example 19 Find two values of x: a sin x = 0.3 in the range 0 x 2 Solution

y 1 0 1 6 5 6 y = sin y= 13 17 6 6 1 2

b cos x = 0.7 in the range 0 x 360

a First we must solve the equation sin x = 0.3. ; x = 0.30469 . . . Use your calculator to nd the solution for x 0, 2 Now the value of sin is negative for P(x) in the 3rd and 4th quadrants. From the symmetry relationships (or from the graph of y = sin x): 3rd quadrant: x = + 0.30469 . . . = 3.446 (correct to 3 decimal places) x = 2 0.30469 . . . = 5.978 (correct to 3 decimal places)

( ( , 0.3) (

, 0.3) , 0.3)

4th quadrant:

if sin x = 0.3, x = 1.875, or x = 5.978

b First we solve the equation cos x = 0.7. Use your calculator to nd the solution for x [0 , 90 ]. Now the value of cos is negative for P(x) in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants. 2nd quadrant: 3rd quadrant:

x = 180 45.57 = 134.43 x = 180 + 45.57 = 225.57

( 0.7, )

(0.7, )

( 0.7, )

if cos x = 0.7, x = 134.43, 225.57

468

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Example 20 Find all the values of between 0 and 360 for which: 1 1 3 c cos = 0 b sin = a cos = 2 2 2 Solution a cos is positive, P( ) lies in the 1st or 4th quadrants. 3 cos = 2 = 30 or 360 30 = 30 or 330 b sin is negative, P( ) is in the 3rd or 4th quadrants. 1 2 = 180 + 30 or 360 30 = 210 or 330 1 c cos = 0 2 1 cos = 2 and since cos is positive, P( ) lies in the 1st or 4th quadrants. sin =

1 cos = 2 = 45 or = 45 or

= 360 45 315

Using the TI-Nspire

For Example 20a, make sure the calculator is in degree mode. Complete as shown.

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

469

Using the Casio ClassPad

Ensure the mode is set to Degrees (Deg in the status bar at the bottom of the Main screen.) Enter the equation cos(x ) = (3)/2 | 0 x 360.

Use your stylus to highlight only cos(x ) = (3)/2, then tap InteractiveEquation/inequalitysolve and ensure the variable is set to x.

Example 21 Solve the equation sin (2 ) = Solution It is clear that there are four solutions. To solve the equation, let x = 2 .
Note:

3 for [, ]. 2

y y = sin (2)

If then

[ , ] 2 = x [2 , 2 ]

y =

2 3 2

3 for x [2 , 2 ]. Consider the equation sin x = 2 y The rst quadrant solution to the equation 3 sin x = is x = . 2 3 Symmetry gives the solutions to 3 for x [0, 2 ] as sin x = 2 2 0 x = + and x = 2 3 3 3 5 4 y = 2 or x = i.e. x = 3 3

y = sin x

470

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

4 5 2 and 2 3 3 2 4 5 the required solutions for x are or or or 3 3 3 3 2 5 or the required solutions for are or or 3 6 3 6 The other two solutions are obtained by subtracting 2 :

Using the TI-Nspire

Complete as shown.

Using the Casio ClassPad

Ensure the mode is set to Radians (Rad in the status bar at bottom of the Main screen). Enter the equation sin(2x ) = (3)/2 | x .

With your stylus highlight only sin(2x ) = (3)/2 then tap InteractiveEquation/inequalitysolve and ensure the variable is set to x.

Exercise 16I
Example

18

1 Without using a calculator, nd all the values of x between 0 and 2 for each of the following: 2 sin (x ) + 1 = 0 b 2 cos (x ) 1 = 0 a

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

Example

471

19a

2 Find, correct to 2 decimal places, all the values of x between 0 and 2 for which: a sin x = 0.8 d sin x = 0.4 b cos x = 0.4 e cos x = 0.7 c sin x = 0.35 f cos x = 0.2

Example

20

3 Without using a calculator, nd all the values of between 0 and 360 for each of the following: 1 1 3 c cos = b sin = a cos = 2 2 2 e 2 sin = 3 f 2 sin ( ) 1 = 0 d 2 cos ( ) + 1 = 0 4 Find all the values of x between 0 and 4 for which: 1 a sin x = 0.6 b sin x = 2 5 Find all the values of x between and for which: 1 3 a cos x = b sin x = 2 2 6 a Sketch the graph of f : [2 , 2 ] R, f (x) = cos x. c sin x = 3 2 1 2

c cos x =

1 b On the graph mark the points which have y-coordinate and give the associated 2 x-values. 1 c On the graph mark the points which have y-coordinate and give the associated 2 x-values.

