THERMAL

ENGINEERING - I
LABORATORY MANUAL

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.N
o
1.

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS

STUDY OF IC ENGINES AND LOADING DEVICES

2(a).

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

2(b)

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR TWO STROKE HORIZONTAL

PETROL ENGINE

3
4

DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY USING REDWOOD

VISCOMETER
DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT USING CLEEVE
LAND OPEN CUP APPARATUS

RETARDATION TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

MORSE TEST

PERFORMANCE TEST OF SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE

DIESEL ENGINE WITH EDDY CURRENT YNAMOMETER
LOADING

TWO STAGE TWIN CYLINDER AIR COMPRESSOR TEST.

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE WITH

MECHANIAL LOADING

10

STUDIES OF BOILER AND TURBINE

PAGE No.
From To

EX.NO:1

STUDY OF IC ENGINES AND LOADING DEVICES

AIM:
To Study about the IC engine components and loading devices.
PARTS OF IC ENGINE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Cylinder head
Gudgeon pin
Engine bearing
Valve & Valve operating mechanisms
Carburetor

6.Cylinder
7.Connecting rod
8.Crank case
9.Fuel pump
10.Piston

11.Flywheel
12.Spark plug
13.Piston ring
14.Crank
15.Governor

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
IC engine is the one in which the thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy.
There are four strokes involved in this engine.
1. Suction Stroke
2. Compression Stroke
3. Power Stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke
1. Suction Stroke:
In this stroke the inlet value opens when the piston moves from TDC to BDC. The
Vacuem is created inside cylinder, then air fuel mixture is sucked in this stroke.
2. Compression Stroke:
In this stroke the piston moves from BDC to TDC and both the valves are kept closed.
The air fuel mixture inside the cylinder is compressed in this stroke.
3. Power Stroke:
All the end of compression stroke the high pressure air fuel mixture is burnt by spark.
This high pressure burnt gases pushes the piston from TDC to BDC with both the
valves closed. It is also known as working stroke.
4. Exhaust Stroke:
At end of power stroke the exhaust stroke i.e., value opens and inlet valve remains
closed. The burnt gases inside cylinder are escaped through this valve by movement of
piston from BDC to TDC.
VARIOUS COMPONENTS:

Cylinder Head:
One of cylinder end is closed by means of a Removable cylinder head which usually
contains the inlet valve for allowing mixtures of air fuel and exhaust valve for discharging he
products of combustion. The main working purpose of cylinder head is to seal the working
ends of cylinder and not to permit entry end exist of gases on covered head valve engines the
cylinder head usually made of cost iron or Aluminum.
Piston:
A piston is fitted to reach a phase to receive gas pressure and transmit the thrust to
connecting rod; the piston must give gas tight seal to the cylinder through the bore. It must
slide freely. It should light in weight and off storage in nature, piston are made of cost or
Aluminium alloy for tightness.
Cylinder:
The cylinder contains gas chamber and guides the piston. It is indirect contact with
the products of combustion and it must be cooled.

The movement of the piston (or) stroke being in most cases longer than bore. This is
known as bore-stroke ratio. The cylinder is made of hot grade cast iron and is usually cost in
one piece.
Piston rings:
The piston must be farely loose fit in the cylinder. If it is tight fit it expands as it got
heated and might stick in the cylinder. If the piston sticks it would chease the engine, on the
other hand if there is too clearance between the piston and cylinder walls. The burnt gases
vapour will leak piston. This means that the push on piston will be much less effective. To
provide a good sealing between the piston and cylinder. Pistons are equipped with piston
rings and the rings are usually made of cast iron of fine grain and high elasticity which is not
affected by the working head.
Gudgeon Pin:
There are hardened steel parallel spindles fitted through the piston bases and the small
end bushes are eyes to allow the connecting rod to surivel. These pins are press fit in piston
basses of light alloy piston when cold. It is made hollow for tightness. Since it is a
reciprocating part.

Connecting rod:
The connecting rod transmits the piston load to crank housing. It converts the
reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of crank shaft. Connecting rods are
made of nickel chrome and chrome vanadium steels for small engines the material may be
aluminium.
Crank:
To change the reciprocating motion into rotary motion crank and connecting rod are
used. The connecting rod connects the piston to crank. The crank end of connecting rod is
called big end and the other end is small end.
Crank shaft:
The crank is the part of crank shaft. The crank shaft of a IC engine receives via its
cranks. The effort supplied by piston to the connecting rod. It is usually a steel forging, but
some makes are use special types of cast irons such as Spheroid, Graphite (or) Nickel alloy
castings.

