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Reg. No. :

Question Paper Code : 40500

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2021.

Seventh Semester

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EE 8702 – POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

(Regulations 2017)

Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.

PART A — (10  2 = 20 marks)

1. List out the requirements of a good power system.

2. What is the need for voltage and frequency regulation in power system?

3. What is the function of Load Frequency Control?

4. Define area control error.

5. List the various components in AVR loop.

6. Distinguish between on-load and off-load tap changing.

7. Compare unit commitment and economic dispatch.

8. What is meant by incremental cost curve?

9. Write the principle of operation of PMU.

10. What are the functions of EMS?

PART B — (5  13 = 65 marks)

11. (a) What are the components of speed governor system of an alternator?
Derive a transfer function and sketch block diagram.

Or
(b) Draw and explain the basic P-f (real power Vs. frequency) and
Q-V (reactive power Vs. voltage) control loops.

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12. (a) Draw the transfer function block diagram for a two area system provided
with governor control and obtain the steady state frequency error
following a step road change in both the areas.

Or
(b) The data pertaining to a single area power system with linear
load frequency characteristic are as follows. Rated Capacity = 2000 MW.
System Load = 1000 MW Inertia Constant = 5 sec, Speed
regulation = 0.03 pu, Load damping factor = 1 pu, Normal
Frequency = 50Hz. Governor Time constant a sec and Turbine time
constant = 0 sec. For a sudden change in load of 20 MW, determine the
steady state frequency deviation and the change in generation in MW
and reduction in original load in MW.

13. (a) Explain the following methods of voltage control. (i) Tap changing
transformers and (ii) Shunt and Series capacitors. (6+7)

Or
(b) (i) Explain why reactive power management and control is critical for
overall system stability. Write about the various Reactive power
sources and sinks
(ii) Explain the Voltage Collapse phenomenon. (8+5)

14. (a) Formulate the Forward Dynamic Programming method of solving unit
commitment problem with neat flaw chart.

Or

(b) The fuel inputs per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given as

F1 = 0.2 P12  40P1  120 Rs / hr.

F2 = 0.25 P22  30 P2  150 Rs / hr.

Calculate the economic operating schedule and the corresponding cost of

generation. The maximum and the minimum loading on each unit are
100MW and 25MW. Assume the transmission losses are ignored and the
total demands 180MW.

15. (a) Draw the block diagram to show the hardware configuration of a SCADA
system and explain the application of SCADA in monitoring and control
of power system.
Or
(b) Draw and explain the state transition diagram of a power system
showing different sets of operating states classified according to security
level.

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PART C — (1  15 = 15 marks)

16. (a) (i) Explain the Weighted Least Square method of state estimation.
(ii) Discuss the detection and identification of bad measurements in
power system state estimation. (8+7)

Or
(b) A power station has to meet the following load demands: Load a : 50kW
between 10am to 6pm Load b : 30kW between 6pm to 10pm
Load c : 20kW between 4pm to 10am. Plot the daily load curve and load
duration curve and evaluate (i) diversity factor, (ii) units generated per
day and (iii) load factor. (15)

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Reg. No.

Question Paper Code : X10407

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS – NOV / DEC 2020

Seventh Semester
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EE8702 POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

(Regulations 2017)
Time: 3 Hours Answer ALL Questions Max. Marks: 100
PART- A (10 x 2 = 20 Marks)

1. Why the frequency and voltage are to be regulated in power system?

2. What happens to frequency if the load on the generator increases?

3. What is the purpose of secondary ALFC?

4. Write the tie line power deviation equation in terms of frequency.

5. What is booster transformer? Where it is used?

6. Compare series and shunt capacitors.

7. What are cold reserves and hot reserves?

8. What are all the points to be noted for an economic load dispatch including transmission
losses?

9. Draw the block diagram of PMU with details.

10. What are the different operating states of a power system?

PART- B (5 x 13 = 65 Marks)

11. a) Explain the basic P-f and Q-V control loops in power system with relevant block
diagram. (13)

OR

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b) A generation station of 1MW supplied a region which has the following demands:

Neglect transmission line losses and find the following: i) Plot the daily load curve
and the load duration curve. ii) Find the load factor, the reserve capacity, plant
capacity factor, plant use factor, the hours that the plant has been off and
utilization factor. (13)

