Pilot's Guide

KFC 250

Bendix/King Flight Control System

Tablle of Contents

Introduction 10 the KFC 250 Fllighl Control System. , 3

KFC 250 System Integration .:., , , ... , . , , , , ,. .,"' .. 4,5

KFC 250 Flight Control system Specifications 6

Modes of Ope-ration, . , , , , , 7

KFC 250 System Panel Checklist , , .... , , , , .... , , , , , , 9

Operating 'the KFC 250 System , , , , , , 11

System Sarety-Integrity Monitors , , , , ,. ..",.,. 12

Preflight Test.. .,", ... ,"', ,", ..... ,', ..... ,',. .,.,', ... ' 13

Flight Director Mode (FD) . , 14

,Autopilot Engagement (AP) , , ... , , , , , . , , , . , , 14

Heading SelectlPreselect Mode (HOG SELl .. , . • . , , , . , , •... , 15

Yaw Damp Mode, , , ,. .., , . , .. , . " 15

Navigation Mode (NAV/ARM and NAVICPLDl ..... ,', ,., 16

Approach Mode (NAVIARM and APPR/CPLD. GS/CPLD), , , , , , , 17

Back Course Mode (BC) , , , , , 18

Go-Around Mode,. ..,"', , 18

Altitude Select Mode (ALT ARM) " , , .. , . , 18

Altitude Hold Mode (ALT HOLD) . , " " ". ."" .... ", 19

Control Wheell Steering Mod,e (CWS) ... , , , , 19

Operating Procedures:

Takeoff and Climb to Selected Altitude .. , , Outbound on Front Course for Procedure Turn

to ILSapproach.. , . _. , .. ,

Front Course ILS Approach with Missed

APproach and Go-Around ,

RNAV Capture. , , , , _ . '

20,.21 , , 22,.23

", ... "., , , ..... , , ,.24.25

.26.27

2

Introduction to the KFC 250 Flight Control System

The KFC 250 Flight Director/Autopilot is a complete 3-axis integrated system with large, 4-inch electric (or 3-illch vacuumlelectric) f~ight Command and Pictorial Navigation Indicators ..

An all solid-state Flight Computer provides computed Flight Director commands along with complete 3-axis Autopilot control. The system provides all standard operating modes plus altitude preselect capability.

This system is designed specifically to bring the advantages of advanced technology to single pilot instrument flying in turboprops and cabin class twins.

King Radio also offers a Flight Director only version, named the KFD 250 which offers virtually the same performance as the 4" KFC 250 system without servo control of the aircraft control surfaces. Presentation of the flight sequences shown in this handbook can be used as a guide for the KFD 250 by ignoning comments regarding autopilot operation.

I MPOATANT: This Pilot's Guide provides a general descri ptlon of the various operational characteristics of the KFC 250 Flight Control System. However, operation of the system should not be attempted without first reviewing your FAA approved Aircraft Flight Supplement Manual for complete system familiarization and limitations_

3

Control System Components

(4 Inch lnstrumentsj

SENSE

DilSPLAY

CONTROL

COMPUTE

I

Con I rol Wheel Switches

ThrQllle Go~ArroLJno swuen

KEA 346 Ser'l,l'ood Attlrneter

KAS 297

A!l Pre-select

KA 51B

"'itCh Yaw R~II PitCh Trim

Sen,,\o/Mount Se'fv,o'Mounl $efvo/MolIJn'l ServoJMounl

KFC 25,0 System Integration

The system diagrams show the components of theKFC 250 Integrated Flight Control System and their relationships,

The system is functionally divided nto lour parts: Sense" control, compute and display. All sensor information (pitch and roll reference; slaved compass; RNAVIVORIILOCIGS; DME; marker receiver; and air data) is fed' into the KCP ,299 Flight Computer.

The Flight Computer computes pitch and: roll steering commands. These two commands ale routed to the KGI 310 or Kt 256 Flight Command Iindicator Where they are displayed on the V-bar as visual steering come manes These steering commands are also led to the Autopilot computation elrcuits containedin the Flight Computer where the steering commands and aircraft yaw rate information

4

(3 Inch Instruments)

SENSE

CONTROL

DISPLAY

KC 2901291

AlP Di.clTeI m Interrupt SWitCh,

Throttle CQ-ArounQ Switch

COMPUTE

K.EA 346 Ser"""d' AlHmelef

KI525A Pictorial

Na.,Igation Inalcalor

KAS 297

All f're,·S81.ct

KA SIB

I;MT 112

Pitch Vaw Roll Pitch Trim

Servo/Mount Servo/Mo.urd Ser,,"olMo[Iuot Servo'Mount

are combined 10 generate tile aileron, elevator trim, and rudder drive commands for the Autopilot

Using the same pitch and mil commands provides totally consistent Flight DireCior steering command and Autopilot control, There is no disagreement in computatlon, Ttl€! Autopilot simply converts the pitch and roll steering commands from the Flight Computer,

displayed on the v-oar in Ille Fel, inlo the required elevator and: aileron position commands,

Full integration of Flighit Director and Autopilot allows the pitot to delegate the manual effort of flying tile aircraft to tM Autopilot whiile monitoring its activity with the Flight Director.