Crank Case:
The main body of engine is to which the cylinder are attached and which contains the
shaft and crank shaft bearings is called as crank case.
Flywheel:
Flywheel secured on the crank shafts perform the following functions:
Bring the mechanisms out of dead centres.
Stores energy required to rotate the shaft during preparatory strokes.
Makes the crank shaft rotation move uniform.
Governor:
It is defined as the device for regulating automatically output of a machine by
regulating supply of working fluid. This function of a governor is to control the fluctuation of
engine speed due to changes of load.
Spark Plug:
The main function of spark plug is to conduct a high potential from ignition system
into the construction chamber. It provides the proper gas across the chamber.
Carburetor:
The function of carburetor is to atomise and meter the fluid and mixes it with air, as it
enters the induction system of engine maintaining under all conditions of operations fuel air
proportions appropriate to these conditions.
Fuel Pump:
It is a device which is used to pump the fuel from glass bowl to the carburetor through
outside valves.
LOADING DEVICES:
Dynamometer:
It is device used to measure the break horse power the engine dynamometer measures
break horse power at flywheel where as in the chase is the dynamometer measures power
output at drive wheels. There are two types.
a) Absorption Type:
They measure and absorb the power output of engine to which they coupled.
b) Transmission Type:

Other Types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Engine dynamometer
Chassis dynamometer
Prony brake
Rope brake
Hydraulic dynamometer
Eddy current dynamometer
Fan dynamometer

RESULT:
Thus the study of IC engines and loading devices was studied.
EX.NO:2(a) VALUE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
AIM:
To determine the opening and closing inlet and exhaust value in a four stroke diesel engine
and draw the value timing diagram.
APPARATUS REQUIRD:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Four stroke diesel engine at suction model.

Measuring Tape.
Chart.
String.

FORMULA:
Crank angle in degree, = 360 x CD / 2R
Where, CD = Circumferential distance.
Observation: 2R= Circumferential of flywheel.
PROCEDURE:
1. The inlet and outlet valves are identified.
2. Direction of rotation of flywheel has to be obtained by observing current opening and
closing at valve.
3. The fixed reference point is selected over the flywheel principle.
4. The circumferential of flywheel is measured.
5. The piston is moved to the top position by rotating the flywheel in the correct diagram
and this marking on the flywheel against a reference pitch.
6. Another mark is made on the flywheel of 180 from TDC and this is from BDC. The
flywheel is rotated slowly and the operating and closing at inlet valve are marked as inlet
valves and outlet valve closed.
7. Similarly the exhaust valve opening and closing are marked as exhaust valve closed.
8. Circumference distance are measured between various marking with respect to the nearest
cuts and the valves are converted into a degree and are tabulated.
9. The valve fiming diagram is drawn.
10. The time for which the both valves are opened condition are calculated as degrees and
corresponding readings are noted.
Tabulation:

Distance from their respective

dead centers in cm

Event

Valve opening period in

degrees

Inlet valve opens

Inlet valve closes
Exhaust valve opens
Exhaust valve closes

RESULT:
Thus the valve timing diagram of the given four stroke engine is drawn. The angle of overlap
is calculated and tabulated.

EX.NO:2(b) PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR TWO STROKE HORIZONTAL

PETROL ENGINE
AIM:
To draw the port timing diagram from the given two stroke petrol engine.
APPARATUS REQUIRD:
1. Measuring tape.
2. Two stroke petrol engine.

3. Chalk.
4. String.
FORMULA:
Crank angle in degree, = 360 x d / X
Where,
X = 2R
d = distance travelled by flywheel
R = Circumference of flywheel
DESCRIPTION:
Horizontal cut model (Bajaj 150 CC)
It consist of one inlet, exhaust and transfer port.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

The Circumference of flywheel is measured.

Inlet, exhaust and transfer port are noted.
The direction of rotation of flywheel is noted.
The IDC and outer diameter are marked on flywheel.
The opening and closing of all points are marked.
The port opening and closing marks are measured from the nearest dead centre.
And one connected from the nearest dead centre and one into the angular units are
tabulated.
8. Thus the port timing diagram is drawn from the calculated angles.
9. Hence the calculated angles are tabulated in the tabular column.

Tabulation:
Event
Exhaust port opens
Exhaust port closes
Transfer port opens
Transfer port closes

Distance(L) from their

respective dead centers in
cm

Valve opening
period in
degrees

Position
w.t.to dead
centre

RESULT:
The port timing diagram of the given two stroke petrol engine is calculated and port timing
diagram is drawn.

