Engg-Know 138877341538923
Engg-Know 138877341538923
Engg-Know 138877341538923
5.1 INTRODUCTION
When a perfectly flexible conductor of uniform cross section and material
is suspended between two supports, it takes the form of a natural curve known
as catenary under the influence of its weight. The difference in level between
the attachment points of supports and the lowest point on the curve is known
as the sag. This should be determined for the particular lines in order to
maintain an adequate ground clearance of the conductors at maximum
temperature and minimum loading conditions.
The line conductor should not break under most severe conditions of ice
and wind loadings, which are, assume to act on it. It should be strung with a
predetermined tension so that under the conditions of maximum wind and,
possibly, ice loading at minimum temperature, it is not stressed to the values
greater than its ultimate tensile strength divided by the factor of safety.
However the maximum stress will occur on the line when the temperature is
minimum. Normally two conditions should be investigated, when making sag tension calculations
a) At minimum temperature : The lowest sag and maximum tension in
conductor section occurs when the temperature is minimum and maximum
wind loading on the conductor. Under these conditions, tension on the
conductor should not exceed the breaking strength of the conductor divided by
a factor of safety of 2.5 as prescribed.i.e.
Tmax Tper
Dr.Abdulaziz Salem Bahaidara
123
Tper =
124
tan =
dy T y WL
=
=
dx Tx
T0
(5.1)
dL = (dx )2 + (dy )2
2 2
dL
dy
W L
= 1 + ( )2 = 1 +
2
dx
dx
T0
125
dx
dL
2 2
1 W 2L
T0
WL
X = T0 sinh -1
+C
W
T0
Where C is the integration constant
At the point X = 0 , L = 0 so C = 0
WL
X = T0 sinh-1
W
T0
L
T0
sinh WX
W
T0
(5.2)
dy W T0
WX
WX
=
sinh
= sinh
dx T0 W
T0
T0
WX
dy = sinh
dx
T0
Integrating both sides of the equation
WX
y = T0 cosh
+ C1
W
T0
To find the integration constant C1 , at point O , Y = 0, when X = 0 , which
gives C1= - T0/W
WX
Thus y = T0 (cosh
-1)
W
T0
(5.3)
Expression (5.3) is the equation of a catenary. Expanding equation (5.3) and
eliminating fourth and higher order terms
2
y WX
2T0
(5.4)
126
Wl
S = T0 (cosh
-1)
W
2 T0
2
W l2
W
[1 + ( l )( )2 + ...]
8 T0
48 T0
2
S WL
m
8T0
S=
(5.5)
(5.6)
Thus
S1 =
T0 [cosh W X1 - 1]
W
2 T0
m
(5.7)
Thus
S2 = S1 + h =
(5.8)
127
S2 =
W le2
8 T0
W (2X I ) 2
=
S1
8T0
(5.9 a)
(5.9.b)
The difference in level between the two supports can be calculated with
equations (5.9 a) and (5.9 b)
h = S 2 - S1 =
W 2
2
[l e - (2X I ) ]
8T0
X1= l -
le
2
(5.10)
The length of the equivalent span le can be obtained from the solution of
equation (5.10) with respect to le
le = l +
2 T0 h
wl
(5.11)
For the case of unequal level supports equation (5.6) (parabolic equation)
is applied to find the sag as
W L2
8 Tc cos
tan -1 h
l
cos = T0 _ T0 = Tc cos
Tc
Sc =
Where
(5.12)
Example 5.1
An overhead transmission line has a span of 220 metres. The conductor
weighs 0.604 Kg/metre. Calculate the maximum sag if the ultimate tensile
strength of conductor is 5758 Kg. Assume a factor of safety equals to 2.
Solution :
Span length, L=220 metres
Dr Abdulaziz Salem Bahaidara
128
T=
Sag, S =
2
W l 2 0.604x(220 )
=
= 1.27metres
8 T0
8x2879
Example 5.2
An overhead line has ACSR conductor of 1.95 cm diameter and a span of
244 m. The allowable tension is 3.56x104 N. Find a)sag in still air condition
with no ice covering b)vertical sag when there is an ice covering of 0.96 cm
thickness and a horizontal wind pressure of 382 Newton per square metre of
projected area. Ice weighs 8920 N/m. c)the line is carried by insulator strings
1.43 m long. What should be the height of lowest cross arm to give a
minimum ground clearance of 7.62 m under bad weather conditions? The
conductor weight is 0.847 Kg/m.
Solution :
W=0.847x9.81=8.31 N/m
l=244 m
T0=3.56x104 N
a) S=(Wl2)/(8T0)=(8.31x244x244)/(8x3.56x104)=1.74 m
b) d=1.95x10-2 m , t=0.96x10-2 m
D=d+2t=3.87x10-2 m
Ww=382D=382x387x10-2=14.78 N/m
Ft W Wi Ww
8.31 7.82
2 0.5
14.78
2 0.5
21.88 N/m
Ft l
21.88.(244 )2
4.57 m
8 x3.56x10 4
8T
14.78
42.5
8.31 7.82
129
130
Lx =
T0 sinh WX
W
T0
(5.13)
The length of the conductor for half of span Ob and Oa can be obtained from
equation (5.13) by , putting X = l/2 .
