Diferències Interespecífiques ENGLISH

UNIT 2
Biological Characters and genetic material

Key Vocabulary
1. Interespecific differences: they occur between different species (a snail a
tomato).
2. Intraspecific differences: they occur between the same species (eye color).
3. Morphological intraspecific differences: they refer to the shape or the
structure (nose shape in humans).
4. Physiological intraspecific differences: they refer to the different functions
that a body carries out (the tendency to have high or low blood pressure).
5. Biological characters: distinguishing features that are characteristic for a
particular, individual organism and can be used to differentiate, classify, or
identify it as a member of a particular species.
6. Quantitative characters: are those that vary along a continuum within a
population. For example, plant height in a wildflower population ranges from
short to tall
7. Qualitative characters: are those that have very little variation within a
population and are clearly defined (blood groups, mouth curling).
8. Inherited character: an inherited character is produced by genes transmitted
from parent to offspring.
9. Acquired character: An acquired character is a response to the environment.
They cannot be transmitted to offspring.
10. DNA: the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. It
contains all the information about the functioning of a cell.
11. Nucleotides: A molecule consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine,
thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a
phosphate group, and a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA)
12. Nitrogenous base: A nitrogenous base is simply a nitrogen containing
molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base. They are
particularly important since they make up the building blocks of DNA and RNA:
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine.
13. Gene: A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which
are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. In
humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2
million bases. The Human Genome Project has estimated that humans have
between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.
14. Genome: A genome is an organisms complete set of DNA, including all of its
genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and
maintain that organism.
15. Genetic code: The instructions in a gene that tell the cell how to make a
specific protein. A, C, G, and T are the "letters" of the DNA code; they stand for
the chemicals adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T),
respectively, that make up the nucleotide bases of DNA.
16. Chromosomes: In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into
thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of
DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its
structure.
17. Chromatin: Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms
chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
18. Karyotype: A karyotype is an organized profile of a person's chromosomes.
19. Haploid : Haploid is the term used when a cell has only one set of
chromosomes. Cells used in sexual reproduction, sperm and ova (also known
as Gametes).
20. Diploid: Diploid describes a cell that contain two copies of each chromosome.
Skin, blood, muscle cells (also known as somatic cells).
21. Zygote: fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg,
or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).
22. Allele: Alleles are forms of the same gene with small differences in their
sequence of DNA bases. These small differences contribute to each persons
unique physical features.
23. Genotype: A genotype is an individual's collection of genes.
24. Phenotype: A phenotype is an individual's observable traits, such as height,
eye color, and blood type.
THE TRUE STORY BEHIND DNA

DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is in every plant and animals. DNA
contains our genes. Our genes carry our genetic information. Parents pass on
characteristics to their children through their genes. Characteristics like hair, eye and
skin colour are all due to the genes we inherit from our parents.
The DNA molecule is in the shape of a double helix. A helix is a shape like a
spiral. DNA is two helixes, linked together. James Watson and Francis Crick
are given credit for discovering DNAs shape in 1953. The two men were
awarded a Nobel Prize for their work. The truth is that another scientist paid
a vital role in the discovery.
Franklin was born in London, England in 1930. She became a scientist at a
time when this was highly unusual for women. Franklin was not treated
equally. For example, franklin was not allowed into the place where the men
ate lunch because she was a woman. She was left out of scientific
discussions. Ideas were not shared.
Franklin found a way to photograph a form of DNA. In November 1951,
Franklin gave a lecture to fellow researchers. Watson was in the audience.
In her lecture, franklin mentioned that she believed DNAs structure was a helix.
Watson was excited and shared franklins ideas with Crick. The two men then showed
Franklin a DNA model they had made. Franklin pointed out the models basic mistakes.
Franklin, meanwhile, continued to collect data and develop ways to improve her DNA
photographs. Her data and photographs proved that DNA was a
helix.
Franklin did not know it, but Watson was looking at all of her
records. Franklins male research assistant was showing them to
Watson in secret. Watson and Crick used Franklins work to come
up with the correct model. They never told Franklin, who died at an
early age from cancer, what they had done.
UNIT 2
Biological Characters and genetic material
Key Vocabulary
Acquired character - Biological characters DNA Gene - Inherited character
Interespecific differences - Intraspecific differences - Morphological
intraspecific differences
Nitrogenous base Nucleotides - Physiological intraspecific differences
Qualitative characters - Quantitative characters
1. : they occur between different species (a snail a tomato).

2. : they occur between the same species (eye color).
3. : they refer to the shape or the structure (nose shape in humans).
4. : they refer to the different functions that a body carries out (the tendency to
have high or low blood pressure).
5. : distinguishing features that are characteristic for a particular, individual
organism and can be used to differentiate, classify, or identify it as a member of
a particular species.
6. : are those that vary along a continuum within a population. For example, plant
height in a wildflower population ranges from short to tall
7. : are those that have very little variation within a population and are clearly
defined (blood groups, mouth curling).
8. : an inherited character is produced by genes transmitted from parent to
offspring.
9. : An acquired character is a response to the environment. They cannot be
transmitted to offspring.
10. : the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. It contains
all the information about the functioning of a cell.
11. : A molecule consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or
cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate
group, and a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA)
12. : simply a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties
as a base. They are particularly important since they make up the building
blocks of DNA and RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine.
13. : A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are
made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. In
humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2
million bases. The Human Genome Project has estimated that humans have
between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.
Allele Chromatin Chromosomes Diploid -Genetic code Genome
Genotype Haploid - Karyotype Phenotype - Zygote
14. : A genome is an organisms complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.
Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that
organism.
15. : The instructions in a gene that tell the cell how to make a specific protein. A,
C, G, and T are the "letters" of the DNA code; they stand for the chemicals
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T), respectively, that make
up the nucleotide bases of DNA.
16. : In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like
structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly
coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure.
17. : Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within
the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
18. A karyotype is an organized profile of a person's chromosomes.
19. : is the term used when a cell has only one set of chromosomes. Cells used in
sexual reproduction, sperm and ova (also known as Gametes).
20. : describes a cell that contain two copies of each chromosome. Skin, blood,
muscle cells (also known as somatic cells).
21. : fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or
ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).
22. : forms of the same gene with small differences in their sequence of DNA
bases. These small differences contribute to each persons unique physical
features.
23. : is an individual's collection of genes.
24. : is an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye colour, and blood type.
THE TRUE STORY BEHIND DNA