EX.NO:3

DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY USING REDWOOD VISCOMETER

AIM:
To determine the kinematic viscosity and given sample oil of various temperature is to draw
the graph connecting temperature and the kinematic viscosity.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Red wood viscometer.

Stop watch.
Thermometer.
Beaker 100cc capacity.

FORMULA USED:
1. Kinematic viscosity, = At B / t
Where, A = 0.26
B = 172
(constant values)
2. Density of oil, e = [1-(0.002) (T-RT)]
Where, RT = Room temperature (30C)
3. Dynamic viscosity, = x
Where, = Kinetic viscosity
= density of oil

DESCRIPTION:
The reduced viscometer in a cylindrical cap with a jet centre of it which can be closed
by a value resisting in the cavity, the whole pointing serves as a guide maric for the level of
oil in the cap. The cap is placed inside water which can be heated electrically. A stimer with
rangs is provided to maintain uniform temperature.

PROCEDURE:
1. The cap is cleaned and capillary force is removed from the dusk.
2. Close the jet hole at the top.
3. The Thermometer is inserted in the holder which should be sumped in oil and other in
water.
4. Now, clean the standard receives flask of 60cc of the jet is placed and it is adjusted such
that the stream of oil of the jet stirrers the fiddled mouth.
5. The heating process is cut off when both oil and water reaches same temperature.
6. The power is switched on, so that the water is heated continuously.
7. The stop watches are used to make ie, to take the time (+) in seconds for 50cc, use of oil
in beaker.
8. The experiment is repeated of various temperature and observations are tabulated.

GRAPH:
The graph is drawn between,
1. Temperature Vs Read wood temperature
2. Temperature Vs Kinematic Viscosity

RESULT:
The viscosity of given sample found that by redwood viscometer and various temperature
are determined.

EX.NO:4

DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT USING CLEEVE

LAND OPEN CUP APPARATUS

AIM:
To find the flash and fire point of the given sample of oil by cleave land open apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Open cup tester.

Thermometer.
Sample of oil.
Lighting source.

FLASH POINT:

The flash point is the lowest temperature at which decomposition of oil becomes
demonstrate through the formation of combustible and slightly explosive gas mixture above
the surface of the oil.
FIRE POINT:
The fire point is the burning point, the lowest temperature at which the production of
combustable air from the oil is enough to maintain a steady combustion after ignition.
DESCRIPTION:
This apparatus consist of cylindrical cup of standard size which is nead in the metallic
moulded with the provision made on the top edge on the cup to hold the fuel moment. The
cup to give sufficiently accurate result of the practices purpose.
PROCEDURE:
Fill the cleave and open cup with the given sample of oil.
Insert thermometer on the top surface.
Heat the oil by means of electric heat at the ratio by 10C / min.
When the oil gives out vapour start introducing the burning flame and water
for any flash with bucking sound.
Blow out (or) exploded the burnt vapour before introducing the next flame
slowly sprined.

Tabulation:

RESULT :
Thus the flash and fire point of the given oil is found as,
Flash Point : -------------Fire Point
: --------------

EX.NO:5

RETARDATION TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

AIM:
To conduct the retardation on an engine to determine the brake power.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Single cylinder diesel engine.
Tachometer.
Stopwatch.
FORMULA:
1 = 2 (N1 N2) / T1 x 60
Where,
T1 = Time taken in sec.
N1= Load speed.
N2= half of rated speed.
I2 = MR2.
I1 = I2 2 / (1 - 2)
2= 0.19mm
DESCRIPTION:
Check the following lubricating air and in crank case and also the diesel level
in the fuel tank.
Insert the supply cooling water to engine.
See that engine is on at no load while starting.
Use the decomposition lever while starting the engine by hard cranking.
Note down the reading only achieving steady condition.

PROCEDURE:
Start the engine by hand cranking with DC compressor level processing the exhaust
value.
Take out head crank; recase the decompression lever pick up the speed.

 Allow the engine return at no load for about 2 to 3 minute up end action steady state
condition at rotated speed.
Adjust the rate of cooling water.
By pulling the control lever cut off the diesel supply to engine simultaneously start the
stopwatch.
Record the time for crank shaft speed reduces of half the rated speed and note down
time.
Repeat the experiment for 40%, 60 % of loads tabulated the observations.

