Scribd
Upload
67 views

Energy Balance For Closed Systems

The document summarizes key concepts from thermodynamics including: 1) The 1st Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed in closed systems. 2) Energy conversion efficiencies indicate how well energy transfer processes are accomplished by comparing useful energy delivered to energy supplied. 3) Refrigeration and heat pump cycles use work input to drive heat transfer in contrast to power cycles where heat transfer produces work.

Uploaded by

omissammassimo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
67 views

Energy Balance For Closed Systems

The document summarizes key concepts from thermodynamics including: 1) The 1st Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed in closed systems. 2) Energy conversion efficiencies indicate how well energy transfer processes are accomplished by comparing useful energy delivered to energy supplied. 3) Refrigeration and heat pump cycles use work input to drive heat transfer in contrast to power cycles where heat transfer produces work.

Uploaded by

omissammassimo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

2013-08-30

Energy Balance for Closed Systems


Using the principles of heat and work transfer we can start looking at the energy balance of closed systems. - 1st Law of Thermodynamics (5) - Energy conversion efficiencies (3) - Refrigeration and heat-pump cycle (2)

G. Bramesfeld

AER 309 Thermodynamics

v1.0

Ryerson University

1st Law of Thermodynamics (1)


The 1st Law of Thermodynamics (conservation of energy) provides a basis for studying the relationships among the various forms of energy and energy interactions. It states that: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process; it can only change forms For all adiabatic processes between two specified states of a closed system, the net work done is the same regardless of the nature of the closed system and the details of the process.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms.


G. Bramesfeld AER 309 Thermodynamics

The increase in the energy of a potato in an oven is equal to the amount of heat transferred to it.

v1.0

Ryerson University

2013-08-30

1st Law of Thermodynamics (2)


Some examples: The work (electrical) done on an adiabatic system is equal to the increase in the energy of the system.

In the absence of any work interactions, the energy change of a system is equal to the net heat transfer.

The work (shaft) done on an adiabatic system is equal to the increase in the energy of the system.
AER 309 Thermodynamics v1.0 Ryerson University

G. Bramesfeld

1st Law of Thermodynamics (3)


The energy balance: the net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system during that process

The energy change of a system during a process is equal to the net work and heat transfer between the system and its surroundings. The work (boundary) done on an adiabatic system is equal to the increase in the energy of the system.
G. Bramesfeld AER 309 Thermodynamics v1.0 Ryerson University

2013-08-30

1st Law of Thermodynamics (4)


Energy Change of a System, Esystem

Internal, kinetic, and potential energy changes

G. Bramesfeld

AER 309 Thermodynamics

v1.0

Ryerson University

1st Law of Thermodynamics (5)


The energy content of a control volume can be changed by mass flow, heat, and work interactions.

The energy balance can also be done on a time-dependent basis:

For a cycle, E = 0, thus Q = W, or

G. Bramesfeld

AER 309 Thermodynamics

v1.0

Ryerson University

2013-08-30

Energy conversion efficiencies (1)


Efficiency is one of the most frequently used terms in thermodynamics, and it indicates how well an energy conversion or transfer process is accomplished. We can generalize efficiency by thinking about it as a performance defined by:

Efficiency of a water heater: The ratio of the energy delivered to the house by hot water to the energy supplied to the water heater.

The definition of performance is not limited to thermodynamics only.

G. Bramesfeld

AER 309 Thermodynamics

v1.0

Ryerson University

Energy conversion efficiencies (2)

Heating value of the fuel: The amount of heat released when a unit amount of fuel at room temperature is completely burned and the combustion products are cooled to the room temperature. Lower heating value (LHV): When the water leaves as a vapor. Higher heating value (HHV): When the water in the combustion gases is completely condensed and thus the heat of vaporization is also recovered. The efficiency of space heating systems of residential and commercial buildings is usually expressed in terms of the annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), which accounts for the combustion efficiency as well as other losses such as heat losses to unheated areas and start-up and cooldown losses.
v1.0 Ryerson University

The definition of the heating value of gasoline.


G. Bramesfeld AER 309 Thermodynamics

2013-08-30

Energy conversion efficiencies (3)


Thermal efficiency of a power cycle is a measure how much of the energy change due to a heat transfer can be used for work (mechanical or electrical): = From the first law of thermodynamics, we also know that the net work is the change in heat. This yields for the efficiency: = =1 If all of the heat can be changed into work (i.e. = 0) the efficiency is = 1. This is very desirable, but hardly achievable. If none of the heat can be changed into work (i.e. = ) the efficiency is = 0. The process is not very efficient.

G. Bramesfeld

AER 309 Thermodynamics

v1.0

Ryerson University

Refrigeration and Heat-Pump Cycle (1)

The difference to a power cycle, where a heat transfer leads to work, is that work is put into the system in order to cause a heat transfer.

G. Bramesfeld

AER 309 Thermodynamics

v1.0

Ryerson University

2013-08-30

Refrigeration and Heat-Pump Cycle (1)

G. Bramesfeld

AER 309 Thermodynamics

v1.0

Ryerson University

You might also like