DN_____ is short _____or deoxyribonucleic _____cid. DN_____ is in every pl_____nt
_____nd _____nim_____ls. DN_____ cont_____ins our genes. Our genes c_____rry
our genetic in_____orm_____tion. P_____rents p_____ss on ch_____r_____cteristics
to their children through their genes. Ch_____r_____cteristics like h_____ir, eye
_____nd skin colour _____re _____ll due to the genes we inherit _____rom
our p_____rents.
The DN_____ molecule is in the sh_____pe o_____ _____ double helix.
_____ helix is _____ sh_____pe like _____ spir_____l. DN_____ is two
helixes,
linked
_____r_____ncis
together.
Crick
J_____mes
_____re
given
W_____tson
credit
_____or
_____nd
discovering
DN_____s sh_____pe in 1953. The two men were _____w_____rded

_____ Nobel Prize _____or their work. The truth is th_____t _____nother
scientist p_____id _____ vit_____l role in the discovery.
_____r_____nklin w_____s born in London, Engl_____nd in 1930. She
bec_____me _____ scientist _____t _____ time when this w_____s highly
unusu_____l _____or women. _____r_____nklin w_____s not tre_____ted
equ_____lly. _____or ex_____mple, _____r_____nklin w_____s not _____llowed into
the pl_____ce where the men _____te lunch bec_____use she w_____s _____
wom_____n. She w_____s le_____t out o_____ scienti_____ic discussions.
Ide_____s were not sh_____red.
_____r_____nklin _____ound _____ w_____y to photogr_____ph _____ _____orm
o_____ DN_____. In November 1951, _____r_____nklin g_____ve _____ lecture to
_____ellow rese_____rchers. W_____tson w_____s in the _____udience. In her
lecture, _____r_____nklin mentioned th_____t she believed DN_____s structure
w_____s
_____
_____r_____nklins
helix.
W_____tson
ide_____s
with
w_____s
Crick.
excited
The
two
_____nd
men
sh_____red
then
showed
_____r_____nklin _____ DN_____ model they h_____d m_____de. _____r_____nklin

pointed
out
_____r_____nklin,
the
models
b_____sic
me_____nwhile,
continued
mist_____kes.
to
collect
d_____t_____ _____nd develop w_____ys to improve her
DN_____ photogr_____phs. Her d_____t_____ _____nd photogr_____phs proved

th_____t DN_____ w_____s _____ helix.
_____r_____nklin did not know it, but W_____tson w_____s looking _____t _____ll
o_____ her records. _____r_____nklins m_____le rese_____rch _____ssist_____nt
w_____s showing them to W_____tson in secret. W_____tson _____nd Crick used
_____r_____nklins work to come up with the correct model. They never told
_____r_____nklin,
who
died
_____t
_____n
e_____rly
_____ge
_____rom
c_____ncer, wh_____t they h_____d done.
After reading the story, answer the questions.

1
This story is mainly about
Our
genes
and DNAs
DNA.
double
helix.
Secretly looking at The discovery of

DNA data.
DNAs structure.
What year were Watson and Crick awarded the Nobel Prize?
Which answer below is least likely to be an inherited characteristic?
Having long hair.
Having curly hair
Having black hair.
Having thick hair.
From the story, one can tell that

a. Franklin was not willing to help other researchers.
b. Watson did not think Franklins ideas were good enough to be shared.
c. Franklin may have been given credit for her work earlier if she were a man.
d. Franklin used Watsons data to prove that DNAs structure was a double
helix.

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UNIT 2

Biological Characters and genetic material

THE TRUE STORY BEHIND DNA

1. : they occur between different species (a snail a tomato).

THE TRUE STORY BEHIND DNA

DN_____s sh_____pe in 1953. The two men were _____w_____rded

_____r_____nklin _____ DN_____ model they h_____d m_____de. _____r_____nklin

d_____t_____ _____nd develop w_____ys to improve her

DN_____ photogr_____phs. Her d_____t_____ _____nd photogr_____phs proved

c_____ncer, wh_____t they h_____d done.

After reading the story, answer the questions.

This story is mainly about

Secretly looking at The discovery of

Which answer below is least likely to be an inherited characteristic?

Having long hair.

Having curly hair

Having black hair.

Having thick hair.

From the story, one can tell that

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DN___s sh_pe in 1953. The two men were _w___rded

___r_nklin _ DN_ model they h_d m_de. _r___nklin

d___t_ _nd develop w___ys to improve her

DN___ photogr_phs. Her d_t_ _nd photogr___phs proved

c___ncer, wh_t they h___d done.