5

KING KFC 250 Fliight Control System Specifications

KFC 250

(Common cornponents)

KC 290 Mode Controller

KC 291 Yaw Controller

KCP 299 Flight Computer

kDC 298 Air Data

kA 136 Tr.im MonitDr'

kS 27X (4) Servo/Mount

KRG 331 Yaw Rate Sensor

KAS 297 Aithude Selector

KEA 346 servoeo Altimeter

C .. rrenl Drain

Weigl'll
(Iibs) (Kgs)
.50 .22
.10 .04
5.90 2 .. 67
1,70 ,77
.50 ,.22
113.40 6,07
.. 76 .34
1,20 .54
2.90 1.31
26.96 12.18
5.00 2.27
4.80 2,18
1.40 .63
6,00 2.72
5,60 2,54
49.76 22,52
3.30 1.50
4.00 1.82
.50 .20
550 250 4-lnch KCI310

10.45 A 28 VDC 4,5 VA 26 VAC

KPI552

KAP 315 KVG 350' KCS 305

Total 4·lnch

3·Inch 'K1256

KI 525A

KA285 KG 102AJ KMT 1121 KA 51B

Total 3·lnch

6

Fltghi Command Indicator Piciorial Navigation

Indicator

Mode Annunciator Vertical Gyro Slaved D.G.

n.ss A 28 VDC 43.6 VA 26 VAC

95 VA max 115 VAC

Flight Command Indicator Pictorial Navigation Indicator

Mode Annunciator Slaved D.G.

System

1.3.85 A 28 VDC 4,5 VA 26 VAC

40.26 18,20

Flight Director System Modes of Operation

Heading (HOG)

Al1iIude· Hold (A.Ll]

FDIAP

Yaw Damper Engagel Olsengag~

Navlaete (NAil) (VORIRN ... 1l1

REV LOC (BC)

App,oaeh (APPR) ilLS, ilOIl 0' ANAVI

Flight D'irecIQr Guida.nce and Command to Autopilot

Basic Attifiude Reference Mode

-----Actillated with "power on" but with no modes selected. The Flight Command indicator and Pictorial NAV indicator will display existing attitude and heading. The Command. V-bar is retracted out of view until a Flight Director! Autopilot mode has been selected.

Flight mrector (FD) ----------Command v-oar will call for wings I·evel.

The pitch attitude of the aircraft will remain the same as at the time of mode selection.

Heading (HDG)

NAV (VOR/RNAV)

----------- Select desired headiing on PNI, then select the HDG mode and the system will command the necessary bank to turn 10 and maintain the selected heading.

----------Sel desired course all PNI and select

NAV mode, The system's all-angl:e NAV Course Capture feature gioVes the pilot complete freedom to select any intercept angle in response 10 ATe vectors. ~sing HDG mode, The NAV mode will be "armed," and at the capture point HDG will automatically disconnect and the system will "couole" and command the necessary bank to capture and track a selected VOR or RNAV course without overshooting,

7

Back Course (SG)

-----5et the inbound front approach course

on the PNI and select Approach mode.

The system's all-anqla Appmach Course Capture feature allows the pilot to select any intercept angle in response to ATC vectors, as in the NAV mode. The Approach mode will be "armed," and at the appropriate capture point the system will 'couple' and command the necessary bank and pitch 10 capture and track LOC and Glideslope beamstor precision approaches "or bank cornmand to capture and track VOR courses for nonprecision approaches,

---------- With back CQLJr5e selected in Approach

mode, the system when capturing will command the bank necessary to capture and track a reverse LOC course ... Glideslope is locked Qui, The inbound front approach course is always set on the PNI to enable you to make course corrections toward the needle rather than away from the needle on the PNI.

Go Around (GAl ----------Push the "Go Around" button and the system will command wings level and nose up to a preset missed approach climb attitude.

Approach (APPR) (llS or VOR)

Altitude Hold (AlT) ---------- Pitch command to maintain engaged altitude.

Vertical Trim ------------- Provides capability to adjust or slew the Altitude up or down without disen,gaging and then reengaging ALT Hold. If Altitude Hold is not engaged, the Vertical Trim knob will adjust the pitch attitude up or down.

Allit!lde Presellect ----------- Permits preselection of a desired altitude and automatic capture upon reaching that allitude.

Autopilot (AP)

------------ Contro!1 su riaces respond to alii selected

Flight Director mode commands in both pitch and roll axis plus automatic pitch trim. A full time yaw damper is in operation any time the Autopilot is engaged. Separate Autopilot servos and capstans make it easy to remove and service the cantrall surface servos without de-rigging the surface control cables.