Example

21

7 Solve the following equation for [0, 2 ]: 1 3 a sin (2 ) = b cos (2 ) = 2 2 3 1 e cos (2 ) = d sin (3 ) = 2 2 8 Solve the following equations for [0, 2 ]: a sin (2 ) = 0.8 c cos (2 ) = 0.4 b sin (2 ) = 0.6 d cos (3 ) = 0.6

c sin (2 ) =

1 2

1 f sin (2 ) = 2

16.10

Sketch graphs of y = a sin n(t ) b and y = a cos n(t ) b

Translations parallel to the y-axis are now considered. Example 22 Sketch each of the following graphs. Use a calculator to help establish the shape. 5 a y = 3 sin 2 t + 2 for t 4 4 4 1 for t b y = 2 cos 3 t + 3 3 3

472

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Solution
y 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 y = 3sin2 t +2 4 y 1 6 0 3 1 2 3 6 y = 2cos3 t + 3 3 t 1

3 5 4 2 4 4

Observations

1 The graph of y = 3 sin 2 t + 2 is the same shape as the graph of 4 y = 3 sin 2 t but it is translated 2 units in the positive direction of the y-axis. 4 1 is the same shape as the graph of 2 Similarly, the graph of y = 2 cos 3 t + 3 y = 2 cos 3 t + but it is translated 1 unit in the negative direction of the y-axis. 3 In general, the effect of b is to translate the graph b units parallel to the y-axis.

Finding axis intercepts

Example 23 Sketch the graphs of each of the following for x [0, 2 ]. Clearly indicate axis intercepts. c y = 2 sin 2 x 3 b y = 2 cos (2x) 1 a y = 2 sin (x) + 1 3 Solution a To determine the axis intercepts, the equation 2 sin (x) + 1 = 0 2 sin (x) + 1 = 0 must be solved.

1 sin x = 2 x =+ or 2 4 4 7 5 or x= 4 4 5 ,0 , 4 7 ,0 4

y y = 2 sin (x) + 1

intercepts:

2 + 1 (0, 1) 3 2 2 5 4 7 2 4

0 2 + 1

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

473

b 2 cos (2x) 1 = 0 1 cos (2x) = 2 2x = or 3 x = or 6 intercepts: ,0 , 6

5 7 or 3 3 5 7 or 6 6 5 ,0 , 6
y

or

11 3 11 or 6 7 ,0 , 6

11 ,0 6

y = 2 cos (2 x) 1 6 5 6 7 6 11 6 2

1 0 1 2 3

3 c sin 2 x = 3 2 2 7 8 = or or or 2 x 3 3 3 3 3 7 4 x = or or or 3 6 3 6 3 2 3 5 or or x = or 2 3 2 3 2 3 intercepts: ,0 , ,0 , ,0 , 2 3 2
y

5 ,0 3
y = 2 sin 2 x 3 3
y = 2 3 2 x

2 2 3 0 3 (0, 23)

3 5 2 3

y = 2 3

474

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Exercise 16J
Example

23

1 Sketch the graphs of each of the following for x [0, 2 ]. List the x-axis intercepts of each graph for this interval: c y = 2 cos (x) + 1 a y = 2 sin (x) + 1 b y = 2 sin (2x) 3 +1 d y = 2 sin (2x) 2 e y = 2 sin x 4 2 Sketch the graphs of each of the following for x [2 , 2 ]: a y = 2 sin (3x) 2 c y = 2 sin (2x) 3 1 e y = 2 cos 2 x 3 b y = 2 cos 3 x 4 d y = 2 cos (2x) + 1 +1 f y = 2 sin 2 x + 6