RESULT:
Thus the retardation test on engine is conducted and power are break power = BP = HP.

EX.NO:6
AIM:

MORSE TEST

To conduct the mouse test on four stroke three-cylinder petrol engine.

INSTRUMENTATION:

Digital RPM indicator is to measure the speed of the engine.

Digital temperature indicator to measure various temperature.
Differential manometer to measure quantity of air sucked into cylinder.
Burette with slop clock to measure the rate of fuel consumed during test.

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS:
Engine

: Maruti 800 Engine.

BHP

: 15 HP

RPM

: 2500 RPM

Fuel

: Petrol

No. of cylinders

: Three

Bore

: 68.5 mm

Stroke Length

: 72 mm

Starting

: Self Start

Working cycle

: Four Stroke

Method of Cooling

: Water Cooled

Method of Ignition

: Spark Igniter

FUEL MEASUREMENT:
The fuel is supplied to the engine from the main fuel tank through a graduated
measuring fuel gauge (burette) with 2- way cock. To measure the fuel consumption of the
engine, fill the burette by opening the cock. By starting a stop clock. Measure the time taken
to consume Xcc of fuel by the engine.

AIR INTAKE MEASUREMENT:

The suction side of the engine is connected to an air tank. The atmospheric air is
drawn into the engine cylinder through the air tank. The manometer is provided to measure the
pressure drop avors on orifice provided in the intake pipe of the air tank. This pressure drop is us

calculate the volume of air drawn into the cylinder (orifice diameter is 20mm).
LUBRICATION:
The engine is lubricated by mechanical lubrication.
Lubricating oil recommended - SAE 40 OR Equivalent.
WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT:
A rotameter is provided at the inlet of engine jacket to measure the quantity of water
allowed into the engine jacket. Valves are provided to regulate the flow rate of water flowing
and that can be directly read on the rotameter in CC/Sec.
PROCEDURE:
i.

ii.
iii.
iv.

v.

Run the engine at 2500rpm & load it to 15kg. Morse test can be conducted by
disconnecting the power of the individual cylinders one by one with the use of
knife switched provided on the panel.
Cut off one cylinder, then the engine speed will drop. Bring back the speed of
the engine to 2500rpm by reducing the load and measure the power developed.
Repeat the above procedure by cutting off cylinders283. (All time only one
cylinder should be cut off).
Calculate the BP with 3 cylinders at 2500rpm.
Calculate the BP at 2500rpm with one cylinder cut off (with remaining two
cylinders on). The difference will give IP of one cylinder i.e., cut off cylinder.
Similarly, calculate the IP of the remaining two cylinders. Then the total IP of
the engine can be calculated by adding the IP of the individual cylinder.
To find out FP of the engine, deduct the total BP from total IP.

Calculation:
(I) Brake Power, BP = WN/ C KW
; Where W = Load on the Dynamometer Kg, N = rpm of the Engine,
and C = Dynamometer Constant.
(II) Indicated Power ( IP ) of each Cylinders:
IP1 = (BPT BP234) KW
IP2= (BPT BP134) KW
IP3 = (BPT BP124) KW
IP4 = (BPT BP123) KW
(III) Total IP of the Engine,
IP = (IP1 +IP2 + IP3 + IP4) KW

Tabulation:

RESULT:

Thus the mouse test on four stroke three-cylinder petrol engine conducted.
Total indicated power = ----------- kw.

EX.NO:7

AIM:

PERFORMANCE TEST OF SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE

DIESEL ENGINE WITH EDDY CURRENT YNAMOMETER LOADING

Conduct a performance test on the engine.

DESCRIPTION:
The eddy current dynamometer is coupled to the engine flywheel and the engine is
mounted on a 3 MS channel frame and further mounted on anti-vibromounts. Panel board is
use to fix burette with 3 way clock, digital temperature indicator with selector switch, digital
RPM indicator and U tube manometer.
INSTRUMENTATION:
1. Digital temperature indicator to measure different temperatures sensed by respective
thermocouples.
2. Digital RPM indicator to measure the speed of the engine.
3. Manometer to measure the quantity of air drawn into the engine cylinder.
4. Burette to measure the rate of fuel consumed.
ENGINE SPECIFICATION:
Make

: kiroloskar.

BHP

: 5.

Speed

: 1500 rpm.

No. of cylinder

: One.

Compression ratio

: 16.5 : 1

Bore

: 80 mm.

Stroke

: 110 mm.

Orifice dia

: 17 mm.

Type of ignition

: Compression ignition.

