Munday Introducing Translation Studies Summary
Munday Introducing Translation Studies Summary
Munday Introducing Translation Studies Summary
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Holmes mentions also translation policy (the translation scholar advising on the place of translation in society).
Chapter 2: Translation theory before the 20th century:
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+Horace
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Preferred form.
Chapter 3: Equivalence and equivalent effect:
In the 1950s and 1960s the place of circular debates around literal and free translation took
the new debate revolved around certain key linguistic issues, among them those of meaning
and equivalence, discussed by R. Jakobson in 1959. Over the following 20 years many
further attempts were made to define the nature of equivalence.
Jakobson:
1. Meaning: the signifier=the signal of the signified (the concept).
2. There is no full equivalence between code-units of different languages.
3. So, we should substitute not words, but messages.
4. Only poetry is considered ‘untranslatable’ and requires ‘creative transposition’.
Nida’s ‘science of translating (subjective):
1. Meaning:
a. Linguistic;
b. Referential (dictionary meaning);
c. Emotive (connotative).
2. Ways of determining meaning:
a. Hierarchical structuring (animal dog, cow etc);
b. Componential analysis (grandmother, mother, cousin etc);
c. Semantic structure analysis (spirit can mean demon, angel, god, ghost, ethos,
alcohol etc) meaning depending on context.
3. 3-stage system of translation (Chomsky’s influence: deep/surface structure of a
language): SL1 (analysis) X (transfer) Y (restructuring) TL2
4. Equivalence:
a. Formal (form and content);
b. Dynamic (equivalent response of: t2 reader on t2 as t1 reader on t1) (closest
natural equivalent).
5. ‘Correspondence in meaning must have priority over correspondence in style’.
6. Reader-based orientation.
Newmark’s semantic and communicative translation:
1. Replaces Nida’s division with semantic (resembles formal equivalence) and
communicative (resembles dynamic equivalence) translation.
2. Nida’s division inoperant if the text is out of TL space and time.
3. Dynamic equivalence: are readers ‘to be handed everything on a plate’?
4. Semantic translation differs from literal in that it ‘respects context’, interprets and
explains (metaphors). Literal translation is to be the best approach in both semantic
and communicative translation. If semantic translation would result in an ‘abnormal’
TT or would not secure equivalent effect in the TL, then communicative translation
should win out.
Parameter Semantic translation (art) Communicative translation (craft)
Transmitter/addressee Transmitter as an individual; should help TT Subjective, TT reader focused, oriented
focus reader with connotations if they’re crucial. towards a specific lg and culture.
Culture SL TL
Time and origin Not fixed, new translation for every generation. Rooted in its own contemporary context.
Relation to ST Inferior: ‘loss’ of meaning. May be better.
Use of form of SL ‘Loyalty’ to ST author. ‘Loyalty’ to TL forms.
Form of TL Tendency to overtranslate. Tendency to undertranslate.
Appropriateness Serious literature, autobiography, important (e.g. Non-literary, technical, informative, publicity,
political) statement. popular fiction.
Criterion for Accuracy of reproduction of the significance of Accuracy of communication of ST message in
evaluation ST TT.
Koller’s Korrespondenz and Äquivalenz:
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Source language.
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Target language.
Field Contrastive linguistics Science of translation
Research area Correspondence phenomena Equivalence phenomena (hierarchy of
(corresponding structures and utterances and texts in different lgs
sentences of different lgs) according to equivalence criterion)
Knowledge Langue parole
Competence L2 competence Translation competence
Lg function Represent objects and Express sender’s Make an appeal to text ‘supplementary’
facts attitude receiver method (supplementing
Lg dimension Logical Aesthetic Dialogic written words with
Text focus Content-focused Form-focused Appellative-focused visual images and
TT should Transmit referential Transmit aesthetic form Elicit desired response music)
content
Translation ‘plain prose’ ‘identifying method ‘adaptive’, equivalent
method (perspective of ST effect
author)
Nord adds to 3 types of language function a fourth ‘phatic’ function, covering lg that
establishes or maintains contact between parties involved in the communication (e.g.
greetings).
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Hermeneutyka - w filozofii, nauka, sztuka, umiejętność interpretacji tekstów literackich i źródeł
historycznych, a w szerszym znaczeniu, także wszelkich treści symbolicznych. Wraz z poetyką i retoryką
tworzy swoisty kanon filologiczny. Tak bowiem jak retoryka chce służyć sztuce mówienia, a poetyka sztuce
poetyckiej i jej ocenie, tak też hermeneutyka służy sztuce rozumienia i interpretacji wytworów kulturowych,
jak język, tekst, słowo. Ujęta w związku z teorią poznania (epistemologia) i metodyką nauk
humanistycznych (metodologia), hermeneutyka u Heideggera i Gadamera stała się ogniwem łączącym
filozofię z rozumieniem egzystencji, głównym składnikiem ontologicznej struktury rozumienia jako takiego.