3 Sketch the graphs of each of the following for x [ , ]: +1 a y = 2 sin 2 x + +1 b y = 2 sin 2 x + 3 6 + 3 c y = 2 cos 2 x + 4

16.11

Further symmetry properties and the Pythagorean identity

Complementary relationships
=a 2 and since a = cos = cos sin 2 sin Similarly 2 and since b = sin cos 2 sin + 2 cos + 2 cos =b
0 a y P b 2 a b x P() 2

= sin
y

= a = cos = b = sin
P

+ 2 b a b a x + 2 P() 0

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

475

Example 24 If sin = 0.3 and cos = 0.8 nd the values of: a sin + c sin ( ) b cos 2 2 Solution a sin = cos 2 = 0.8 c sin ( ) = sin = 0.3 b cos + = sin 2 = 0.3

The Pythagorean identity

Consider a point, P( ) on the unit circle. By Pythagoras Theorem OP 2 = OM 2 + MP 2 1 = (cos )2 + (sin )2 Now (cos ) and (sin ) may be written as cos2 and sin2 .
2 2

y 1 P() 1 cos sin M 1 x

1 = cos + sin
2 2

As this is true for all values of it is called 1 an identity. In particular this is called the Pythagorean identity. cos2 + sin2 = 1

1
Example 25 Given that sin x = Solution 1 = cos2 x + sin2 x. 9 3 For sin x = , 1 = cos2 x + 5 25 9 Then cos2 x = 1 25 16 = 25 4 Therefore cos x = 5 3 and < x < , nd cos x and tan x. 5 2

476

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

4 But x is in the second quadrant, hence cos x = . 5 tan x = sin x cos x 3 4 = 5 5 5 3 = 5 4 3 = 4

Exercise 16K
Example

24

1 If sin x = 0.3, cos = 0.6 and tan = 0.7, nd the values of: a cos () b sin + c tan ( ) d cos x 2 2 +x g cos e sin (x) f tan h sin 2 2 2 3 3 x j cos i sin + 2 2 2 a Given that 0 < < and cos = sin , nd the value of . 2 6 b Given that 0 < < and sin = cos , nd the value of . 2 6 c Given that 0 < < and cos = sin , nd the value of . 2 12 3 , nd the value of . d Given that 0 < < and sin = cos 2 7 3 Given that cos x = 4 Given that sin x = 5 Given that cos x = 3 3 and < x < 2 , nd sin x and tan x. 5 2 5 and < x < , nd cos x and tan x. 13 2 1 3 and < x < 2 , nd sin x and tan x. 5 2

Example

25

16.12

The tangent function

A table of values for y = tan x is given below. Use a calculator to check these values, and plot the graph of y = tan (x). x y 0 3 4 1 2 0 4 4 2 ud 3 5 4 4 1 0 1 3 2 ud 7 9 2 4 4 1 0 1 5 2 ud 11 3 4 1 0

ud

1 0 1

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

477

y x= 3 2 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 3 4 5 2 6 7 8 9 x= 2 x= 3 2 x= 5 2 3

Note: x =

3 5 , , and are asymptotes. 2 2 2 2 The x-axes intercepts where sin x = 0, are x = 0 or or 2 etc. In general, x = k , where k is an integer.

Observations from the graph

The graph repeats itself every units, i.e. the period of tan is . Range of tan is R. (2k + 1) , where k is an integer. The equation of the asymptotes are of the form y = 2 The x-axis intercepts occur for x = k , where k is an integer.

1 Consider a dilation of factor from the y-axis and a dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis being 2 applied to the graph of y = tan x. 1 1 x , 3 y . If the image of (x, y) under the transformation is (x , y ) then x = x (x, y) 2 2 and y = 3y. y Hence x = 2x and y = . Thus the graph of y = tan x is transformed to the graph of 3 y = tan 2x ; that is, it is transformed to the graph of y = 3 tan 2x. 3 The period of the graph will be . 2 In general, for a and n positive numbers, the following are important properties of the function f (t) = a tan (nt): The period of the function is . n The graph of y = a tan (nt) is obtained from the graph of y = tan t by a dilation of 1 factor a from the t-axis and a factor of from the y-axis. n The range of the function is R. (2k + 1) The asymptotes have equations x = , where k is an integer. 2n k , where k is an integer. The t-axis intercepts are x = n

