X2 Graph Sketching Transformations
X2 Graph Sketching Transformations
X2 Graph Sketching Transformations
Translations:
A graph may be translated by shifting it horizontally, vertically, or in both directions.
When x is replaced by ( x h ) in the equation, the graph is shifted h units to the right.
When y is replaced by ( y k ) , the graph is shifted k units up.
e.g. x 2 = 4ay and ( x h ) = 4a ( y k ) . The parabola has been shifted so that its vertex is at ( h, k ) .
2
Similarly, x 2 + y 2 = r 2 and ( x h ) + ( y k ) = r 2 .
2
.
.
Stretches:
A graph may be stretched horizontally, vertically or in both directions.
x
When x is replaced by , the graph is stretched horizontally by a factor of a.
a
NB If a > 1, then the graph is expanded horizontally, whereas if a < 1 the graph is shrunk
horizontally.
y
When y is replaced by , the graph is stretched vertically by a factor of b.
b
NB If b > 1, then the graph is expanded vertically, whereas if b < 1 the graph is shrunk vertically.
(i)
Compare y = sin x , y = sin 2x and y = sin 12 x and then compare y = sin x , y = 2sin x and
y = 12 sin x .
(ii)
Let f ( x ) = x 3 4x .
Compare y = f ( x ) , y = f ( 2x ) and y = f ( 12 x ) and then compare y = f ( x ) , y = 2 f ( x ) and
y = 12 f ( x )
VERTICAL REFLECTION:
.
.
is called even if
ODD FUNCTIONS:
is called odd if
NB An odd function can also be considered to be unaltered by a rotation of 180 about the origin.
Inverses:
A graph may be reflected in the line y = x and then the reflection is called its inverse.
If the inverse is not a function, it is called the inverse relation.
Algebraically this is achieved by swapping x and y throughout the equation.
If the inverse of y = f ( x ) is a function then it is denoted by y = f 1 ( x ) .
e.g
(i)
(ii)
INVERSES:
Exercise 8A
1. In each case the graph of y = f (x) is given. Sketch the graphs of: (i) y = f (x + 1) ,
(ii) y = f (x) + 1 , (iii) y = f ( 12 x) , (iv) y = 12 f (x) , (v) y = f (x) , (vi) y = f (x) ,
(vii) y = f (2 x) , (viii) y = 2 f (x) .
y
(a)
(b)
(c)
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2. (a) (i) State the equation of the axis of the parabola with equation y = 2x x2 .
(ii) Prove the result algebraicly by replacing x by (2x) and showing that the equation
is unchanged.
(b) Similarly prove algebraically that each of the following parabolas is symmetric by
using an appropriate substitution.
(i) y = x2 4x + 3
(ii) y = 1 3x x2
3. In each case, the graph of y = f (x) is given. Sketch the graph of y = f 1 (x) then
determine f 1 (x) .
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62
CHAPTER 8: Graphs
f (x) = log(e + x)
f (x) = log(x +
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f (x) = log(1+x)log(1x)
DEV ELOPMENT
4. For the given sketch of f (x) , sketch the graph of y = g(x) where
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c 2013
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5. (a) Describe geometrically two ways of transforming the graph of the circle x2 +(y1)2 = 4
to get the circle x2 + (y + 1)2 = 4 .
(b) Describe geometrically three ways of transforming the graph of the wave y = sin(2x)
to get the wave y = sin(2x + ) .
6. Use a suitable substitution to prove that Q(x) = ax2 + bx + c is symmetric in the line
b
x = 2a
.
7. (a) (i) The graph of y = cos x is symmetric in the y-axis. What other vertical lines are
lines of symmetry.
(ii) Prove your result with a suitable substitution.
(b) Do likewise for y = sin x .
8. The function f (x) has the property f (x) = f (2a x) . Prove algebraicly that this function
is symmetric in the line x = a by showing that f (a + t) = f (a t) .
EXTENS ION
8B Superposition
Superposition is simply the addition of two functions to create a new function.
Thus if f (x) and g(x) are two functions then the result will be h(x) = f (x)+g(x) .
A simple example might be the sum of the quadratic f (x) = x2 and the linear
function g(x) = 2x to obtain h(x) = x2 + 2x . Thus every quadratic with more
than one term is an example of superposition.
When one of the functions is constant, for example h(x) = f (x) + b , the situation
reduces to a vertical shift of b units as reviewed in Section 8A, and so will not be
considered here. Although this section does not deal explicitly with the dierence
of two functions, the theory applies equally to dierences since the function
h(x) = f (x) g(x)
can be written as a sum, as follows:
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h(x) = f (x) + g(x) .
Note that in the remainder of this chapter, the function notation will often be
dropped for brevity. Thus h(x) = f (x) + g(x) may be written as h = f + g .
Chapter 8: Graphs
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CHAPTER 8: Graphs
Chapter Eight
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