Con.trol Wheel Steering -------- Allows manual flight maneuvering without the need to disengage and reengage the Autopilot. With the CWS switch d!epressed, Ihe system pitch axis is synchronized witt! the atrptane and the Autopilot servos disengage, so the pilot can hand fly the airplane (in the ,existing mode with Autopilot engaged) without removing his hand from the control wheel.

Yaw Damp Engage ---------- System senses motion around the yaw axis and automatically moves tne rudder to oppose ya.w.

8

KFC 250 System Panel Checklist:

1. THE KAP 315 ANNUNCIATOR PANEL provides the pilot with continuous information on system operating' status. It shows modes in operation, as well as modes "a~med" prior to capture. It also disptays Marker Beacon lights arid a Irirn Fault warning.

2. THE KPI 552 PICTORIAL NAVIGATION IN DICft;TOR displays slaved gyr,o magnetic heading information. By positioning the "Heading Bug" on the PNI with the "heading select" knob, the pilot selects the desired aircraft heading. For VOR/LOC/RNAV course selection, the "course select" knob is used. Glideslope deviation is shown on the leI! side of the instrument race when a vallid Glideslope signal is received. TO/FROM indications and appropriate warning flags are also displayed on this lndicator.

A KPI 553A PNI with bui.lt in DME display and RM I pointer is aveilable as an option (see picture on page 11).

3. THE KCI 310 FLIGHT COMMAND INDICATOR displays the foltowing information:

Pitch and roll attitude Pitch and roll commands Decision Height (OH) RNAV Annunciation (RNV) Skid/Slip on inclinometer

Separate wDri~g from ths remote vertical gyro to th,e attitude indicatOr and strict separation of attitude and command bar power circuits assure the pilot of attitude reference even in the event 01 a Flight Computer failure.

4. THE KC 290 MODE CONTROLLER provides pushbutton selection of all Flight DirectorlAutopHol modes, plus Vertical Trim. This trim switch allows the pilot to adjust the akcralt's altitude or pitch attitude without disturbing the selected Flight Director mode or disengaging the Autopilot. The Autopilot engage switch engages all three axis of the Autopilot. The compact KG 290 unit can be easily Installed in panel or pedestal mount configurations.

flTOI~ HDC S£L tiLT HOlO AUTOPILOT

• IIAV ARM ALURM GO AR~UND

APPR CPLO &S eflO ~AC~ ~S

_ 0 G .

HOG ru ALI

-- --

UAV 8C APPH

9

"J
DN HDfi rn ALI M. YAW
O~ ,. ..
~AV Be APPR
OFF 'lI<
UP • 5,. THE OPTIONAL KG 29"1 YAW MODE CONTROLLER can be installed a.longside Ihe KC 290 Mode Controller. In this config· uration the yaw axis is wlred so that it automatically engages when the Autopilot is engaged. Disengagement of the yaw damper is accomplished by using the' control wileel mounted disengage switch or the KC 291 engage/disengage switch.

The Yaw Damper only is engaged

or disengaged using the KC 291. The Yaw Damper engage status is annunciated on the KC 291,

Some airplanes are certified with the yaw damper on at all times wilen tile autopilot is engaged, (Refer to Flight Manual Supple· ment to determine your type of installation.)

10

1A, THE KA 285 ANNUNCIATOR PANEL provides the same functions as the KAP 315 with the exception of the ALT ARM light.

2A. THE KI 256 3·INCH VAGUUM/ELECTRIC FLIGHT COMMAND INDICATOR displays the following information:

Pitch and roll attit1.Jde Pitch and roll commands Decision height (DH)

3A. THE KI 525A PICTORIIAL NAVIGATION INDICATOR displays slaved gyro magnetic heading inlormation and operates similarly

to the KPI 552,

6. KEA 346 SERVOED ALTIMETER provides barometric corrected altitude information to the KAS 297 Altitude Selector and encoding for an ATC transponder.

..

- CD

AR!l! S£lIClI'IOt .tLTtTII[II[

____ :HT

1(1,.,0

7. THE KAS 297 ALTITUDE SELECTOR permits the pilot to preselect a desired altitude in climb or descent. The system provides automatic capture and hold upon reaching thaI altitude, ~Ititude alerting is also provided as required by FAR 91.51.

Operating the KFC 250 System

There are twelve (12) modes otoperatlon lhat are provided by tM KFC 250 system to offer the pilot Flight Director/Autopilot commands in response to his selection 0,1 desired: modes on the Made Controller.