Transformations of y = tan x

478

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Example 26 Sketch the graph of each of the following for x [ , ]: a y = 3 tan (2x) b y = 2 tan (3x) Solution a y = 3 tan (2x ) Period = = n 2 Asymptotes: x = b y = 2 tan (3x ) Period = = n 3 Asymptotes: x =

(2k + 1) ,k Z 4 k ,k Z Axes intercepts: x = 2

y 3 x= x= 4 4 0 x= 4 x= 3 4 x

(2k + 1) ,k Z 6 k Axes intercepts: x = ,k Z 3

y

2 3

2 3
2

x=

5 x= 6 2

x=

x= 6 6

x=

x=

5 6

Solution of equations
Example 27 Solve each of the following equations for x [ , ]: c 2 tan (3x ) = 0 a tan x = 1 b tan (2x) = 3 Solution a tan x = 1 3 x= 4 4 b tan (2x) = 3 2x = or 3 x = or 6 = or 6

or

4 2 5 or or 3 3 3 4 2 5 or or 6 6 6 2 5 or or 3 3 6

c 2 tan (3x ) = 0 3x = 3 or 2 or or 0 or or 2 or 3 Hence x = or 2 2 or or 0 or or or 3 3 3 3

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

479

Example 28 Sketch the graph of y = tan (2x) + 1 for x [ , ]. Solution The graph of y = tan (2x) + 1 is formed from the graph of y = tan (2x) by a translation of 1 unit in the positive direction of the y-axis. The y-axis intercept occurs when x = 0. When x = 0 then y = 0. For the x-axis intercepts consider tan (2x) + 1 = 0 This implies tan (2x) = 1 7 5 3 or or or Hence 2x = 4 4 4 4 7 5 3 or or or and x= 8 8 8 8 (2k + 1) , k Z. The asymptotes are the same as those for y = tan (2x). That is, x = 4 y

x=

3 x= 4 4

x=

x=

3 4

(, 1) 5 8

0 1 8 3 8

(, 1) x 7 8

Exercise 16L
1 For each of the following state the period: 2x a y = tan (4x) b y = tan 3
Example

c y = 3 tan (2x )

26

2 Sketch the graph of each of the following for x [ , ]: a y = tan (2x) b y = 2 tan (3x) c y = 2 tan (3x )

480
Example

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

27

3 Solve each of the following equations for x [ , ]: a 2 tan (2x ) = 2 b 3 tan (3x ) = 3 d 3 tan (3x ) = 3 c 2 tan (2x ) = 2 3 4 Sketch the graph of each of the following for x [ , ]: a y = 3 tan (x) + 3 b y = 2 tan (x ) + 2 c y = 3 tan (x ) 3

Example

28

16.13

Numerical methods with a CAS calculator Using the TI-Nspire

Example 29 Solve the equation x = sin x , giving your answer correct ot 2 decimal places. 2

Use b >Algebra>Solve to solve as shown. , if necessary, to obtain Press + the answer as a decimal number.

Fitting data
Consider the points (1, 2.08), (2, 2.3), (3, 0.49), (4, 1.77) and (6, 0.96). Enter the data in either a Calculator application as lists or in a Lists & Spreadsheet application as shown.

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

481

Choose Sinusoidial Regression (b >Statistics>Stat Calculations >Regression) from the list of available regressions and complete as shown. This regression analysis can also be done in the Calculator application.

This now gives the values of a, b, c and d, and the equation has been entered in f 1 (x ).

The curve can be shown in a Graphs application together with the scatter plot (b >Graph Type>Scatter Plot) using an appropriate window (b >Window/Zoom) Note: the scatterplot and regression curve can also be obtained using the Data & Statistics application.

482

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Using the Casio ClassPad

Solution to Example 29
Solving the equation x /2 = sin(x ) is done numerically by drawing the graph of the each side of the equation, then nding the intersection on the calculator. Note: The window has been set for 0 x 2 and 2 y 2 in order to see where all the solutions lie.

