Bipolar Junction Transistors (DC Biasing of BJTS)
Bipolar Junction Transistors (DC Biasing of BJTS)
Bipolar Junction Transistors (DC Biasing of BJTS)
The DC input
establishes an
operating or
quiescent point
called the Q-point.
The Three States of Operation
• Fixed-bias circuit
• Emitter-stabilized bias circuit
• Collector-emitter loop
• Voltage divider bias circuit
• DC bias with voltage feedback
Fixed Bias
The Base-Emitter Loop
VCC − VBE
IB =
RB
Collector-Emitter Loop
Collector current:
I C = βI B
VCE = VCC − I C R C
Saturation
VCC
I Csat =
RC
VCE ≅ 0 V
Load Line Analysis
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Circuit Values Affect the Q-Point
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Circuit Values Affect the Q-Point
Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit
Adding a resistor
(RE) to the emitter
circuit stabilizes
the bias circuit.
Base-Emitter Loop
Since IE = (β + 1)IB:
VCC - I B R B - (β + 1)I B R E = 0
Since IE ≅ IC:
VCE = VCC – I C (R C + R E )
Also:
VE = I E R E
VC = VCE + VE = VCC - I C R C
VB = VCC – I R R B = VBE + VE
Improved Biased Stability
VCE = VCC − I C R C − I E R E
IE ≅ IC
VCE = V CC −I C (R C + R E )
Voltage Divider Bias Analysis
Another way to
improve the stability
of a bias circuit is to
add a feedback path
from collector to
base.
Saturation current:
VCC
I Csat =
RC
To ensure saturation:
I
I B > Csat
β dc
Emitter-collector resistance
at saturation and cutoff:
VCEsat
R sat =
I Csat
VCC
R cutoff =
I CEO
Troubleshooting Hints
• Approximate voltages
– VBE ≅ .7 V for silicon transistors
– VCE ≅ 25% to 75% of VCC
• Test for opens and shorts with an ohmmeter.
• Test the solder joints.
• Test the transistor with a transistor tester or a curve tracer.
• Note that the load or the next stage affects the transistor operation.
PNP Transistors