Most of these modes are activated by pushb .. utton switches on the Mod'e Controller, These pushbuttons operate with alternate action, The first depression of the pushbutton activates a mode; the second depression cancels it, if it has not already been automatically inactivated. Annunciation of the mode selected appears on the annunciator panel,

Any operating mode not compatible with a newly"selected made will be automatically cancelled in favor 01 the pilot's latest se~eclion. This leis tne pilot advance along his

flight sequence without the inconvenience 01 having to manually cancel modes, For example, if in NAV CPLD mod'e, selection 01 Heading will autornatlcally cancel NAY,

THE BASIC MODE OF

SYSTEM OPERATION

The system will be in !.lie Basic Altitude Reference or "Gym" mode with engines run" ning and aircraft "power on," but no modes selected (Annunciator Panel ;olank)_ This provides indication 01 aircratt heading on the Pictorial Naviqation Indicator, and roll and pitch attitude on the Flight Command indicater. The FCi Command V-bar is biased out of view_

11

..

- ©

o\RM SiU-CttOA\TllIl'DE

_ :n!

1[1".0

System Safety Is Assured By Integrity Monitors

The KFC 250 monitors the vali.dity of the system sensors and the Fljgl1t Computer 10 alert tile pilot when the system cannot respond correctly to command signals.

"Invalid" signals provide visual warning by means of the flags and annunciators. "Invalid" signals are also routed to the KiFG 250 swilctling logic to "lock out" modes wI1ich will not operate reiliabiy_

Most tanures in the slaved compass system would be annunciated by a compass flag and the system would not allow selection at the Heading. NAVor APPR modes.

The illustralions above show 1M KFC :250 Flight Director cockpit displays with all warning 1,lags ln view,

fllight Command indicator warnings:

Flight Director (FD) Command V-bar will bias out 01 view whenever the FD mode is not selected, and when FD internal power is inadequate. Attitude and computer flags will also be in view.

The Pictorial Navigation Indicator warnings: A compass lIa'9 indicates that the compass card is not displaying proper heading, A NAVlIag indlicates that a valid NAV Signal is not being r-eceived.

12

When an ILS channel is selected on Ihe NAV receiver arid a valid Glideslope signal is. received, the Glideslope pointer wlll appear. Glideslope coupling usually occurs at Outer Marker, when the Glidestope Is intercepted (glideslope pointers centered) and APPR' CPLD. If, after GS coupling, the GS pointer disappears, the system will flash tne GS Annunciator and go from GS coupled to Pitch, Attitude Hold. If the GS pointer reappears, the system will revert back to GS coupled" The NAV warning flag indicates an invalid Localizer but has no eflect on Glideslope operation.

In uhe Approach mode, in an alrcratt equipped with dual LOC and GS receivers, Approach monitoring is provided! if bolh s.ystems are tuned to the LOG frequency. If the deviations of No. :2 LOC or GS differs greater than a preset amount the appropriate annunciator light (APPR or GS) will flash.

The Trim warning light in the Annunciator Panel will light when a monitored Auto or Manual eleclric Irim failure occurs Or wl1en the trim breaker is puilled. I~ will also flash 4 to 6 times when Il1e TEST switch on the Mode Controller is depressed.

1.

2.

Preflight Test Determines" Before Takeoff, that the System is Operating Normally.

With power on, a!1 circuit breakers in, and engine running, allow 3 minutes lor the gyros to come up to spged"

Make sure you are in slaved gyro mode by confirming the status on the KA 51 B Slav' ing Meter and compare the compass card on the KPI 552 or KI 525A witlh your magnetic compass.

Wit:h no modes 9ng13ged, depress the Prefl'ight Test button om the Mode Controller. All modes wi~llbe annunciated on the Annunciator Panel, including Ihe 3 Marker lights, and the red Autotrim light. will flash. At least four and not more than six nasnes must be be observed 10 indicate proper opemlion 01 Ihe Autotrjm monitor feature, The KCI 310 computer lIag will also come into Vi9W. (Figure l'

For atfitude indicator test push the lest button on the KCI 310 front panel, The attitude and compass flags will appear and the pic' tonal horizon will display a climbing rigllt turn. (Figure 2)

The KI 256 Fel does not have a computer or attitude fla!l or attitude test since the gyro is air driven,

The pilol first engages the Flight Director to activate the Command V-bar. Then he

enqaqes the Autopilot The Autopilot will not eflgage when the Flight Director is not 0p9ratirig,

Now depress the CWS switch, center the d.isplay on the Fli.ght Command .Indicator and release the CWS switch. Then apply force 10 the controls to determine if the Autopilot can be overpowered.

CAUTION: Operation of the Autopilot on the ground may cause the aulotrjrn to run because of back force generated by elevator downsprings or pilot induced lorces.

Somealrcralt have preflight test ssquences required in addition to the general procedures described here, See the FAA approved Aircraft Flight Manual Supplement lor your particular alrcratt for details,

IMPORTANT: This pilot Guide provides a general description of the various operational characteristics of the KFC 250 Fiiight Controt System However, operation of the system should not be attempted without lirst reviewing your FAA Approved Aircraft Flight Supplement. Manual for complete system familiarization and limitation.

