Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

Chapter 22
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
View Factors
22-1C The view factor Fi j represents the fraction of the radiation leaving surface i that strikes surface
j directly. The view factor from a surface to itself is non-zero for concave surfaces.
22-2C The pair of view factors Fi j and F j i are related to each other by the reciprocity rule
Ai Fij A j F ji where Ai is the area of the surface i and Aj is the area of the surface j. Therefore,
A1 F12 A2 F21 F12

A2
F21
A1
N

22-3C The summation rule for an enclosure and is expressed as

i j

1 where N is the number of

j 1

surfaces of the enclosure. It states that the sum of the view factors from surface i of an enclosure to all
surfaces of the enclosure, including to itself must be equal to unity.
The superposition rule is stated as the view factor from a surface i to a surface j is equal to the
F1( 2 ,3) F12 F13 .
sum of the view factors from surface i to the parts of surface j,
22-4C The cross-string method is applicable to geometries which are very long in one direction relative to
the other directions. By attaching strings between corners the Crossed-Strings Method is expressed as
Fi j

Crossed strings Uncrossed strings

2 string on surface i

22-1

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-5 An enclosure consisting of six surfaces is considered. The
number of view factors this geometry involves and the number of
these view factors that can be determined by the application of the
reciprocity and summation rules are to be determined.

2
3

Analysis A seven surface enclosure (N=6) involves N 2 6 2 36 view

N ( N 1) 6(6 1)
factors and we need to determine

15 view
2
2

factors directly. The remaining 36-15 = 21 of the view factors can be

determined by the application of the reciprocity and summation rules.

22-6 An enclosure consisting of five surfaces is considered. The

number of view factors this geometry involves and the number of
these view factors that can be determined by the application of the
reciprocity and summation rules are to be determined.

1
2

Analysis A five surface enclosure (N=5) involves N 2 52 25

N ( N 1) 5(5 1)

10
view factors and we need to determine
2
2
view factors directly. The remaining 25-10 = 15 of the view
factors can be determined by the application of the reciprocity and
summation rules.

22-7 An enclosure consisting of twelve surfaces

is considered. The number of view factors this
geometry involves and the number of these view
factors that can be determined by the application
of the reciprocity and summation rules are to be
determined.
Analysis A twelve surface enclosure (N=12)
involves N 2 12 2 144 view factors and we
N ( N 1) 12(12 1)

66
need to determine
2
2
view factors directly. The remaining 144-66 = 78
of the view factors can be determined by the
application of the reciprocity and summation
rules.

5
4

4
2

1
7
12
11

22-2

10

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-8 The view factors between the rectangular surfaces shown in the figure are to be determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
Analysis From Fig. 22-6,

L3 1
0 .5
W 2 F 0.24
31
L1 1
0 .5
W 2

W=2m
L2 = 1 m
L1 = 1 m

A2

(2)

A1

(1)

L3 = 1 m

and

L3 1

0.5

W 2
F3(12) 0.29
L1 L2 2
1
W 2
We note that A1 = A3. Then the reciprocity and superposition rules gives
A 1 F13 A3 F31

F13 F31 0.24

F3(1 2 ) F31 F32

Finally,

0.29 0.24 F32

A2 A3 F23 F32 0.05

22-3

F32 0.05

A3

(3)

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-9 A cylindrical enclosure is considered. The view factor from the side surface of this cylindrical
enclosure to its base surface is to be determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
Analysis We designate the surfaces as follows:
Base surface by (1),

(2)

top surface by (2), and

side surface by (3).
Then from Fig. 22-7 (or Table 22-1 for better accuracy)
(3)

L r1
1
r1 r1

L
(1)

F12 F21 0.38

r2 r2
1
L r2

summation rule : F11 F12 F13 1

0 0.38 F13 1

F13 0.62

reciprocity rule : A1 F13 A3 F31 F31

A1
r12
r12
1
F13
F13
F13 (0.62) 0.31
A3
2r1 L
2r1 r1
2

Discussion This problem can be solved more accurately by using the view factor relation from Table 22-1
to be

R1

r1 r1
1
L r1

R2

r2 r2

1
L r2

S 1

1 R 22

R12

F12

1
2

1 12
12

R2

S S 4
R1

3
0 .5

1
2

1
3 3 4
1

0.5

0.382

F13 1 F12 1 0.382 0.618

reciprocity rule : A1 F13 A3 F31 F31

22-4

A1
r12
r12
1
F13
F13
F13 (0.618) 0.309
A3
2r1 L
2r1 r1
2

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-10 A semispherical furnace is considered. The view factor from the dome of this furnace to its flat base
is to be determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
Analysis We number the surfaces as follows:
(1): circular base surface

(2)

(2): dome surface

Surface (1) is flat, and thus F11 0 .