Use ZoomBox to zoom on the non-zero solution, then with the graph window selected (bold box), select G-solveIntersect to obtain the numerical solution.

Fitting data
Consider the points (1, 2.08), (2, 2.3), (3, 0.49), (4, 1.77) and (6, 0.96).

From the Menu select and enter the data in lists 1 and 2 as shown. Select CalcSinusoidal Reg and check the entries are correct. Note: Set Copy Formula to y1 as this will put the formula for the graph drawn in the section automatically for later use if required.

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

483

Note the formula, then click OK again to produce the graph.

Exercise 16M
Example

29

1 Solve each of the following equations for x correct to 2 decimal places: a cos x = x c cos x = x2 b sin x = 1 x d sin x = x2

2 For each of the following sets of data nd a suitable trigonometric rule (model). a y b y y 0 1 0 0 0 5 4 2.4 0.2 1.77 0.2 2.18 2 1 0.4 2.85 0.4 0.34 3 4 2.4 0.6 2.85 0.6 0.13 1 0.8 1.77 0.8 1.62

16.14

General solution of circular function equations

Solution of equations of circular functions has been discussed in Section 16.9 for functions over a restricted domain. In this section, we consider the general solutions of such equations over the maximal domain for each function. If the equation of a circular function has one or more solutions in one cycle, then it will have corresponding solutions in each cycle of its domain, i.e. there will be an innite number of solutions. For example, if cos x = a , then the solution in the interval [0, ] is given by: x = cos1 (a ) By the symmetry properties of the cosine function, other solutions are given by: cos1 (a ), 2 + cos1 (a ), 2 cos1 (a ), 4 + cos1 (a ), 4 cos1 (a ), . . .

484

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

In general, if cos x = a : x = 2n cos1 (a ), where n Z and a [1, 1]. Similarly, if tan x = a : x = n + tan1 (a ), where n Z and a R . If sin x = a : x = 2n + sin1 (a ) or x = (2n + 1) sin1 (a ), where n Z and a [1, 1].
Note: An alternative and more concise way to express the general solution of sin x = a is:

x = n + (1)n sin1 (a ), where n Z and a [1, 1].

Example 30 Find the general solution to each of the following equations. 3 tan (3x ) = 1 c 2 sin x = 2 a cos x = 0.5 b Solution a x = 2n cos1 (0.5) = 2n 3 (6n 1) ,n Z = 3 1 b tan (3x ) = 3

1 3x = n + tan1 3 = n + 6 (6n + 1) = 6 (6n + 1) ,n Z x= 18

1 c sin x = 2 1 x = 2n + sin1 2 = 2n + 4 (8n + 1) = ,n Z 4 or x = (2n + 1) sin1 = (2n + 1) 4 (8n + 3) = ,n Z 4 1 2

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

485

Using the TI-Nspire

Check that the calculator is in Radian mode. a Use b >Algebra>Solve and complete as shown. 1 Note the use of rather than 0.5 to 2 ensure that the answer is exact.

b Complete as shown.

c Complete as shown.

Using the Casio ClassPad

Check the calculator is in Radian mode. enter and highlight the equation a In cos(x ) = 0.5. Select Interactive Equation/inequalitysolve, then click to solve the equation. The solutions are x = 2m /3, 2n + /3, m , n Z .

486

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

b Enter and highlight the equation 3 tan(3x ) = 1 and follow the steps as in a. The solutions are (6m + 1) ,m Z x= 18 c Enter and highlight the equation 2 sin(x ) = 1 and follow the steps as in a. The solutions are 3 , m, n Z . x = 2m , 2n + 4 4 Example 31 Find the rst three positive solutions to each of the following equations. 3 tan (3x ) = 1 c 2 sin x = 2 a cos x = 0.5 b (6n 1) , n Z. a The general solution (from Example 30) is given by x = 3 5 7 or x = . When n = 0, x = and, when n = 1, x = 3 3 3 5 7 , . The rst three positive solutions of cos x = 0.5 are x = , 3 3 3 (6n + 1) , n Z. b The general solution (from Example 30) is given by x = 18 7 13 and, when n = 1, x = , and when n = 2, x = . When n = 0, x = 18 18 18 7 13 , , . The rst three positive solutions of 3 tan (3x ) = 1 are x = 18 18 18 (8n + 1) or c The general solution (from Example 30) is given by x = 4 (8n + 3) , n Z. x= 4 9 11 3 and, when n = 1, x = or x = . When n = 0, x = or 4 4 4 4 3 9 , . The rst three positive solutions of 2 sin x = 2 are x = , 4 4 4 Solution