13

nr OIR •

ON HDG rn "'kJ
O~
NAV Be APPR
,,, • .-a fF,;~,
UP fLT OIR AUHJPIIOT

•

14

FLIGHT D'IRECTOR Mode (FD)

The Flight Director mode is activated by depressing the "FD" button on the Mode Controller.

The Fel Command V-bar will appear and provide the pilot with steering commands to maintain wings level and the pitch altitude that existed at the time 01 Flight Director engagement.

II pitch or roll attitude are changed. recycling the FD button w~1I synchronize the Command y. bar to the new snuanon

If a change only in the commanded pitch attitude is desired. the Control Wheel Sleering (CWS) button installed on the pilot's control wheel allows the pilot to synchronize the Command v-bar (in the FD mode with Autopilot disengaged) without removing his hand from the control wheel.

The Flight Director can also be activated by direct selection of any specific mode. which willi activate the Command v-bar. Such selection will annunciate bot,h FD and the appropriate mode.

The Vertical Trim switch on the Mode Controller may also be used 10 adjust the selected pitch attitude up or down at approx. 1 degree/second.

Special note: The FD mode must be activated before the Autopilot can be engaged.

AUTOPILOT Engagement

Tile AUTOPILOT is engaged by moving the solenoid-held AP toggle switch on Ihe Mode Controller 10 the ON position. Note that the AP and Ihe YAW DAMP (YO) switches are wired so that the YAW DAMP mode is autornaucauy engaged with the AP switch.

The Autopilot. together with the Yaw Damper, provides three-axis stabilization, automatic fu rn coordination and automatic elevator trim as well as automatic response to all selected Flight Director commands .

CAUTION: When the autopilot is engaged, manual application of a Iorce to 1M pitch axis of the control wheel for a period 01 3 seconds or more will result in the autotrim system operating ill1 the direction to create a force opposing the pilot. This opposing rnistrim force will continue to increase as long as the pilot applies a force 10 the control wheel and will ultimately overpower the autopilot. If the autopilot is disengageD under Ihese conditions. the pilot may be required to exert control forces in excess of 50 pounds to maintain the desired aircraft attitude. The pilot will have to maintain this control force while he manually retrirns the aircraft.

CAUTION: Prior to Autopilot enqaqernent, the pilot should make sure the v-bar commands are satisfied. This will prevent any rapid changes in the aircraft's flight path when the Autopilot is ellgaged.

HEADING SELECT/PRESELECT Mode (HDGSEL)

Select a desired heading by positioning the heading "bug" on the PNI. This is done with the HOG knob on the PNI.

Depress the HDG button Of1 the Mode Controller to activate the HOG SEL mode. "HOG SEL" wililighton the Annunciator Panel and a computed, visually displayed bank command is shown 0f1 the Fel. Following this bank command. the aircraft will bank and roll out on the desired preselected headinQ.

The Command V-bar on the Fel wl~1 deflee! in the direction of the shortest tum to satisfy the commanded turn to the preselected heading. The aircraft may be manually banked to realign the V-bar and satisfy the command or, if the Autopilot is engaged, the aircraft will automatically bank, turn to, mil out and holdl the preselected heading, As the aircraft approaches the selected headif1g the V-bar will command a rollout 10 wif1gs level.

With the 'HOG SEL mode in operation, sobssqusnt changes made in the heading "bug" position on the PNI will immediately cause the v-oar Of1 the Fello call for a turn to the new heading.

The HDG SEL mode is cancelled when NAVar APPR coupling occurs, or whenever the FO or HOG mode buttons are depressed.

CAUTION: An invalid heading source (compass flag in view) will automatically disengage the autopilot. The autopilot may men be re-engaged. however. only the vertical modes will be useable.

YAW DAMP Mode

The KC 291 Yaw Mode Controller is installed beside the KC 290 Mode Controller and the yaw axis is wired so that it automatically engages when the Autopilot is engaged. Dis€JI1gagement of the Yaw Damper is accornpfisned by using the alternate action swilch (pushbutton) on the KC 291, The Yaw Damper may be ef1gaged alone with or without any Flnght Director mode. It usually provides a more stable aircraft whether control surfaces are operated manually or by the Autopilot. The Yaw Damper engage status is annoociated on the KC 291 Yaw Mode Controller

-

H06 fO All ~

ON

NAV ac APPR

Off

'''1 ,

--~~

15

NAVIGATION (NAV AR:M and NAV CPLD) Mode

The NAV mode provides visual bank commands on the Flight Command ~ndicator and deviation guidance on the PNI to intercept and track a VOR course or an RNAV course.

Operation of the NAV mode requires the

pilot to:

1. Tune the frequency of the selected VOR (or VORTAC) station. For RNAV operation, set in waypoint distance and bearing from the VORTAC station.

2, Set the PNI course pointer on the desired course.

3. Establish angle of intercept by setting heading "hug" and activate "HOG'" mode. 4. Depress tile NAV button on the Mode Controller.