(1)

Summation rule : F11 F12 1 F12 1

D 2 D
A
A
1
reciprocity rule : A 1 F12 A2 F21 F21 1 F12 1 (1) 4 2 0.5
A2
A2
2
D
2

22-11 Two view factors associated with three very long ducts with
different geometries are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors. 2 End
effects are neglected.

(2)

Analysis (a) Surface (1) is flat, and thus F11 0 .

(1)

summation rule : F11 F12 1 F12 1

reciprocity rule : A 1 F12 A2 F21 F21

A1
Ds
2
F12
(1) 0.64
A2

s
2

(b) Noting that surfaces 2 and 3 are symmetrical and thus

F12 F13 , the summation rule gives
F11 F12 F13 1 0 F12 F13 1 F12 0.5

(3)

Also by using the equation obtained in Example 22-4,

F12

(1)

L1 L2 L3 a b b
a
1

0.5
2 L1
2a
2a 2

reciprocity rule : A 1 F12 A2 F21 F21

(2)

A1
a 1
a
F12
A2
b 2 2b

L2 = a

(c) Applying the crossed-string method gives

F12 F21

( L5 L6 ) ( L3 L4 )
2 L1

2 a 2 b 2 2b

2a

L3 = b

a2 b2 b
a

L4 = b
L5

L6

L1 = a

22-5

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-12 View factors from the very long grooves shown in the figure to the surroundings are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors. 2 End effects are neglected.
Analysis (a) We designate the circular dome surface by (1) and the imaginary flat top surface by (2).
Noting that (2) is flat,
D

F22 0

summation rule : F21 F22 1

(2)

F21 1

reciprocity rule : A 1 F12 A2 F21 F12

A2
D
2
F21
(1) 0.64
D
A1

(1)

(b) We designate the two identical surfaces of length b by (1) and (3), and the imaginary flat top surface by
(2). Noting that (2) is flat,

F22 0

summation rule : F21 F22 F23 1

F21 F23 0.5

summation rule : F22 F2(13) 1

F2(1 3) 1

(symmetry)
(2)

reciprocity rule : A 2 F2(1 3) A(1 3) F(1 3) 2

F(1 3) 2 F(1 3) surr

(3)

(1)

A2
a
(1)
A(1 3)
2b

(c) We designate the bottom surface by (1), the side surfaces by

(2) and (3), and the imaginary top surface by (4). Surface 4 is
flat and is completely surrounded by other surfaces. Therefore,
F44 0 and F4(1 2 3) 1 .

reciprocity rule : A 4 F4(1 2 3) A(1 2 3) F(1 2 3) 4

F(1 2 3) 4 F(1 2 3) surr

A4
A(1 2 3)

(1)

(4)
b

(2)

(3)

(1)

a
a+2b

22-13 The view factors from the base of a cube to each of the
other five surfaces are to be determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.

(2)

Analysis Noting that L1 / w L2 / w 1 , from Fig. 22-6 we read

F12 0.2

(3), (4), (5), (6)

side surfaces

Because of symmetry, we have

F12 F13 F14 F15 F16 0.2

(1)
(3)

22-14 The view factor from the conical side surface to a hole located
at the center of the base of a conical enclosure is to be determined.
Assumptions The conical side surface is diffuse emitter and reflector.
(2)

(1)

22-6
d
D

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

Analysis We number different surfaces as
the hole located at the center of the base (1)
the base of conical enclosure

(2)

conical side surface

(3)

Surfaces 1 and 2 are flat , and they have no direct view of each other.
Therefore,
F11 F22 F12 F21 0
summation rule : F11 F12 F13 1

reciprocity rule : A 1 F13 A3 F31

F13 1

d 2
Dh
d2
(1)
F31 F31
4
2
2Dh

22-15 The four view factors associated with an enclosure formed by two very long concentric cylinders are
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors. 2 End effects are neglected.
Analysis We number different surfaces as
(2)

the outer surface of the inner cylinder (1)

(1)

the inner surface of the outer cylinder (2)

No radiation leaving surface 1 strikes itself and thus F11 0
All radiation leaving surface 1 strikes surface 2 and thus F12 1

reciprocity rule : A 1 F12 A2 F21 F21

A1
D1 h
D
F12
(1) 1
A2
D 2 h
D2

summation rule : F21 F22 1 F22 1 F21 1

22-7

D1
D2

D2

D1

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-16 The view factors between the rectangular surfaces shown in the figure are to be determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
Analysis We designate the different surfaces as follows:
3m
shaded part of perpendicular surface by (1),
bottom part of perpendicular surface by (3),
(1)
1m
shaded part of horizontal surface by (2), and
front part of horizontal surface by (4).
1m
(3)
(a) From Fig.22-6