Exercise 16N
Example

30

1 Find the general solution to each of the following equations. a sin x = 0.5 b 2 cos (3x ) = 3 c 3 tan x = 3 2 Find the rst two positive solutions to each of the following equations. a sin x = 0.5 b 2 cos (3x ) = 3 c 3 tan x = 3 = 2, and hence nd all the solutions for x in 3 Find the general solution to 2 cos 2x + 4 the interval (2, 2 ).

Example

31

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

487

4 Find the general solution to x in the interval [, 0].

3 tan 3x 1 = 0, and hence nd all the solutions for 6 3 = 0, and hence nd all the solutions for x in

5 Find the general solution to 2 sin (4 x ) + the interval [1, 1].

16.15

Applications of trigonometric functions

Example 32 It is suggested that the height h(t) metres of the tide above mean sea level on 1 January at Warnung is given approximately by the rule h(t) = 4 sin t , where t is the number of hours 6 after midnight. a Draw the graph of y = h(t) for 0 t 24. b When was high tide? c What was the height of the high tide? d What was the height of the tide at 8 am? e A boat can only cross the harbour bar when the tide is at least 1 metre above mean sea level. When could the boat cross the harbour bar on 1 January? Solution a
4 y

b
y = h(t)

x 6 12 18 24

High tide occurs when h(t) = 4 4 sin t =4 6 t =1 implies sin 6 5 t= , 6 2 2 t = 3, 15

i.e. high tide occurs at 03.00 and = 12 15.00 (3 pm). 6 c The high tide has height 4 metres above the mean height. 3 4 8 d h (8) = 4 sin = 4 sin =4 = 2 3. 6 3 2 The water is 2 3 metres below the mean height at 8 am. e We rst consider 4 sin t = 1. 6 1 Thus sin t = 6 4 t = 0.2526, 2.889, 6.5358, 9.172 6 t = 0.4824, 5.5176, 12.4824, 17.5173 We note: period = 2 i.e. the water is at height 1 metre at 00:29, 05:31, 12:29, 17:31. Thus the boat can pass across the harbour bar between 00:29 and 05:31 and between 12:29 and 17:31.

488

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Exercise 16O
1 The depth, D(t) metres, of water at the entrance to a harbour at t hours after midnight on a t , 0 t 24. particular day is given by D(t) = 10 + 3 sin 6 a Sketch the graph of D(t) for 0 t 24. b Find the value of t for which D(t) 8.5. c Boats which need a depth of w metres are permitted to enter the harbour only if the depth of the water at the entrance is at least w metres for a continuous period of 1 hour. Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the largest value of w which satises this condition. 2 The depth of water at the entrance to a harbour t hours after high tide is D metres, where D = p + q cos (rt) for suitable constants p, q, r. At high tide the depth is 7 m; at low tide, 6 hours later, the depth is 3 m. a Show that r = 30 and nd the values of p and q. b Sketch the graph of D against t for 0 t 12. c Find how soon after low tide a ship that requires a depth of at least 4 m of water will be able to enter the harbour. 3 A particle moves on a straight line, OX, and its distance x metres from O at time t (s) is given by x = 3 + 2 sin (3t). a c d e Find its greatest distance from O. b Find its least distance from O. Find the times at which it is 5 metres from O for 0 t 5. Find the times at which it is 3 metres from O for 0 t 3. Describe the motion of the particle.

