Code No: NR-410204 Set No

1
IV-B.Tech. I Semester Supplementary Examinations May, 2003
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

Time: 3 hours Max.Marks: 80

Answer any five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---

1.a) Explain how the incremental production cost of a thermal power station can be
determined.
b) Explain the various factors to be considered in allocating generation to different
power stations for optimum operation.
c) What is the use of loss formula coefficients?

2.a) A power System consists of two, 125 MW units whose input cost data are
represented by the equations :
C1 = 0.04 P12 + 22 P1 + 800 Rupees/hour
C2 = 0.045 P22 + 15 P2 + 1000 Rupees/hour
If the total received power PR = 200 MW. Determine the load division between the
units for most economic operation.
b) Discuss the general problem of economic operation of large interconnected areas.

3. Discuss the Dynamic programming method to solar unit commitment program.

4.a) Explain the necessity of maintaining a constant frequency in power system

operation.
b) Two generators rated 200 Mw and 400 Mw are operating in parallel. The droop
characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5% respectively from no load to full
load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load, How would
a load of 600 Mw be shared between them ? What will be the system frequency at
this load ? Assume free governor operation. Repeat the problem if both the
governors have a droop of 4%.

5.a) Write notes on

i) Control area concept. ii) Pool operation.
b) Explain proportional plus integral control for load frequency control for a single
area system.

6.a) What is area control error? Explain its significance.

b) For a two-area load frequency control with gain blocks, derive an expression for
steady values of change in frequency and tie line power for simultaneously
applied unit step load disturbance inputs in the two areas.
Contd..2
Code No: NR-410204 -2- Set No: 1

7. A load of (66+j60) MVA at the receiving end is being transmitted via a single circuit
220 kV line, having resistance of 21 ohms and reactance of 34 ohms. The sending
end voltage is maintained at 220 kV. The operating conditions of power consumers
require that at this load voltage drop across the line should not exceed 5 percent. In
order to reduce voltage drop, standard single phase, 0.66 kV, 40 KVAr capacitors are
to be switched in series in each phase of the line. Determine the required number of
capacitors, rated voltage and installed capacitors of the capacitor bank. The losses in
the line are neglected.

8.a) Describe the effect of connecting shunt reactors connected in high voltage
transmission system.
b) Describe the features of saturated reactor compensator with its V/I characteristics.

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Code No: NR-410204 Set No

2
IV-B.Tech. I Semester Supplementary Examinations May, 2003
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max.Marks: 80
Answer any five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1.a) Describe in detail, with suitable examples, the methods of optimum scheduling of
generation of power from a thermal station.
b) What do you understand by Production cost of power generated?
c) Write the expression for hourly loss of economy resulting from error in
incremental cost representation.

2.a) The incremental fuel costs for the two plants are given by
df 1
= 0.2 p1 + 45
dp1
df 2
= 0.25 p 2 + 34
dp 2
where f is in Rs/hr and P is in MW. If both units operate at all times and
maximum and minimum loads on each are 100 MW and 20MW respectively,
determine the economic load schedule of the plants for the loads of 80 MW and
180 MW. Neglect the line losses.
b) Write short notes on: Physical interpretation of co-ordination equations.

3. Explain clearly with a flow chart the computational procedure for load flow
solution using Gauss-Seidel method when the system contains all types of buses.

4.a) Derive the generator load model and represent it by a block diagram.
b) Consider the block diagram model of LFC given in figure. Make the following
approximation:
(1 + sTsg)(1 + sTs) = 1 + (Tsg + Tt)s = 1 + sTeq
Solve for ∆ f(t) with parameters given below. Given ∆ Pd = 0.01 pu
Teq = 0.4 + 0.5 = 0.9 s; Tps = 20 s; Ksg Kt = 1; Kps = 100; R = 3.

(Contd…2)
Code No: NR-410204 -2- Set No: 2

5.a) Write notes on

i) Control area concept. ii) Area control error.
b) Explain proportional plus integral control for load frequency control for a single
area system.

6.a) Explain the mechanism of load frequency control.

b) Explain computer control of load and frequency.

7. The load at the receiving end of a three-phase, over-head line is 25 MW, power
factor 0.8 lagging, at a line voltage of 33 kV. A synchronous compensator is
situated at the receiving end and the voltage at both ends of the line is maintained
at 33 kV. Calculate the MVAr of the compensator. The line has resistance 5 ohm
per phase and inductive reactance 20 ohm per phase.