L2 1

W 3
F23 0.25
L1 1

W 3

L2 2

W 3
F2(13) 0.32
L1 1

W 3

and

superposition rule : F2 (1 3) F21 F23

reciprocity rule : A1 A2

(2)

1m

(4)

1m

F21 F2(1 3) F23 0.32 0.25 0.07

A1 F12 A2 F21

F12 F21 0.07

(b) From Fig.22-6,

L2 1

W
3
L2
2

W
3

and

L1 2
F( 4 2) 3 0.15
W
3

and

L1 2
F( 4 2)(13) 0.22
W
3

superposition rule : F( 4 2) (1 3) F( 4 2) 1 F( 4 2) 3

F( 4 2) 1 0.22 0.15 0.07

reciprocity rule : A( 4 2) F( 4 2)1 A1 F1( 4 2)

F1( 4 2)

A( 4 2)
A1

F( 4 2) 1

6
(0.07) 0.14
3

superposition rule : F1( 4 2 ) F14 F12

and

F14 0.14 0.07 0.07

3m
1m

(1)

1m

(3)
(4)

since F12 = 0.07 (from part a). Note that F14 in part (b) is
equivalent to F12 in part (a).
(c) We designate
shaded part of top surface by (1),
remaining part of top surface by (3),
remaining part of bottom surface by (4), and
shaded part of bottom surface by (2).
From Fig.22-5,

L2 2

D 2 F
(24)(13) 0.20
L1 2

D 2

and

L2 2

D 2
F14 0.12
L1 1

D 2

superposition rule : F( 2 4) (1 3) F( 2 4) 1 F( 2 4)3

symmetry rule : F( 2 4) 1 F( 2 4) 3

Substituting symmetry rule gives

F( 2 4 )(1 3) 0.20
F( 2 4 )1 F( 2 4 )3

010
.
2
2

22-8

1m
1m

(2)

2m

(1)
(3)
2m

(4)

1m
1m

(2)

1m
1m

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

reciprocity rule : A1 F1( 2 4) A( 2 4) F( 2 4)1
superposition rule :

F1 ( 2 4) F12 F14

(2) F1( 2 4) ( 4)(0.10)

0.20 F12 0.12

22-9

F1( 2 4 ) 0.20

F12 0.20 0.12 0.08

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-17 The view factor between the two infinitely long parallel cylinders located a distance s apart from
each other is to be determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
Analysis Using the crossed-strings method, the view factor
between two cylinders facing each other for s/D > 3 is
determined to be
F1 2

or

F1 2

Crossed strings Uncrossed strings

2 String on surface 1

2 s D 2s
2(D / 2)
2

(2)

s 2 D 2 s

(1)

22-18 Three infinitely long cylinders are located parallel to

each other. The view factor between the cylinder in the middle
and the surroundings is to be determined.

(surr)
D

Assumptions The cylinder surfaces are diffuse emitters and

reflectors.

Analysis The view factor between two cylinder facing each

other is, from Prob. 22-17,
F1 2

(2)
D

(1)

Noting that the radiation leaving cylinder 1 that does

not strike the cylinder will strike the surroundings, and
this is also the case for the other half of the cylinder,
the view factor between the cylinder in the middle and
the surroundings becomes
F1 surr 1 2 F1 2 1

s 2 D 2 s

22-10

(2)
s

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Transfer Between Surfaces

22-19C The analysis of radiation exchange between black surfaces is relatively easy because of the
absence of reflection. The rate of radiation heat transfer between two surfaces in this case is expressed as

Q A1 F12 (T1 4 T2 4 ) where A1 is the surface area, F12 is the view factor, and T1 and T2 are the
temperatures of two surfaces.
22-20C Radiosity is the total radiation energy leaving a surface per unit time and per unit area. Radiosity
includes the emitted radiation energy as well as reflected energy. Radiosity and emitted energy are equal
for blackbodies since a blackbody does not reflect any radiation.
1 i
and it represents the resistance of a surface to
Ai i
the emission of radiation. It is zero for black surfaces. The space resistance is the radiation resistance
1 i
between two surfaces and is expressed as Ri
Ai i
22-21C Radiation surface resistance is given as Ri