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

489

Review

Chapter summary
Denition of a radian One radian (written lc ) is the angle formed at the centre of the unit circle by an arc of length 1 unit. 1c = 180 1 = c 180

y 1 1 1c 1 0 1 1 unit x

1
Sine and cosine x-coordinate of P( ) in unit circle, x = cosine , R y-coordinate of P( ) in unit circle, y = sine , R Abbreviated to x = cos y = sin

y 1 1 1 c 0 x

P() y 1 x

1
Tangent If the tangent to the unit circle at A is drawn then the y-coordinate of B is called tangent (abbreviated to tan ). Also by using similar triangles: tan = sin cos
1 1 1 0 c cos A
sin

y B tan x

Circular functions and trigonometric ratios

y

1 0 x

y x

Hypotenuse, H
Adjacent side, A

Opposite side, O

O y = =y H 1 A x cos = = =x H 1 y sin O = = tan = A x cos sin =

490

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Review

Symmetry properties of circular functions

Quadrant 2 (sin is positive) sin ( ) = b = sin

y 1 b

Quadrant 1 (all functions are positive) e.g. sin = b

1 b sin ( + ) = b = sin Quadrant 3 (tan is positive) 1

sin (2 ) = b = sin Quadrant 4 (cos is positive)

Solutions of trigonometric equations of the type sin x = a and cos x = a e.g. If cos x = 0.7, nd the two values of x in the range 0 x 360. If cos x = 0.7 then x = 45.6 cos is negative in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants x = 180 45.6 = 134.4 and x = 180 + 45.6 = 225.6 Further symmetry properties Negative angles: cos ( ) = cos sin ( ) = sin sin = tan tan ( ) = cos Complementary angles: = cos , 2 = sin , cos 2 sin sin

y 1

1
+ = cos 2 cos + = sin 2

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

491

Review

Exact values of circular functions 0 6 4 3 2 sin 0 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 cos 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 0 tan 0 1 3 1 3 undened

Graphs of circular functions

1 0 1

y = sin 2

1 0 1 2

y = cos 3 2 2

Amplitude = 1 Period = 2 y y = tan 1 2 1 0 4 2 3 2 2 5 2

Amplitude = 1 Period = 2

Amplitude is undefined Period =

492

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Review

Graphs of circular functions of the type y = a sin n (t ) b and y = a cos n (t ) b y 1 y = 2 cos 3 t + e.g. 3 1 Amplitude, a = 2 6 6 Period = 2 2 = n 3
3 0 1 2 3 3 t

The graph is the same shape as y = 2 cos (3t) but is translated: units in the negative direction of the t-axis, and i 3 ii 1 unit in the negative direction of the y-axis. Pythagorean identity cos2 + sin2 = 1

Multiple-choice questions
1 In a right-angled triangle, the two shorter side lengths are 3 cm and 4 cm. To the nearest degree, the value of the smallest angle is B 23 C 37 D 53 E 92 A 1 D 7 is 3 The range of the function f : [0, 2 ] R, f (x) = 4 sin 2x 2 A R B [0, 4] C [4, 0] D [0, 8] 1 x + 4 is 4 The period of the graph of y = 3 sin 2 A B 3 C 4 D +4 1 5 The graph of y = sin x is dilated by factor from the y-axis and translated 2 positive direction of the x-axis. The equation of the image is A y = sin 2 The minimum value of 3 10 cos (2x) is A 13 B 17 C 23 E 10 E [4, 4]

E 2 units in the 4

1 1 x+ C y = 2 sin x B y = sin x 2 4 4 2 4 D y = sin 2x E y = sin 2 x 4 4 6 The period of the function f : R R, where f (x) = a sin (bx) + c and a, b and c are positive constants, is 2 b 2 D E A a B b C b 2 a 7 One cycle of the graph of function with equation y = tan ax has vertical asymptotes at x = and x = . A possible value of a is 6 6 1 A 6 B C E 3 D 6 3

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

493

Review

8 The equation 3 sin (x) + 1 = b, where b is a positive real number, has one solution in the interval [0, 2 ]. The value of b is A 1 B 1.5 C 2 D 3 E 4 9 The number of solutions of the equation b = a sin x, where x [2 , 2 ] and a and b are positive real numbers with a > b, is A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 E 6 10 The depth of water, in metres, in a harbour at a certain point at time t hours is given by t , 0 t 24. The depth of the water is rst 9 m at D (t ) = 8 + 2 sin 6 A t=0 B t=1 C t=2 D t=3 E t=4