When the "NAV" button on the Mode controuer is depressed, "NAV/ARM" will be lighled on the Annunciator Panel and the automatic capture circuit is armed, Heading select. if op-eratinQl, is retamed u,Jiltil capture occurs,

Tile VOR or RNAV "course-captvre" point is variable to prevent overshoot and depends on angle of intercept and the rate the course deviation is changing. Upon capture, a bank command will be displayed on the FCI; the HOG, if on, will be cancelled and 'NAVICPLD" will be lighted on the Annunorator Panel.

The pilot can manually bank the aircraft to satisfy the command display which will call for a rollout to level flight when on course centedine to track the course. Crosswind compensation is provided in the "track" state.

If the NAV mode is selected with the aircraft level within ±4° of bank and wnthin three dots 01 course deviation, NAY/ARM will be bypassed and NAVICPLD will engage directly

If the Autopilot is engaged, the aircraft will bank to satisfy the command display and rollout on course automatically.

Upon station (or waypoi nt) passage, an outbound course other than the inbound reciprocal can be selected by resetting tlhe NAV course arrow on the PNI. This will cause an immediate vbar deflection on the Fel directing a turn to the new course.

The NAV mode is cancelled by depressing the NAV button, or selectinq HOG (when in NAV co. upled) or APPR modes, or pushing FD 10 "OFF".

CAUTION: The NAV mode of: operation will contmus to provide airplane control without a valid VORl LOG signal (NAV flag in view).

APPROACH (APPR!ARM,APPR!CPLD and GS CPLD) Mode

The APPR mode provides visual roll and pitch commands on the FCI v-bar to capture and track precision ILS (LOC and Glideslope) beams, or non-precision VOR radials. l.ateral and vertical deviation can be monitored on the PNI.

Operation of the APPR mode requires

the pilot to:

1'. Set the NAV receiver Frequency.

2. sst the PNI course pointer 10 the inbound runway heading or.the front course in case 01 ILS precision approach. Do thts even on back COi.JfSe approach.

3, Set the HDG SEL 'bug" on the PNI to the desired! intercept angle and activate "HDG" mode.

4. Depress the "APPR" button on the mode controller.

Tile automatic APPR capture function will be immediately armed. 'APPRIARM" will be ligilted on the Mocje Annunciator pane.1.

In APP'RIARM mode, prior to capture, the neading select mode is retained in order to allow the pilot to adjust heading to Approach Controt vectoring instructions.

The lOC beam or VOR "capture" point will vary, depending on angle of intercept and rate of change 01 deviation indication. Upon capture, a bank command wi Ii be introduced on the FCI, the existing heading mode will be cancelled and '·APPRICPLD' will be lighted on the Annunciator Panel.

The pilot may manually bank the aircraft to satisfy Ihe command d.isptay, which will command a rollout to level flight when the aircratt is on course. Automatic crosswind compensation will provide precise tracking. VOR/LOC deviation is shown on the PNI,. and actual crab angle wit I be shown by offset of the course arrow from the tubber nne.

Throuqhout APPR mode operation,lOC and Glidesiope deviation or VOR deviation are displayed in the PNI.

If the Autopilot isengag.ed during operation in the APPR mode, automatic steering response will touow the command display on the FGI.

The Glideslope mode ~s armed for automatic capture if LOC trent course capture has occurred. Automatic Glidestope capture occurs as the aircraft passes tllrough tile gtide path from above or betow.

Upon interception of the G.lidestope, capture occurs and "GS CPLD" is lighted On tile Annunciator Panel. A smooth capture pitch command is displayed by the Cornmand V-bar. The pilot (or Autopjlot) controls the aircraft 10 satisfy the Command V-bar.

Upon GS capture, the ALT HOLD mode (,jf active) is cancelled. However, ALT HOLD may be manually reselected to maintain altitude upon reaching MDA if visual contact is not es.\ablished.

During VOR or RNAV approaches, G.lideslope capture wit I not occur because the NAV receiver is channeled to a VOR station, not an ILS. and this locks out the Glide, slope tunction.

APPR/CPLD mode is 'cancelled by setecuon of HOG, NAV, or Go,Around modes

or pushing FD Or APPR 10 "Off".

CAUTtON: The APPR mode of operalion will continue 10 provide airplane control without a valld VOR/lOC signal (NAV flag in view).

17

---

fLl VIA

. -

~'rR "PlD "AC~ CRS

18

BACK COURSE (BACK CRS) Mode

Whenever a LOC or ~L8 frequency is selected, the Be mode may be activated by depressing theBe button on the Mode Controller, atter selecting' APPA. When in Be mode and Localizer capture occurs, the system will turn and track outbound on the tront course or inbound on the back course. The :Be mode reverses the LOG deviation signal and course datum to permit the FCI steering command display 10 operate on aflyto rather than a fly-Irom basis on the reverse course, "BACK CRS" is 'lighted 011 the Annunctator Panel.