22-22C The two methods used in radiation analysis are the matrix and network methods. In matrix
method, equations 22-34 and 22-35 give N linear algebraic equations for the determination of the N
unknown radiosities for an N -surface enclosure. Once the radiosities are available, the unknown surface
temperatures and heat transfer rates can be determined from these equations respectively. This method
involves the use of matrices especially when there are a large number of surfaces. Therefore this method
requires some knowledge of linear algebra.
The network method involves drawing a surface resistance associated with each surface of an
enclosure and connecting them with space resistances. Then the radiation problem is solved by treating it
as an electrical network problem where the radiation heat transfer replaces the current and the radiosity
replaces the potential. The network method is not practical for enclosures with more than three or four
surfaces due to the increased complexity of the network.
22-23C Some surfaces encountered in numerous practical heat transfer applications are modeled as being
adiabatic as the back sides of these surfaces are well insulated and net heat transfer through these surfaces
is zero. When the convection effects on the front (heat transfer) side of such a surface is negligible and
steady-state conditions are reached, the surface must lose as much radiation energy as it receives. Such a
surface is called reradiating surface. In radiation analysis, the surface resistance of a reradiating surface is
taken to be zero since there is no heat transfer through it.

22-11

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-24E Top and side surfaces of a cubical furnace are black, and are maintained at uniform temperatures.
Net radiation heat transfer rate to the base from the top and side surfaces are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities are given to be = 0.7 for the bottom surface and 1 for other surfaces.
Analysis We consider the base surface to be surface 1, the top surface to be surface 2 and the side surfaces
to be surface 3. The cubical furnace can be considered to be three-surface enclosure with a radiation
network shown in the figure. The areas and blackbody emissive powers of surfaces are

A1 A2 (10 ft ) 2 100 ft 2

A3 4(10 ft ) 2 400 ft 2
T2 = 1600 R

E b1 T1 4 (0.1714 10 8 Btu/h.ft 2 .R 4 )(800 R ) 4 702 Btu/h.ft 2

4

E b 2 T2

2 = 1
2
(0.1714 10 Btu/h.ft .R )(1600 R ) 11,233 Btu/h.ft
T3 = 2400 R
8
2
4
4
=21
8

E b3 T3 4 (0.1714 10

Btu/h.ft .R )(2400 R ) 56,866 Btu/h.ft

3

The view factor from the base to the top surface of the cube is F12 0.2 . From
the summation rule, the view factor from the base or top to the side surfaces is

T1 = 800 R
1 = 0.7

F11 F12 F13 1 F13 1 F12 1 0.2 0.8

since the base surface is flat and thus F11 0 . Then the radiation resistances become

1 1
1 0.7

0.0043 ft - 2
A1 1
(100 ft 2 )(0.7)
1
1

0.0125 ft - 2
A1 F13 (100 ft 2 )(0.8)

R1
R13

R12

1
1

0.0500 ft - 2
A1 F12
(100 ft 2 )(0.2)

Note that the side and the top surfaces are black, and thus their radiosities are equal to their emissive
powers. The radiosity of the base surface is determined
Eb1 J1 E b2 J1 Eb 3 J1

0
R1
R12
R13
702 J1 11,233 J1 56,866 J1

0 J1 15,054 W / m 2
0.0043
0.500
0.0125
(a) The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the base and the side surfaces is
Substituting,

E J 1 (56,866 15,054) Btu/h.ft 2

Q 31 b3

3.345 106 Btu/h

R13
0.0125 ft - 2
(b) The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the base and the top surfaces is

J Eb2
(15,054 11,233) Btu/h.ft 2
Q 12 1

7.642 104 Btu/h

R12
0.05 ft -2
The net rate of radiation heat transfer to the base surface is finally determined from
Q Q Q 76,420 3,344,960 3.269 106 Btu/h
1

21

31

Discussion The same result can be found form

J E b1
(15,054 702) Btu/h.ft 2
Q 1 1

3.338 10 6 Btu/h
R1
0.0043 ft - 2
The small difference is due to round-off error.

22-12

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-25E
"GIVEN"
a=10 "[ft]"
"epsilon_1=0.7 parameter to be varied"
T_1=800 "[R]"
T_2=1600 "[R]"
T_3=2400 "[R]"
sigma=0.1714E-8 "[Btu/h-ft^2-R^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
"ANALYSIS"
"Consider the base surface 1, the top surface 2, and the side surface 3"
E_b1=sigma*T_1^4
E_b2=sigma*T_2^4
E_b3=sigma*T_3^4
A_1=a^2
A_2=A_1
A_3=4*a^2
F_12=0.2 "view factor from the base to the top of a cube"
F_11+F_12+F_13=1 "summation rule"
F_11=0 "since the base surface is flat"
R_1=(1-epsilon_1)/(A_1*epsilon_1) "surface resistance"
R_12=1/(A_1*F_12) "space resistance"
R_13=1/(A_1*F_13) "space resistance"
(E_b1-J_1)/R_1+(E_b2-J_1)/R_12+(E_b3-J_1)/R_13=0 "J_1 : radiosity of base
surface"
"(a)"
Q_dot_31=(E_b3-J_1)/R_13
"(b)"
Q_dot_12=(J_1-E_b2)/R_12
Q_dot_21=-Q_dot_12
Q_dot_1=Q_dot_21+Q_dot_31
1
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9