Short-answer questions (technology-free)

1 Change each of the following to radian measure in terms of : b 810 c 1080 d 1035 a 330 f 405 g 390 h 420 i 80 2 Change each of the following to degree measure: 3 c 11 c 7 c 5 c d c b a 12 4 4 6 c c c 23 c 11 3 i h g f 4 4 4 4 3 Give exact values of each of the following: 11 7 11 c sin b cos a sin 6 4 4 23 23 13 g cos f sin 3 6 6 4 State the amplitude and period of each of the following: e cos a 2 sin 2 b 3 sin (4 ) c e 135

15 c 2

d cos h sin

7 6

17 4

1 sin (3 ) 2 x 2x 2 d 3 cos (2x ) e 4 sin sin f 3 3 3 5 Sketch the graphs of each of the following (showing one cycle): x c y = 2 sin (3x ) a y = 2 sin (2x ) b y = 3 cos 3 2 x e y = sin x f y = sin x + d y = 2 sin 4 3 3 5 g y = 2 cos x h y = 3 cos x + 6 6

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Review

6 Solve each of the following equations for R: 3 3 , [, ] b sin(2 ) = a sin = , [, ] 2 2 1 = , [0, 2 ] c sin = 1, [0, 2 ] d sin + 3 2 3 1 = , [0, 2 ] e sin 3 2

Extended-response questions
1 The number of hours of daylight at a point on the Antarctic Circle is given approximately by 1 1 , where t is the number of months which have elapsed since d = 12 + 12 cos t + 6 3 1 January. a Find d: i on 21 June (t 5.7) ii on 21 March (t 2.7) b When will there be 5 hours of daylight? 2 The temperature A C inside a house at t hours after 4 am is given by A = 21 3 cos t 12

for 0 t 24, and the temperature B C outside the house at the same time is given by t for 0 t 24. B = 22 5 cos 12 a Find the temperature inside the house at 8 am. b Write down an expression for D = A B, the difference between the inside and outside temperatures. c Sketch the graph of D for 0 t 24. d Determine when the inside temperature is less than the outside temperature. 3 At a certain time of the year the depth of water d m in the harbour at Bunk Island is given by t , where t is the time in hours after 3 am. the rule d = 3 + 1.8 cos 6 a Sketch the graph of the function d = 3 + 1.8 cos t over a 24-hour period from 6 3 am to 3 am. b At what time(s) does high tide occur for t [0, 24]? c At what time(s) does low tide occur for t [0, 24]? A passenger ferry operates between Main Beach and Bunk Island. It takes 50 minutes to go from Main Beach to Bunk Island. The ferry only runs between the hours of 8 am and 8 pm and is only able to enter the harbour at Bunk Island if the depth of water is at least 2 metres. d What is the earliest time the ferry should leave Main Beach so that it arrives at Bunk Island and can immediately enter the harbour?

Chapter 16 Circular Functions

495

Review

e The time to go from Bunk Island to Main Beach is also 50 minutes. The minimum time the ferry takes at Bunk Island harbour is 5 minutes. The minimum time at Main Beach is also 5 minutes. i What is the latest time the ferry can leave Main Beach to complete a round trip in 105 minutes? ii How many complete round trips can the ferry make in a day? 4 The depth of water D at the end of Brighton pier t hours after low tide is given by the rule D = p 2 cos (rt), where p and r are suitable constants. At low tide (t = 0) the depth is 2 metres; at high tide, which occurs 8 hours later, the depth is 6 metres. a Show that r = and p = 4. 8 b Sketch the graph of D = 4 2 cos t for 0 t 16. 8 c If the rst low tide occurs at 4 am, when will the next low tide occur? d At what times will the depth be equal to 4 metres? The poles that support the Brighton pier stand 7.5 metres above the sea bed. e How much of a particular pole is exposed at: i high tide? ii 2 pm? Over the years mussels have attached themselves to the pole. A particular mussel is attached 4 metres from the top of the pole so that some of the time it is exposed and some of the time it is covered by water. f For how long will the mussel be covered by water during the time from one low tide to the next?