Lob = Loa =
T0 sinh Wl
W
2 T0
(5.14)
The length of the conductor for the entire span is two times LOb and is
calculated by the following equation.
2T0
sin Wl
W
2T0
(5.15)
2
Wl 1 1 Wl 3 1
Wl 5 1
L = T0 [(
) + ( ) + ( ) + ...]
W 2 T0 1! 2 T0 3! 2 T0 5 !
(5.16)
L=
2 T0 W1 W13 1
(
+
)
3
W1 2 T0 8 T0 6
,m
2 3
W
L = l + 1 l2
24 T0
(5.17)
131
8 S2
8l
2
W
Where, S = 1 l
8 T0
5.4 EQUATION OF STATE IN SPAN
L = l+
(5.18)
,m
(5.19)
,m
(5.20)
(5.21)
(5.22)
132
Where Lm = l +
2 3
Wm l
W
, Ln = l + n l2
2
24 m
24 n
Substituting these values in equation (5.22) the equation of state can be found
as
:
n-
Wnl
Wml
=m- ( tn - tm )
2
2
24 n
24 m
2 2
(5.23)
n-
2 2
2 2
W n l cos
W m l cos
=
- ( tn - tm )
m
24 2n
24 2m
l
where, cos =
l inc
(5.24)
e -
2 2
2 2
W1 l E
Wm l E
=
- E( t e - t m)
m
24 e2
24 2m
(3.25)
The known condition "m" for equation (5.25) has the parameters m, Wm
Dr. Abdulaziz Salem Bahaidara
133
Se =
W1 l
8 e
,m
ci = K.ei
, MPa
(5.27)
Where, ci - the stringing tension with creepage taken into account and ei - the
stringing tension calculated by the equation of state. K = 1.05 for steel
conductors, K = 1.07 for copper conductors, K = 1.12 for aluminium
conductors, 1.1Kv1.2 for steel aluminium conductors depending on the
construction of the conductors.
Therefore the corrected value of the sag at erection will be
2
Sci =
Se W1 li
=
K 8 ci
,m
(5.28)
From functions ci = f(te) and Sci = f(te) at parameter l the stringing charts can
be made. Figure 5.3 shows the stringing charts.
134
135
e -
2 2
2 2
W1 l E
Wm l E
=
- E( t e - t m)
m
24 e2
24 2m
But
=T0/a
Then T 2 -
aE W t 22 l2
aE W t 12 l2
=
- aE( t 2 - t1)
T1
24 T 22
24 T12
Sag at erection =
8.31x250x2 50
= 2.73 m
8x23800
136
without wind or ice against span lengths. This curve is drawn to check
whether uplift of conductors occurs at any support. The uplift condition may
occur at low temperatures when one support is much lower than either one of
the adjoining ones.
The clearance curve is below the curve. It is drawn parallel to the hot curve
and at a vertical distance equal to the ground clearance as prescribed by the
regulations for the given line.
The support - footing curve is drawn for locating the position of the
supports for tower lines. It shows the height from the base of the standard
support to the point of attachment of the lowest conductor. This height
distance is the sum of minimum ground clearance and maximum sag obtained
at maximum temperature. Figure 5.4 shows the location of line supports by
use of sag template.
137
W 1l
8T
2
W x
If x = l/2 then S = 1 = k 1 x2
2T
Sag = S =
Where;
W1 - Weight of the conductor
T - Tension at maximum sag
x - Variable span length
Corresponding to various values of span length sages are obtained and the cold
curve can be obtained by plotting S versus x.
For plotting the cold curve :
2
S=
W1 x
= k2 x2
2T
Where, T' - maximum tension
138
Wt l
W
[1 + l ( t )2]
8 T0
48 T0
26x600x600
600x600 26 2
=
[1 +
(
) ] = 23.447m
8x50000
48
50000
S=
It is seen that even for this long span the difference between the results of
exact and approximate formulae is only 0.2 %. Therefore the exact formulae
are seldom used in practice.
139
lower velocity side will, therefore, come to fill the rarefied space behind the
pressure of air. the conductor thus sets in motion in upward and downward
directions depending on the existing conditions. During its motion the
conductor leaves behind an empty space, which is then filled by vortex from
higher velocity side and the direction of motion changes. Thus, oscillation of
the conductor starts. When the frequency of vortex coincides with the natural
frequency of the conductor, resonant vibration of conductor results.
The change in velocity of direction of the wind, damps the original
vibration with the production of a new vibration. Such vibrations are in
vertical plane, and have the characteristic of high frequency and low
amplitude with the formation of nodes and loops. The normal maximum
amplitudes are of the order 25 mm and the frequency ranges between 5 - 100
Hz for wind velocities of 6 - 30 Km/h.