Method of loading

: eddy current dynamometer.

Method of starting

: Crank start.

Method of cooling

: Water cooled.

LOADING SYSTEM:

The engine test rig is directly coupled to an eddy current dynamometer, which is
loaded by torque controller meter. Operating the knob provided on torque controller meter
dynamometer can vary the load by operating clockwise to load and anticlock wise to unload.
FUEL MEASUREMENT:
The fuel is supplied from the main fuel tank through a measuring burette with 3
way manifold system. To measure the fuel consumption of the engine, fill the burette by
opening the cock marked tank on the manifold block. When the burette is filled with fuel
close the cock marked tank. By starting a stop clock measure the time taken to consume of
fuel.
Weight of fuel, Wf = 5 / time x Density of fuel / 1000 x 3600 kg/hr.
AIR FLOW MEASUREMENT:
An air drum is fitted on the panel frame and is connected to the engine through an air
hose. The air drum facilities an orifice manifold with orifice and pressure pickup point at the
up and down stream of the orifice. The pressure pickup points are connected to and u
tube manometer limbs. The difference in manometer reading is taken at different loads and
the air sucked by the engine calculated by,
Va = CdA 2ghm w/a x 3600 cu.mts/hr.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the panel instrumentation input power line to a 230V 50kz single phase
power source.
2. Fill diesel fuel into the fuel tank mounted on the panel frame.
3. Check the lubricating oil in the engine sump with the help of dip stick provided.
4. Open the fuel cock provided under the fuel tank and ensures that no air is trapped in the
fuel line connecting fuel tank engine.
5. Ascertain proper flow of water to engine and colorimeter through rotameters.
6. Decompress the engine by decompression lever provided on the top of the engine head
(Light the lever of decompression)
7. Crank the engine slowly, with the help of handle provided and ascertain proper flow of
fuel of fuel into the pump and intern through the nozzle into the engine cylinder. When
maximum cranking speed is attained. Pull the decompression lever down, now the engine
starts. Allow the engine to run and stabilize (Approximately 1500rpm. The engine is a
constant speed engine fitted with centrifugal governor).

Now turn the torque controller knob in clockwise direction gradually to load the engine.
The load is directly indicated on the spring balance in kg.
8. Record the following parameters indicated on the panel instruments on each load step.
a) Speed of the engine from RPM indicator.
b) Rate of fuel from burette.
c) Quantity of air sucked into the engine cylinder from manometer.
9. Temperatures TC1 to TC3 from the temperature indicator by turning the selector switch to
respective position.
10. Exact load in Kg(W) on the spring (engine) by spring balance.
11. To stop the engine after the experiment is over push/pull the governor lever towards the
engine cranking side.
12. With the above parameters recorded at each step load, the valves are calculated for
obtaining the efficiency.
Calculation:
(I) Torque,
T = 9.81 x W x Reffective N-m.
; Where Reffective= (D + d)/2 or (D + t)/2 m, and
W (Load) = ( S1- S2) Kg,
(II) Brake Power,
B P = ( 2N T ) / 60, 000 KW
; Where N = rpm, T= Torque N-m,
(III) Indicated Power,
IP = n (Pm Lstroke A N ) / 60,000 KW
; Pm = Mean effective pressure N/m2
Lstroke = stroke m, A( cross section of the cylinder) = D2/4 m2
N = N/2 (four stroke)
(IV) Fuel Consumption,
mf = ( 50 ml x 10-6 x fuel) / ( t ) kg/s
Here; 1 ml = 10-3 liters, and 1000 liters = 1 m3
(V) Brake Mean Effective Pressure,
BMEP = ( BP x 60,000)/ Lstroke x A x N N/m2
Lstroke = stroke m, A( cross section of the cylinder) = D2/4 m2
N = N/2 (four stroke)
(VI) Brake Specific Fuel Consumption,
BSFC = ( mf x 3600 ) / B P Kg/ KW . hr
(VII) Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption,
ISFC = ( mf x 3600 ) / I P Kg/ KW .hr
(VIII) Indicated Thermal Efficiency,
= ( I P x 100 ) / (mf x C.V. ) %

(IX) Brake Thermal Efficiency,

= ( B P x 100 ) / (mf x C.V. ) %
(X) Mass of the air, mair = Cd x Ao g h air water kg/s
Where Cd (coefficient of discharge) = , air = (pa x 102 )/ (R x Ta ) kg/m3,
Ao (area of orifice) = ( do2)/4 m2, P1 = 1.10325 bar, R = 0.287 KJ/Kg.K,
Ta = (Ta + 273) K, ta = Ambient temperature oC
(XI) Air fuel ratio, A/F = (mair / mfuel ) Kg/Kg of fuel
(XII) Volumetric efficiency, = (Vair x 100 )/ Vs %
; Where Vair (volume of air inhaled/sec) = ( mair/ air ) m3/sec.
Vs (swept volume /sec) = n. (Lstroke A N) /60 m3/sec
Tabulation:

RESULT:

Thus the performance test on single cylinder diesel engine by using eddy current
dynamometer is done.