Q 31 [Btu/h]
1.106E+06
1.295E+06
1.483E+06
1.671E+06
1.859E+06
2.047E+06
2.235E+06
2.423E+06
2.612E+06
2.800E+06
2.988E+06
3.176E+06
3.364E+06
3.552E+06
3.741E+06
3.929E+06
4.117E+06

Q 12 [Btu/h]
636061
589024
541986
494948
447911
400873
353835
306798
259760
212722
165685
118647
71610
24572
-22466
-69503
-116541

22-13

Q 1 [Btu/h]
470376
705565
940753
1.176E+06
1.411E+06
1.646E+06
1.882E+06
2.117E+06
2.352E+06
2.587E+06
2.822E+06
3.057E+06
3.293E+06
3.528E+06
3.763E+06
3.998E+06
4.233E+06

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

4.5x106
4.0x106
3.5x106

Q31 [Btu/h]

3.0x106
2.5x106
2.0x106
1.5x106
1.0x106
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

700000
600000
500000

Q12 [Btu/h]

400000
300000
200000
100000
0
-100000
-200000
0.1

22-14

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

4.5x106
4.0x106
3.5x106

Q1 [Btu/h]

3.0x106
2.5x106
2.0x106
1.5x106
1.0x106
5.0x105
0.0x100
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

22-15

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-26 Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform
temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the
two plates is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces
are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat transfer is not
considered.
Properties The emissivities of the plates are given to be 0.5 and
0.9.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two
surfaces per unit area of the plates is determined directly from

T1 = 600 K
1 = 0.5

T2 = 400 K

Q 12 (T1 4 T2 4 ) (5.67 10 8 W/m 2 K 4 )[(600 K ) 4 (400 K2 )=40.9

]

2795 W/m 2
1
1
1
1
As

1
1 2
0.5 0.9

22-16

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-27
"GIVEN"
T_1=600 "[K], parameter to be varied"
T_2=400 "[K]"
epsilon_1=0.5 "parameter to be varied"
epsilon_2=0.9
sigma=5.67E-8 "[W/m^2-K^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
"ANALYSIS"
q_dot_12=(sigma*(T_1^4-T_2^4))/(1/epsilon_1+1/epsilon_2-1)
T1 [K]
500
525
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
850
875
900
925
950
975
1000

q12 [W/m2]
991.1
1353
1770
2248
2793
3411
4107
4888
5761
6733
7810
9001
10313
11754
13332
15056
16934
18975
21188
23584
26170

1
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9

q12 [W/m2]
583.2
870
1154
1434
1712
1987
2258
2527
2793
3056
3317
3575
3830
4082
4332
4580
4825

22-17

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

30000
25000

15000

q12 [W/m ]

20000

10000
5000
0
500

600

700

800

900

1000

T1 [K]

5000
4500
4000
3500

q12 [W/m ]

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

22-18

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-28 The base, top, and side surfaces of a furnace of cylindrical shape are black, and are maintained at
uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer to or from the top surface is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The
T1 = 700 K
surfaces are black. 3 Convection heat transfer is not
considered.
1 = 1
Properties The emissivity of all surfaces are = 1 since they are black.
r1 = 2 m
Analysis We consider the top surface to be surface 1, the base
surface to be surface 2 and the side surfaces to be surface 3.
The cylindrical furnace can be considered to be three-surface
h =2 m
T3 = 500 K
enclosure. We assume that steady-state conditions exist. Since
all surfaces are black, the radiosities are equal to the emissive
3 = 1
power of surfaces, and the net rate of radiation heat transfer
from the top surface can be determined from

Q A1 F12 (T1 4 T2 4 ) A1 F13 (T1 4 T3 4 )

and

A1 r (2 m) 12.57 m

T2 = 1200 K
2 = 1
r2 = 2 m

The view factor from the base to the top surface of the cylinder is F12 0.38 (From Figure 22-44). The
view factor from the base to the side surfaces is determined by applying the summation rule to be
F11 F12 F13 1 F13 1 F12 1 0.38 0.62

Q A1 F12 (T1 4 T2 4 ) A1 F13 (T1 4 T3 4 )

Substituting,

(12.57 m 2 )(0.38)(5.67 10 -8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(700 K 4 - 500 K 4 )

(12.57 m 2 )(0.62)(5.67 10 -8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(700 K 4 - 1200 K 4 )

7.62 10 5 W -762 kW
Discussion The negative sign indicates that net heat transfer is to the top surface.

