AP Bio Chapter 53
AP Bio Chapter 53
AP Bio Chapter 53
Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Chapter 53
Population Ecology
Concept 53.1: Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demographics
A population is a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area Populations are described by their boundaries and size Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to environment, including environmental influences on density and distribution, age structure, and population size
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Mark-recapture method
Scientists capture, tag, and release a random sample of individuals (s) in a population Marked individuals are given time to mix back into the population Scientists capture a second sample of individuals (n), and note how many of them are marked (x) Population size (N) is estimated by (apply to 3)
sn N x
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Density is the result of an interplay between processes that add individuals to a population and those that remove individuals Immigration is the influx of new individuals from other areas Emigration is the movement of individuals out of a population
Figure 53.3
(Apply to 4)
Births Deaths
Immigration
Emigration
Patterns of Dispersion
Environmental and social factors influence spacing of individuals in a population In a clumped dispersion, individuals aggregate in patches A clumped dispersion may be influenced by resource availability and behavior (5 visualized on next slide)
Figure 53.4
(a) Clumped
(b) Uniform
(c) Random
A uniform dispersion is one in which individuals are evenly distributed It may be influenced by social interactions such as territoriality, the defense of a bounded space against other individuals
In a random dispersion, the position of each individual is independent of other individuals It occurs in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions
Demographics
Demography is the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time Death rates and birth rates are of particular interest to demographers (6)
Life Tables
A life table is an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population It is best made by following the fate of a cohort, a group of individuals of the same age The life table of Beldings ground squirrels reveals many things about this population
For example, it provides data on the proportions of males and females alive at each age (7)
Table 53.1a
Table 53.1b
Survivorship Curves
A survivorship curve is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table The survivorship curve for Beldings ground squirrels shows a relatively constant death rate
Figure 53.5
1,000
100
Females 10 Males
1
0 2 4 6 Age (years) 8 10
Figure 53.6
(9 From Understanding)
Number of survivors (log scale)
1,000
100 II
10
III 1 0 50 Percentage of maximum life span 100
Reproductive Rates
For species with sexual reproduction, demographers often concentrate on females in a population A reproductive table, or fertility schedule, is an age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population It describes reproductive patterns of a population (10)
Table 53.2
Concept 53.2: The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment
It is useful to study population growth in an idealized situation Idealized situations help us understand the capacity of species to increase and the conditions that may facilitate this growth
If immigration and emigration are ignored, a populations growth rate (per capita increase) equals birth rate minus death rate (11)
rbm
Zero population growth (ZPG) occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate (r 0) (13)
Exponential Growth
Exponential population growth is population increase under idealized conditions (13) This might occur with rebounding or newly introduced populations. (15) Under these conditions, the rate of increase is at its maximum, denoted as rmax The equation of exponential population growth is (Skip 14, but know that exponential growth= J shaped curve) dN dt rmaxN
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Concept 53.3: The logistic model describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity
Exponential growth cannot be sustained for long in any population A more realistic population model limits growth by incorporating carrying capacity Carrying capacity (K) is the maximum population size the environment can support Carrying capacity varies with the abundance of limiting resources (16 and 17 from thinking)
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(K N) dN rmax N dt K
Table 53.3
The logistic model of population growth produces a sigmoid (S-shaped) curve (Skip 19 and 20, but know that logistic growth=S shaped curve)
Figure 53.9
2,000
1,500
K = 1,500
1,000
500
0 0 5 10 Number of generations 15
K-selection, or density-dependent selection, selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density r-selection, or density-independent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction (21) Think of examples for the 2 extremes.
Life history traits are evolutionary outcomes reflected in the development, physiology, and behavior of an organism (22-23)
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Figure 53.13
(26)
Male
Female
Concept 53.5: Many factors that regulate population growth are density dependent
There are two general questions about regulation of population growth
What environmental factors stop a population from growing indefinitely? Why do some populations show radical fluctuations in size over time, while others remain stable?
Figure 53.15
When population density is low, b > m. As a result, the population grows until the density reaches Q.
When population density is high, m > b, and the population shrinks until the density reaches Q.
Population density
Toxic Wastes
Accumulation of toxic wastes can contribute to density-dependent regulation of population size
Predation
As a prey population builds up, predators may feed preferentially on that species
Intrinsic Factors
For some populations, intrinsic (physiological) factors appear to regulate population size
Territoriality
In many vertebrates and some invertebrates, competition for territory may limit density
Disease
Population density can influence the health and survival of organisms In dense populations, pathogens can spread more rapidly
Population Dynamics
The study of population dynamics focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size
Figure 53.18
(30.Just understand biotic and abiotic factors can influence population sizes)
2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 Number of moose Wolves Moose
50 Number of wolves 40 30 20
10
0 1955
500
0 1965 1975 1985 Year 1995 2005
Figure 53.19
Snowshoe hare
Number of lynx (thousands)
(Skip 31)
9 6
3
0
Figure 53.22
(32)
7 6 5 4 3 2 The Plague Human population (billions)
1
0
8000 BCE 4000 BCE 3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 0 1000 CE 2000 CE
The global population is more than 6.8 billion people Though the global population is still growing, the rate of growth began to slow during the 1960s
Figure 53.23
2.2 2.0 1.8 Annual percent increase 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 2009
Projected data
0.2
0 1950 1975 2000 Year 2025 2050
The demographic transition is the move from the first state to the second state (33) The demographic transition is associated with an increase in the quality of health care and improved access to education, especially for women
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Age Structure
One important demographic factor in present and future growth trends is a countrys age structure Age structure is the relative number of individuals at each age
Figure 53.24
(34)
Rapid growth Afghanistan Male Female Slow growth United States No growth Italy
10 8
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 Percent of population
Age 85+ 8084 7579 7074 6569 6064 5559 5054 4549 4044 3539 3034 2529 2024 1519 1014 59 04 8 10 8
Male
Female
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 Percent of population
Age 85+ 8084 7579 7074 6569 6064 5559 5054 4549 4044 3539 3034 2529 2024 1519 1014 59 04 8 8
Male
Female
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 Percent of population
Figure 53.25
80
60
40
20
Figure 53.26
(36.Nope)