Operation on Be is identical to front course operation includjng selling the PNI Course Pointer to the front course heading, except that automatic Glideslope capture is "locked out" by the $wi!tching circultry. Localizer deviation on PNI will have 1M proper sensing if the front inbound LocaHzer course was set on the PNL

GO-AROUND Mode

Tile Go-Around mode is primarily cssigned 10 assist the pilot if] establishing the proper pitch altitude under missed! approach conditions. The Go-Around switch is located on tile throttle lever for pilo! convenience when applying climb-out power,

Depression 01 the Go-Around switch during an approach cancels all Flight Director modes and dis8filgages the Autopilot, il it is engaged.' A wings-level and pitch-up command is displayed by the Fcr and "GO AROUND" is lighted on the Annunciator Panel. Tile magnitude 01 the pitch-up command is adiustable' to match Flight Manual criteria for each aircraft model.

The Go-Around mode may also be used on takeoff for climb-out attitude guidance. When used for takeoff, the Go-Around mode may oe followed with HDG for continuous heading control during departure. NAV and APPR modes may also be armed for automatic capture and guidance during the departure sequence.

Go-Around may be cancelled by use of Vertical Trim, Altitude Hold mode, Control Wheel Steering mode or by turning of! the Flight Director,

'Some airplanes are certified with the Autopilot r,emaining eng'agfJd when GA Is selected, (Refer to Fright Manual Supple" mentto de/ermine your type of installation.)

ALTITUDE. SELECT (AlT ARM) Mode

This mode allows the pilot to select an altitude and, upon approaching that selected altittude, obtain an automatic visual pitch command on the Fel to capture and hold the prs-setecteo altitude. To operate in this mode the pilot must:

1. Set Ihe desired altitude into the "selected altitude" window of the KAS 297 Altitude Selector.

2" Establish a climb or descent as appropriate

3. Oep~ess the ARM button on the Altitude Selector_ This may be done at any time duro ing the climb or descent before the selected' altitude has been attained. "All ARM" w~11 lighl om the Annunciator Panel and on the Altitude Selec!or.

4. The Altitude "ALt:::RT" annunciator in the KAS 29'7wili iiluminate (and in most systems a two second aural lone will sound) 1,000 fl. prior to reaching selected altitude and will cancel at 300 II, prior. An aural tone will sound upon reacrunq altitude,

As the aircraft approaches the selected altitude, an "adaptive" pitch rate command will automatically guide the pilot through it at a low rate. As the aircraft reaches the selected altitude, ALT HOLD will automatically engage, "ALT HOLD" will light on the Annunciator Panel and "ALT ARM'· will disappear. The command bars on ihe Fel will can for level flight at the selected altitude, If autopilot lis engaged, the system will perform the required maneuvers.

AlT ARM is disengaged by depressing the ALT ARM button, by englaging ALT HOLD. by GS capture. or selecting FLT DIR [0 OFF

ALTITUDE HOI..D (ALT .HOLD) Mode

This mode will cause a ccrrputed visual pitch command on the Fel command bars to hold the aircraft at Ihe pressure anltude existing at the lime ut was activated.

The mode is activated either autornatlcally by the ALT ARM function, or manually by depressing the ALT button on the Mode Controller.

If ths autopilot is engaged. it will automati'cally hold the aircraft at that altitude.

The Vertical Trim switch may be used to adlust the selected altitude up or down ata c-onstant rate of approximately 600 fpm without disengaging the mode. This enablesths pilot to conveniently adjust the aircraft altitude to match resetting of the altlrneter, or to make short descent segments during a nonprecision approach.

The ALI HOLD mode is cancelled by autornatlc Glideslope capture or selection of ALT ARM, or GO-AAOUNO modes" or selection of F'LT DIR to OFF.

CONTROL WHER STEERING (eWS) Mode

When the Autopilot is engaged, Control Wheel Steering provides the pilol with the capability for natural and convenient manual maneuvering ot the aircraft without the need to disengage and reengage the Autopilot. or reselect any modes of operation.

The CWS mode is engaged by continuo ous pressure on the CWS button, preferably located on the left· hand hom 01 the control wheel. Operation of the CWS button causes immediate release of Autopilot servos and

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L. allows the pilot to assume manual control, while Autopilot control functions and Pilch Command and Altitude Hold modes are placed in a synchronization state

This means thai these modes rernainin continuous synchronization with the pilot's aircraft maneuvers so that. upon release of the CWS mode button, the Autopilot will smoothly reassume control of the aircraft to the original lateral command arid existing vertical command.

Since all engaged: modes remain coupled (in synchronization) dllring operation of the CWS mode, their annunciator li\JtJts will continue to show on the Annunciator Panel. The CWS mode is not separately annunciated.