22-19

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-29 The base and the dome of a hemispherical furnace are maintained at uniform temperatures. The net
rate of radiation heat transfer from the dome to the base surface is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are
opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Analysis The view factor is first determined from
F11 0 (flat surface)
F11 F12 1 F12 1 (summation rule)

T2 = 1000 K

Noting that the dome is black, net rate of radiation heat transfer
from dome to the base surface can be determined from

2 = 1
T1 = 400 K
1 = 0.7

4
4

Q
21 Q12 A1 F12 (T1 T2 )

m
(0.7)[ (5 m ) 2 /4 ](1)(5.67 10 8 W/m 2 K 4 )[( 400 K ) 4D=(51000
K) 4 ]

7.594 10 5 W
759.4 kW
The positive sign indicates that the net heat transfer is from the dome to the base surface, as expected.

22-30 Two very long concentric cylinders are

maintained at uniform temperatures. The net rate of
radiation heat transfer between the two cylinders is to
be determined.

D2 = 0.5 m
T2 = 500 K

D1 = 0.2 m
T1 = 950 K

2 = 0.7

1 = 1

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The

surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection
heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be
1 = 1 and 2 = 0.7.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer between
the two cylinders per unit length of the cylinders is
determined from

Vacuum

A (T1 4 T2 4 )
[(0.2 m)(1 m)](5.67 10 8 W/m 2 K 4 )[(950 K) 4 (500 K ) 4 ]
Q 12 1

1 1 0.7 2
1 1 2 r1

1
0 .7 5
1
2 r2
22,870 W 22.87 kW

22-20

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-31 A long cylindrical rod coated with a new material is
placed in an evacuated long cylindrical enclosure which is
maintained at a uniform temperature. The emissivity of the
coating on the rod is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The
surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray.

D2 = 0.1 m
T2 = 200 K

D1 = 0.01 m
T1 = 500 K

2 = 0.95

1 = ?

Properties The emissivity of the enclosure is given to be 2 =

0.95.
Analysis The emissivity of the coating on the rod is
determined from

A (T1 4 T2 4 )
Q 12 1
1 1 2 r1

1
2 r2

Vacuum

[ (0.01 m)(1 m)](5.67 10 8 W/m 2 K 4 )[ 500 K 4 200 K 4 ]

8W
1 1 0.95 1

1
0.95 10
which gives
1 = 0.074

22-32E The base and the dome of a long semicylindrical duct are maintained at uniform temperatures.
The net rate of radiation heat transfer from the dome to the base surface is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque,
diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 0.5
and 2 = 0.9.
Analysis The view factor from the base to the dome is first
determined from
F11 0 (flat surface)
F11 F12 1 F12 1 (summation rule)
The net rate of radiation heat transfer from dome to the base surface
can be determined from

Q 21 Q 12

T2 = 1800 R
2 = 0.9

T1 = 550 R
1 = 0.5
D = 15 ft

(T1 4 T2 4 )
(0.1714 10 8 Btu/h.ft 2 R 4 )[(550 R ) 4 (1800 R) 4 ]

1 1
1 2
1 0 .5
1
1 0.9
1

2
2
A1 1 A1 F12 A2 2
(15 ft )(0.5) (15 ft )(1) (15 ft )(1 ft)

(0.9)
2

1.311 10 6 Btu/h
The positive sign indicates that the net heat transfer is from the dome to the base surface, as expected.
22-33 Two parallel disks whose back sides are insulated are black, and are maintained at a uniform
temperature. The net rate of radiation heat transfer from the disks to the environment is to be determined.