The frequency f is empirically given by
f = 50
, Hz
(5.29)
LL =
1
2f
T
W
(5.30)
140
damage the conductor and fittings. Galloping also introduces the possibilities
of electrical contact between phase conductors or from conductor to earth. The
supply may thus be interrupted.
Dancing and sleet jump
Ice falling from a conductor throws it into violent oscillation of large period
and long amplitude. The oscillation die out quickly if the ends of dancing
spans are dead, otherwise the oscillations are transmitted in the adjoining
spans to a considerable distance of line.
As such dancing is not harmful from mechanical damage point of view, but
large amplitude vibrations may bring the conductors together resulting in short
circuit and burning of conductors. Conductor clashing may be reduced by
arranging the conductor in a horizontal configuration.
Prevention of vibration
Vibration can effectively be minimised or dominated by : Armour rods and
stock bridge damper.
a. Armour rods : These consist of layer of wires of roads warped spirally
around the conductor for a short distance on either sides of the point of
support. They provide reinforcements of conductor at suspension points and
reduce amplitude of vibration from 10 to 20 per cent. They relieve and
distribute the stresses at the support point. They also serve as a protection
against flashover burns.
b.Stockbridge damper : The stockbridge damper consists of two weights
joined together by a flexible steel wire. It is provided with a clamp at its
middle point to attach it to the conductor. Usually one damper is attached at
each end of the span,for spans up to 300 m. The number may be increased for
longer spans. Figure 5.6 shows a stockbridge damper.
V-string has also been used to minimise vibration of conductor. The
adjustment of end conditions at the support to change the natural frequency of
the system prevents the conductors from vibration.
141
REVIEW QUESTIONS
142
b) Equation of state.
143
PROBLEMS
1. An overhead line has a span of 150 metres between level supports. The
conductor diameter is 0.94 cm and weighs 0.62 Kg per metre length. The
allowable tension is 586 Kg. Calculate the sag, if the wind pressure is 39.2 Kg
per square metre of the projected area.
[Ans. 2.97 m]
2. A 132 Kv transmission line uses ACSR conductors whose data are Nominal
copper area 110 mm2 ,size 30+7/2.79 mm, weight 844 Kg/Km ,ultimate
strength 7,950 Kg. Calculate the height above ground at which the conductors
with a span of 300 metre should be supported, the factor of safety being 2.
Wind pressure 75 Kg/m2 of projected area. Ground clearance required is 7
metres.
[Ans. 11.78 m]
3. An overhead stranded galvanised steel conductor has a 183 m span. The
conductor has 37 strands each of 0.259 cm. diameter.
The weight of
conductor is 7.15 N/m and the breaking strength is 67700 N. The factor of
safety should be 2.5 Calculate the sag under ice and wind condition if the
radial thickness of ice is 0.96 cm and the wind load is 382 N/m2 of projected
area (coated with ice). The weight of ice is 8920 N/m3.
[ Ans. 3.2 m]
4. An overhead line, over a river crossing, is supported by two towers 50 m
and 80 m above water level. The horizontal span is 300. If the weight of
conductor is 8.28 N/m and the tension in the conductor is 19620 N,find the
height of mid point of the line above water level.
[Ans. 60.252 m]
5. An overhead line has a span of 152 m and is supported on level supports.
The conductor has an effective diameter of 2.068
cm, cross-sectional area
of 3.065 sq.cm and weighs 2.292 Kg/m.
The line is subjected to a wind
pressure of 39.063 Kg/sq.m of projected area. Assuming a maximum stress of
1054.63 Kg/sq.cm, find sag under the given conditions.
[Ans. 2.17m]
6. A transmission line conductor consists of hard drawn copper 240 mm2 cross
section (61/2.24 mm) and has a span of 160 metres, the supporting structures
being level. The conductor has an ultimate tensile stress of 42.2 Kg/mm2 and
the allowable tension is not to exceed 1/5th of ultimate strength. Find a) the
sag in still air b) the sag with a wind pressure of 1.35 Kg per metre and an ice
Dr Abdulaziz Salem Bahaidara
144
coating of 1.25 cm c) the vertical sag in b). [Ans. a)3.38 m b)5.66 m c)5.25 m]
7. Find the erection sag and tension of a line whose particulars are as follows nominal span 275 metres; Conductor data: size 30+7/2.79 mm steel cored
aluminium, nominal copper area 110 mm2, weight per metre 0.844 Kg.
Ultimate strength 7,950 Kg, coefficient of linear expansion/C 18.44x10-8,
modulus of elasticity Kg/mm2 9.32x10-3 .The factor of safety based on worst
loading conditions (radial ice thickness 0.95 cm and wind pressure 39 Kg/m2
of projected area at -5.5C) is to be 2.The line is to be erected at 50C in still
air. Weight of ice is 913 Kg/m3.
[Ans. Tension=1,595 Kg ; Sag at erection=5 metres]
145