19

Takeoff and Climb

to Assigned Altitude

..... i ...... ~m',._ .....

o

~ ---~--o------------ ~-

~ ~ 350 ~

1. The FO has been en9laged. Takeol! is in the GO·AROUND mode, activated by depressing the GO-.AROUND button located on the throttle. "GO-AROUND" is lighted 111 the annunciator panel. Wings are commanded level and the nose up to the GO-AROUND angle. Takeoff is on runway 35 as shown on the PNI.

20

2. The aircraft is well off the ground and climbing.

The heading ·'bug" on the PNI is turned to a desired heading and HOG mode has been pushed on.

The F'light Director has responded with nhe Command v-ber calling for a left turn to ~he 27rJ' heading and takeoff pitch attitude. The aircraft has no! yet responded to the heading command but will as soon as the Autopilot is engaged.

---_._-----

._------------- ~

3. With the- Autopilot engaged, tile aircraft is responding to the Fel commands with a lell bank. Takeoff climb attitude continues. Desired altitude may now be selected and armed on the KAS .297 altituoe selector. Amtude alerting will be provided as you approach yow selected altitude.

4. Desired altitude has been reached, ALT HOLD mode has been automatically engaged and the aircraft has returned to level flight The 27Cf heading has been acquired.

2'

Outbound on Front Course for Procedure Turn

to ILS Approach

..

3600

1. In HOG SEL and ALT Hold mode on a LOC channel, the aircraft is heading 270° toward the Localizer. The front inbound localizer course 01 58° is selected. APPR mode and "BG"' have been selected. The back course (Be) mode is selected to go outbound on the iron I course, The capture point is now being computed based on closure rate.

22

2. When the computed capture point is reached, the APPR CPLO mode is autornatically activated and a left turn outbound on the localizer is commanded' by the FCI, and is satisfied by the Autopilot.

Note that the left-righldevialions of the bar give "fly-to" indications just as onfhefront course inbound.

3. Prior 10 procedure turn you will return to HDG made in order to select your outbound heading. Approach Coupled mode will automatically cancel.

During the procedure turn cotbound, the deviation bar shows pictorially that the aircraft is flying away from the Localizer center!ine at a 45° angle on a setectsd heading of 283",

4. Now you have reset the heading select bug to 1030 and made a 180· turn tothis heading. This 1030 heading will interceplthe front course. The PNI clearly pictures the COlJfSe you are to intsscept and the angle of interception, APPR ARM mode has been selected so that aula malic capture 'Of the Locauzer will occur.

23

Front course ILS approach with missed approach

and Go-Around

1. Continuing [he maneuver on preceding page, APPR coupling occurs and the Glicleslope mode is automatically armed. The Command V-bar will command alum 101M LOC course and the PN I shows your position in relation to the LOC course,

24

2. The Autopilot (or pilot) is following the Ccmmand V-bar on the- Fel Which commands the necessary heading to mainiain on centerline of the tocaazer. At the Outer Marker the Glideslope pointer is approximately at midpoint, Altitude Hold is automatically disengaged and Glndeslope capture occurs when the airplane passes through beam center. The V-bar will command a descent on the Glideslope and on Localizer.

3. At the M1dd'le Marker a mlssed approach is executed by pressing the Go-Around button on the throttle as you increase power. This disengages the Autopilott and the FCI commands the correct nose-up attitude and wings lsvel. At the discretion of the pilot, the Autopilot may be reengaged to complete the missed approach, Some airptanes are cartified with autopilot remaining engaged when GA selected,

~. The 'heading "!:lug" has been previously set to the missed approach heading, 90a. Activating the HOG mode will cause the COrTi· mand V-bar in the Fel to command a turn to that heading. Pitch-up attitude may be adjusted from Ihe Go-Around angte by using CWS or the Vertical Trim control on the Autopilot controller, either of which terminates 'GA" mode,

25

RNAV capture.

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rT-- .. · .. 800 __

1. Tile aircraft is flying an OMNI airway in HDG mode on a Ileading 0180".

26

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2. A wavpoint has been established and! the RNAV computer is in ENROUTE mode. A 1120 course to tile waypolnt has been selected and NAV mode pushed "on", HUG and NAV/ ARM modes are activated for automatic capture of the 112" course to the waypoint. Tile capture rate is now being computed based on beam rate. The airplane must be headed toward the seleeled course in order 10r NAV/CPLD to occur.

--.

-"- ..

3. Capture sequence starts when NAVlCPLD mode is automatically engaged, cancelling the NAV/ARM and HDG modes. The Command V-bar willcall for a right bank which is being satisfied by the Autopilot.

4. The aircraft has completed its turn to Ihe 112" course. A wind correction produces an aircraft heading 01 105", displayinq a r: "crab" angle to maintain the 1120 course.

2i1

BENDIX/KING

General AVIation Avionics Division 400 North Rogers Road.

Olathe, Kansas 66062'1212

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. - Signal Aerospace