12. a) Derive the transfer function of an uncontrolled load frequency control of a single
area system and derive the expression for static error following a step load change.
(13)

OR

b) A two-area power system connected by a tie-line has the following parameters:

Parameters/Area Area 1 Area 2

Turbine output Power (MW) 4000 2000
Nominal Frequency (Hz) 50 50
Speed regulation 4% 5%
Power system Gain ( kp) 50 125
Governor Time Constant 0.2 0.1
Turbine Time Constant 0.3 0.25

A load change of 80 MW occurs in area 1. Determine the steady state frequency

and the change in the tie-line flow.
(13)

13. a) The load at receiving end of a 3phase overhead line is 30 MW, 0.8 pf lag at the
line voltage of 66kV. A synchronous compensator is situated at sending end and
the voltage at both ends of the line is maintained at 66kV. Calculate the MVAR of
compensator. The line has a resistance and reactance of 6Ω/ph, 24 Ω/ph,
respectively. (13)

OR

b) Two sub-station are connected by two lines in parallel with negligible impedance,
but each containing a tap-changing transformer of reactance 0.22pu on the basis of
its rating of 200 MVA. Find the net absorption of reactive power when the
transformer taps are set to 1:1.08, and 1:0.95 respectively. Assume pu voltages to
be equal at the two ends. (13)

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14. a) A power plant has two units with the following cost characteristics:
C1 = 0.6 P1 2 + 200 P1 + 2000 Rs / hour
C2 = 1.2 P2 2 + 150 P2 + 2500 Rs / hour
where P1 and P2 are the generating powers in MW. The daily load cycle is as
follows:
6:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. 150 MW
6:00 P.M. to 6:00 A.M. 50 MW
The cost of taking either unit off the line and returning to service after 12 hours is
Rs 5000. Considering 24 hour period from 6:00 A.M. one morning to 6:00 A.M.
the next morning. i) Compute the economic schedule for the peak load and off
peak load conditions, ii) Calculate the optimum operating cost per day.
(13)

OR

b) Consider the following three units:

IC1 = 7.92 + 0.003124 PG1
IC2 = 7.85 + 0.00388 PG2
IC3 = 7.97 + 0.00964 PG3;
PD = 850 MW ; PG1 = 392.2 MW; PG2 = 334.6 MW; PG3 = 122.2 MW.
Determine the optimum schedule if the load is increased to 900 MW by using
Participation Factor method. (13)

15. a) With the help of flowchart explain briefly how the system states are continuously
monitored and controlled. (13)

OR

b) Explain the hardware components and functional aspects of SCADA system using
a fundamental block diagram. (13)

PART- C (1 x 15 = 15 Marks)

16. a) There are three thermal generating units which can be committed to take the
system load. The fuel cost data and generation operating unit data are given below:
F1 = 392.7 + 5.544 P1 + 0.001093 P12
F2 = 217 + 5.495 P2 + 0.001358 P22
F3 = 65.5 + 6.695 P3 + 0.004049 P32
P1, P2, P3 in MW Generation limits:
150 ≤ P1 ≤ 600 MW;
100 ≤ P2 ≤ 400 MW;
50 ≤ P3≤ 200 MW
There are no other constraints on system operation. Obtain an optimum unit
commitment table. Adopt Brute force enumeration technique. Show the details of
economic schedule and the component and total costs of operation for each

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feasible combination of units for the load level of 900 MW.
(15)

OR

b) The fuel input data for a three plant system are:

f1 = 0.01 P1 2 + 1.7 P1 + 300 Millions of BTU / hour
f2 = 0.02 P2 2 + 2.4 P2 + 400 Millions of BTU / hour
f3 = 0.02 P3 2 + 1.125 P3 + 275 Millions of BTU / hour
where Pi’s are the generation powers in MW. The fuel cost of the plants are Rs 50,
Rs 30 and Rs 40 per Million of BTU for the plants 1,2 and 3 respectively. The loss
coefficient matrix expressed in MW-1 is given by

The load on the system is 60 MW. Compute the power dispatch for λ = 120 Rs /
MWh. Calculate the transmission loss. Also determine the power dispatch with the
revised value of λ taking 10 % change in its value. Estimate the next new value of
λ. (15)

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