22-21

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of all surfaces are = 1 since they are black.
Analysis Both disks possess same properties and they are
black. Noting that environment can also be considered to
Disk 1, T1 = 700 K, 1 = 1
be blackbody, we can treat this geometry as a three surface
enclosure. We consider the two disks to be surfaces 1 and 2
and the environment to be surface 3. Then from Figure 22D = 0.6 m
7, we read
Environment
F12 F21 0.26
T3 =300 K
0.40 m
F13 1 0.26 0.74 (summation rule)
1 = 1
The net rate of radiation heat transfer from the disks into
the environment then becomes
Disk 2, T2 = 700 K, 2 = 1
Q
Q

Q
2Q
3

13

23

13

2 F A (T 4 T 4 )
Q
3
13 1
1
3
2(0.74)[ (0.3 m) 2 ](5.67 10 8 W/m 2 K 4 )[ 700 K 4 300 K 4 ]
5505 W
22-34 A furnace shaped like a long equilateral-triangular duct is considered. The temperature of the base
surface is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered. 4 End effects are neglected.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 0.8 and 2
= 0.5.
Analysis This geometry can be treated as a two surface
enclosure since two surfaces have identical properties.
We consider base surface to be surface 1 and other two
surface to be surface 2. Then the view factor between
the two becomes F12 1 . The temperature of the base
surface is determined from

Q 12

800 W

(T1 T2 )
1 1
1 2
1

A1 1 A1 F12 A2 2

T2 = 500 K
2 = 0.5

q1 = 800 W/m2
1 = 0.8
b = 2 ft

(5.67 10 8 W/m 2 K 4 )[ T1 4 500 K 4 ]

T1 543 K
1 0 .8
1
1 0.5

(1 m 2 )(0.8) (1 m 2 )(1) (2 m 2 )(0.5)

Note that A1 1 m 2 and A2 2 m 2 .

22-22

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-35
"GIVEN"
a=2 "[m]"
epsilon_1=0.8
epsilon_2=0.5
Q_dot_12=800 "[W], parameter to be varied"
T_2=500 "[K], parameter to be varied"
sigma=5.67E-8 "[W/m^2-K^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
"ANALYSIS"
"Consider the base surface to be surface 1, the side surfaces to be surface 2"
Q_dot_12=(sigma*(T_1^4-T_2^4))/((1-epsilon_1)/(A_1*epsilon_1)+1/
(A_1*F_12)+(1-epsilon_2)/(A_2*epsilon_2))
F_12=1
A_1=1 "[m^2], since rate of heat supply is given per meter square area"
A_2=2*A_1
Q 12 [W]
500
525
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
850
875
900
925
950
975
1000

T1 [K]
528.4
529.7
531
532.2
533.5
534.8
536
537.3
538.5
539.8
541
542.2
543.4
544.6
545.8
547
548.1
549.3
550.5
551.6
552.8

T2 [K]
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
625
650
675

T1 [K]
425.5
435.1
446.4
459.2
473.6
489.3
506.3
524.4
543.4
563.3
583.8
605
626.7
648.9
671.4
694.2

22-23

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

700

717.3
555
550

T1 [K]

545
540
535
530
525
500

600

700

800

900

1000

Q12 [W]

750
700

T1 [K]

650
600
550
500
450
400
300

350

400

450

500

550

T2 [K]

22-24

600

650

700

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-36 The floor and the ceiling of a cubical furnace are maintained at uniform temperatures. The net rate
of radiation heat transfer between the floor and the ceiling is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of all surfaces are = 1 since they are black or reradiating.
Analysis We consider the ceiling to be surface 1, the floor to be surface 2 and the side surfaces to be
surface 3. The furnace can be considered to be three-surface enclosure with a radiation network shown in
the figure. We assume that steady-state conditions exist. Since the side surfaces are reradiating, there is no
heat transfer through them, and the entire heat lost by the ceiling must be gained by the floor. The view
factor from the ceiling to the floor of the furnace is F12 0.2 . Then the rate of heat loss from the ceiling
can be determined from

E b1 E b 2

Q 1

1
1
R R R
13
23
12

where

a=4m

T1 = 1100 K

1 = 1

E b1 T1 4 (5.67 10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(1100 K ) 4 83,015 W/m 2

Reradiating side
surfacess

E b 2 T2 4 (5.67 10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(550 K ) 4 5188 W/m 2

and

T2 = 550 K

A1 A2 (4 m) 2 16 m 2
1
1
R12

0.3125 m -2
A1 F12 (16 m 2 )(0.2)
R13 R23

2 = 1

1
1

0.078125 m-2
2
A1 F13 (16 m )(0.8)

Substituting,
(83,015 5188) W/m 2

Q
12

1
1

-2
0.3125 m - 2
2(0.078125 m )

22-25

7.47 10 5 W 747 kW

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-37 Two concentric spheres are maintained at uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat
transfer between the two spheres and the convection heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The
surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray.