8.a) Describe the effect of thyristor-controlled static shunt compensators to meet

reactive power requirement in the power systems
b) Compare the technical advantages of static compensator over synchronous
condenser.

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Code No: NR-410204 Set No

3
IV-B.Tech. I Semester Supplementary Examinations May, 2003
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

Time: 3 hours Max.Marks: 80

Answer any five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1.a) Assuming any relevant data and notations, derive the transmission loss formula.
b) Describe self and mutual impedances for transmission network.
c) What are the costs associated with hydroplants?

2. A power system consists of two 100 MW units whose input cost data are
represented by equations below:
C1 = 0.04 P12 + 22 P1 + 800 Rupees/hour
C2 = 0.045 P22 + 15 P2 + 1000 Rupees/hour
If total received power PR = 150 Mw. Determine the load division between units
for most economic operation.

3. Explain clearly with a flow chart the computational procedure for load flow
solution using Newton – Raphson method when the system contains all types of
buses.

4.a) Explain the steady state load frequency characteristics of a speed governor
system.
b) Two generators rated 300 Mw and 600 Mw are operating in parallel. Their
governors have a droop characteristics of 4% and 5% respectively from no load
to full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load,
determine how would a load of 750 Mw be shared between them. What will be
the system frequency at this load? Assume free governor action.

5.a) With a neat block diagram explain load frequency control with economic
dispatch control.
b) Briefly explain economic load despatch.

6.a) With a block diagram, explain the concept of load frequency control.
b) Draw the block diagram representation of speed governing system and derive the
transfer function of the speed governor.

Contd…2
Code No: NR-410204 -2- Set No: 3

7.a) A single circuit three phase 220 kV, line operates on no load. Voltage at the
receiving end of the line is 205 kV. Find the sending end voltage, if the line has
resistance of 21.7 ohms, reactance of 85.2 ohms and the total suspectance as 5.32
x 10-4 mho. The transmission line is to be represented by π-model.
b) With a neat phasor diagrams explain the reactive power balance and its effect on
system voltage.

8.a) Explain how transformers are used to control the flow of real and reactive power
in the power system network
b) Explain the combined use of Tap-changing transformers and reactive power
injection in a power system.

^^^
Code No: NR-410204 Set No

4
IV-B.Tech. I Semester Supplementary Examinations May, 2003
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

Time: 3 hours Max.Marks: 80

Answer any five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---

1.a) Define the loss formula coefficients and discuss their importance.
b) What is the objective in economic scheduling?
c) Derive the condition for optimal allocation of total load among units in a thermal
station when losses are not neglected.
2. A power System consists of two, 100 MW units whose input cost data are
represented by the equations :
C1 = 0.05 P12 + 20 P1 + 800 Rupees/hour
C2 = 0.06 P22 + 15 P2 + 1000 Rupees/hour
If the total received power PR = 150 MW
What would be the division of load between the units for the most economic
operation? Find the savings per hour realized from economic allocation of load
between the units in comparison with their sharing the output equally, when the
load is 150 MW.

3. Compare the performance of Gauss-Seidel method and Newton – Raphson

method for load flow solution using nodal admittance approach for the
formulation of load flow equations.

4.a) Explain the steady state load frequency characteristics of a speed governor
system.
b) Two generators rated 300 Mw and 600 Mw are operating in parallel. Their
governors have a droop characteristics of 4% and 5% respectively from no load
to full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load,
determine how would a load of 750 Mw be shared between them. What will be
the system frequency at this load ? Assume free governor action.

5.a) With a neat block diagram explain load frequency control with economic
dispatch control.
b) Briefly explain economic load dispatch.

6.a) Explain the importance of load frequency control.

b) Derive an expression for steady-state change of frequency and tie-line power
transfer of a two-area power system.

Contd…2
Code No: NR-410204 -2- Set No: 4

7.a) Explain the phenomenon of VAR flow due to unbalanced voltages in a power
system.
b) With a 100 – MVA generator operating at 85 per cent power factor lagging,
i) How many MVAr will be produced?
ii) To what mega watt load should the machine be limited so that its MVA
rating will not be exceeded?

8.a) Write short notes on compensated and uncompensated transmission lines

b) Explain briefly about the shunt and series compensation of transmission systems.

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