ECE 334 Chapter 5 Biopolar Small Signal Transistors

Chapter-5 Goals Chapter 4 Small-Signal Modeling and Linear Amplification
Understanding of concepts related to: Transistors as linear amplifiers dc and ac equivalent circuits Use of coupling and bypass capacitors and inductors to modify dc and ac equivalent circuits Small-signal voltages and currents Small-signal models for BJT transistors Amplifier characteristics such as voltage gain, input and output resistances and linear signal range Rule-of-thumb estimates for voltage gain of commonemitter and common-source amplifiers.
Introduction to Amplifiers
BJT is an excellent amplifier when biased in forward-active region In these regions, transistors can provide high voltage, current and power gains. Bias is provided to stabilize the operating point in desired operation region. Q-point also determines Small-signal parameters of transistor Voltage gain, input resistance, output resistance Maximum input and output signal amplitudes Power consumption
To obtained linear amplifier, the ac current and voltages must a small enough To insure a linear relationship between the ac signals. To meet this objective The Time-varying signals are assume to be small signals.
BJT Amplifier
BJT Amplifier (contd.)

If changes in operating currents and voltages are small enough, then IC and VCE waveforms are undistorted replicas of input signal. Small voltage change at base causes large voltage change at collector. Voltage gain is given by: v 1.65180 = 206180 = 206 Av = ce = 0.0080 v be Minus sign indicates 1800 phase shift between input and output signals.
Coupling and Bypass Capacitors
C1 and C3 are large coupling capacitors or dc blocking capacitors, their reactance at signal frequency is negligible.
AC coupling through capacitors is used to inject ac input signal and extract output signal without disturbing Qpoint Capacitors provide negligible impedance at frequencies of interest and provide open circuits at dc.
BJT is biased in active region by dc voltage source VBE. Q-point is set at (IC, VCE)=(1.5 mA, 5 V) with IB = 15 A. Total base-emitter voltage is: v =V + v BE BE be Collector-emitter voltage is: v = 10 i R C C CE This gives the load line
8 mV peak change in vBE gives 5 A change in iB and 0.5 mA change in iC. 0.5 mA change in iC gives 1.65 V change in vCE .
C2 is bypass capacitor, provides low impedance path for ac current from emitter to ground, removing RE (required for good Q-point stability) from circuit when ac signals are considered.
DC Equivalent for BJT Amplifier
AC Equivalent for BJT Amplifier
= R R = 10 k 30 k 1 2 C R 3 = 4 . 3 k 100 k
R = R
All capacitors in original amplifier circuits are replaced by open circuits, disconnecting vI, RI, and R3 from circuit.
Find ac equivalent circuit by replacing all capacitors by short circuits,
Hybrid parameter I: diffusion resistance/input impedance

The diffusion resistance r is define as the reciprocal of the iB-vBE curve, which can be find as,
Output terminal characteristics of the bipolar transistor: transconductance

If we assume constant collector-emitter voltage the, As we know
By using the two hybrid parameters (r, gm), we can develop a simplified small signal hybrid-- equivalent circuit for the npn transistor.
Voltage -controlled current source gmvbe can be transformed into currentcontrolled current source,
The small signal collector current can be relate with small signal base current by,
From equivalent circuit we can write as
DC and AC Analysis
DC analysis: Find dc equivalent circuit by replacing all capacitors by open circuits and inductors by short circuits. Find Q-point from dc equivalent circuit by using appropriate large-signal transistor model. AC analysis: Find ac equivalent circuit by replacing all capacitors by short circuits, inductors by open circuits, dc voltage sources by ground connections and dc current sources by open circuits. Replace transistor by small-signal model Use small-signal ac equivalent to analyze ac characteristics of amplifier. Combine end results of dc and ac analysis to yield total voltages and currents in the network.
The large value of VCE decreases the effective base width W. Since IS is inversely propositional to W, which cause increase in IC.
If we include the early effect then collector current in terms of early voltage as,
then
Summary of hybrid--model parameters

The hybrid--equivalent circuit model can be completed by adding two additional resistance, rb and r.
Diffusion resistance
Current gain Output resistance
transconductance
Common-Emitter Amplifiers
Characteristics of a CE amplifier
It has moderately low input impedance (1K to 2K) Its output impedance is moderately large(50K or so) Its current gain is high It has very high voltage gain of the order of 1500 or so It produce very high power gain of the order of 10,000 times or 40dB It produce phase reversal of input signal
Uses: many applications because of Large gain in voltage, current and power
(by voltage divider Rule)
Small-Signal Analysis of Complete C-E Amplifier: AC Equivalent Ac equivalent circuit is constructed by assuming that all capacitances have zero impedance at signal frequency and dc voltage source is ac ground. Assume that Qpoint is already known.
Small-Signal Analysis of Complete C-E Amplifier: SmallSignal Equivalent
If we include an emitter resistance in the circuit, the Q-point of the circuit will be less dependant on the transistor current gain .
=R R 1 2
= ro R R C 3
In order to determine the input impedance Rib, which is the resistance looking into the base of the transistor. We can write the following loop equation
How can we Improve the voltage gain ?
The overall input impedance to the amplifier is now
The voltage gain is Substantially reduced When an emitter resistor Is included!!
Voltage gain is less dependant on
Apply KVL around the base emitter loop
A common collector amplifier has following chracteristics: 1 High input impedance (20-500K) 2 Low output impedance (50-2000 Ohms) 3 High current gain (50-300) 4 Voltage gain of less than 1 5 Power gain of 20 to 20dB 6 No phase reversal between input and output signals
Using above equations we can write voltage gain as
Input impedance
Clearly the voltage gain is less than 1 and no phase reversal
Input and output impedance for EF

Very large compared to CE
Small signal current gain for EF

The small signal current gain is define as
Load current as
Ai >1 implies that EF amplifier can be used as Small signal power gain amplifier.
Similarly the small signal current gain as follows
Common base amplifier has Very low input impedance (30-150 ) Very high output resistance (500K) Current gain <1 Large voltage gain of about 1500 Power gain of upto 30dB No phase reversal between input and output Uses: for matching low impedance circuit to high impedance circuit
In a similar fashion as we adopted in case of CB and CE amplifier circuit we have the final results of voltage and current gain as follows:
Slightly less then 1
If Rs approach to zero, small signal voltage gain as follows

ECE 334 Chapter 5 Biopolar Small Signal Transistors

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Chapter-5 Goals Chapter 4 Small-Signal Modeling and Linear Amplification

BJT Amplifier (contd.)

Coupling and Bypass Capacitors

DC Equivalent for BJT Amplifier

AC Equivalent for BJT Amplifier

Find ac equivalent circuit by replacing all capacitors by short circuits,

Hybrid parameter I: diffusion resistance/input impedance

Output terminal characteristics of the bipolar transistor: transconductance

From equivalent circuit we can write as

Summary of hybrid--model parameters

Current gain Output resistance

(by voltage divider Rule)

Small-Signal Analysis of Complete C-E Amplifier: SmallSignal Equivalent

How can we Improve the voltage gain ?

The overall input impedance to the amplifier is now

The voltage gain is Substantially reduced When an emitter resistor Is included!!

Voltage gain is less dependant on

Apply KVL around the base emitter loop

Using above equations we can write voltage gain as

Clearly the voltage gain is less than 1 and no phase reversal

Input and output impedance for EF

Small signal current gain for EF

Similarly the small signal current gain as follows

Slightly less then 1

If Rs approach to zero, small signal voltage gain as follows

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