Tsurr = 30C
D2 = 0.8 m
T2 = 400 K

Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 =

0.1 and 2 = 0.8.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the
two spheres is

2 = 0.7

T = 30C

D1 = 0.3 m
T1 = 700 K
1 = 0.5

= 0.35

A (T1 4 T2 4 )
Q 12 1
2
1 1 2 r1

1
2 r2 2

[ (0.3 m) 2 ](5.67 10 8 W/m 2 K 4 )[ 700 K 4 400 K 4 ]

1 1 0.7 0.15 m

0.5
0.7 0.4 m

1669 W
Radiation heat transfer rate from the outer sphere to the surrounding surfaces are

Q rad FA 2 (T2 4 T surr 4 )

(0.35)(1)[ (0.8 m) 2 ](5.67 10 8 W/m 2 K 4 )[(400 K ) 4 (30 273 K ) 4 ] 685 W
The convection heat transfer rate at the outer surface of the cylinder is determined from requirement that
heat transferred from the inner sphere to the outer sphere must be equal to the heat transfer from the outer
surface of the outer sphere to the environment by convection and radiation. That is,

Q
conv Q12 Q rad 1669 685 9845 W

Then the convection heat transfer coefficient becomes

Q conv. hA2 T2 T

984 W h (0.8 m) 2 (400 K - 303 K)

h 5.04 W/m 2 C

22-26

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-38 A spherical tank filled with liquid nitrogen is kept in an evacuated cubic enclosure. The net rate of
radiation heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered. 4 The thermal resistance of the tank is negligible.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 0.1 and 2 = 0.8.
Analysis We take the sphere to be surface 1 and the surrounding
cubic enclosure to be surface 2. Noting that F12 1 , for this
Cube, a =3 m
two-surface enclosure, the net rate of radiation heat transfer to
T2 = 240 K
liquid nitrogen can be determined from
= 0.8

Q 21 Q 12

A1 T1 4 T2 4

1 1 2

1
2

A1

A2

(2 m) 5.67 10

D1 = 2 m
T1 = 100 K
1 = 0.1

W/m K

100 K

240 K

1 1 0.8 ( 2 m) 2

0.1
0.8 6(3 m) 2

Liquid

N2

Vacuum

228 W

22-39 A spherical tank filled with liquid nitrogen is kept in an evacuated spherical enclosure. The net rate
of radiation heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered. 4 The thermal resistance of the tank is negligible.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be
1 = 0.1 and 2 = 0.8.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer to liquid
nitrogen can be determined from
4

A (T1 T2 )
Q 12 1
2
1 1 2 r1

1
2 r2 2

[ (2 m) 2 ](5.67 10 8 W/m 2 K 4 )[ 240 K 4 100 K 4 ]

1 1 0.8 (1 m) 2

0.1
0.8 (1.5 m) 2

D1 = 2 m
T1 = 100 K

D2 = 3 m
T2 = 240 K

1 = 0.1

2 = 0.8

Liquid
N2

Vacuum

227 W

22-27

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

22-40
"GIVEN"
D=2 "[m]"
a=3 "[m], parameter to be varied"
T_1=100 "[K]"
T_2=240 "[K]"
epsilon_1=0.1 "parameter to be varied"
epsilon_2=0.8 "parameter to be varied"
sigma=5.67E-8 "[W/m^2-K^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
"ANALYSIS"
"Consider the sphere to be surface 1, the surrounding cubic enclosure to be
surface 2"
Q_dot_12=(A_1*sigma*(T_1^4-T_2^4))/(1/epsilon_1+(1epsilon_2)/epsilon_2*(A_1/A_2))
Q_dot_21=-Q_dot_12
A_1=pi*D^2
A_2=6*a^2
a [m]
2.5
2.625
2.75
2.875
3
3.125
3.25
3.375
3.5
3.625
3.75
3.875
4
4.125
4.25
4.375
4.5
4.625
4.75
4.875
5

Q 21 [W]
227.4
227.5
227.7
227.8
227.9
228
228.1
228.2
228.3
228.4
228.4
228.5
228.5
228.6
228.6
228.6
228.7
228.7
228.7
228.8
228.8

22-28

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

1
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9

Q 21 [W]
227.9
340.9
453.3
565
676
786.4
896.2
1005
1114
1222
1329
1436
1542
1648
1753
1857
1961

2
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9

Q 21 [W]
189.6
202.6
209.7
214.3
217.5
219.8
221.5
222.9
224.1
225
225.8
226.4
227
227.5
227.9
228.3
228.7

22-29

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

228.8
228.6
228.4

Q21 [W]

228.2
228
227.8
227.6
227.4
227.2
2.5

3.5

a [m]

4.5

2000
1800
1600

Q21 [W]

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

22-30

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Chapter 22 Radiation Heat Transfer

230
225
220

Q21 [W]

215
210
205
200
195
190
185
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

22-31

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9