EX.NO:8

TWO STAGE TWIN CYLINDER AIR COMPRESSOR TEST.

AIM:
To determine i) the input power to the compressor, ii) Free air delivery, iii)Volumetric
efficiency by using two stroke twin cylinder air compressor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
The compression of the suction vapour from the evaporator to the condenser passed
can be achieved by mechanical compression (or) by a process combination of a absorption
vapour pumping of absorbed. These are two types of machines. Positive displacement
machine vixe, reciprocating, rotary, scroll and screw compressor and non positive
displacement machine vixe centrifugal compressor.
PROCEDURE:
The power input to the compressor is calculated by using calibrated motor energy.
The free air delivery by the compressor is calculated from the manometer.
The dia. Of orifice plate and room lamp.
The volumetric efficiency is the ratio between the air delivery by the compressor to
the volume swept at the given speed of NTP condition.
CALCULATION:
h1- h2
w
1. Hair =
------------ ------m
100
air
Where,
Hair = Air head causing the flow, m
h1,h2= Manometer reading, mm
w = Density of water = 1000kg/m3
air = Density of air, kg/m3
Pa
air = ---------------- kg/m3
RT
Where,
Pa = Atmospheric pressure
R = Gas constant for air = 0.287 KJ/Kg.K
T = Room temperature K
2. Va = Cd A (2gHair) m3/s
Where,
D=
2
Area of the Orifice = 3.14 (d )
Diameter of the
Orifice

3. V1 =

Va
------------ TNTP m3/s
TRTP

Where,
V1 = Actual volume of air compressed at NTP m3/s
Va = Actual volume of air compressed m3/s
TNTP = 273 K
TRTP = 273 + Room temperature in K
D2 L Nc
4. V2 = ---------------------------- m3/s
4 60
Where,
V2 = Theoretical volume of air compressed m3/s
D = Diameter of cylinder = m
L = Stroke length = m
V1
5. V.E. = ----------- 100 %
V2
Where,
V.E = Volumetric efficiency
V1 = Actual volume of air compressed at NTP m3/s
V2 = Theoretical volume of air compressed m3/s

RESULT :
Thus the actual volume of air compressor theoretical volume of air and volumetric
efficiency was determined.

EX.NO:9

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE WITH

MECHANIAL LOADING

AIM:
Conducting a performance test on the engine and to draw the heat balance sheet.
DESCRIPTION:
The mechanical brake drum is fixed to the engine flywheel and the engine is
mounted on a MS channel fame and further mounted on anti-vibromounts. Panel board is
used to fix burette with 3-way cock, digital temperature indicator with selector switch,
digital RPM indicator and U tube manometer.
INSTRUMENTATION:
1. Digital temperature indicator to measure different temperatures sensed by
respective thermocouples.
2. Digital RPM indicator to measure the speed of the engine.
3. Manometer to measure the quantity of air drawn into the engine cylinder.
4. Burette to measure the rate of fuel consumed.
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS:
Make

: Kirloskar

BHP

:5

Speed

: 1500 rpm

No. of. Cylinder

: One

Compression ratio

: 16.5 : 1

Bore

: 80 mm

Stroke

: 110 mm

Orifice dia

: 17 mm

Type of ignition

: Compression ignition

Method of loading

: Rope brake

Method of starting

: Crank shaft

Method of cooling

: Water cooled.

FORMULAE:

1. Total Fuel consumption:

TFC = (
/ tf) x f x (3600/1000)

kg / hr

Where,
tf = Time taken to consume

cc of fuel in seconds

f = Density of fuel in Grams per cc

2. Total heat input:
i

=Tfc x CV / 60

kJ / min

Where,
CV = Calorific value of fuel
3. Heat equivalent of brake output:
Q = P x 60 kJ/min

Where,
P

= Brake power in kilo watts

= 2 NT / 60000

kW

Where,
N

= Speed in rpm

= Torque in Nm

4. Heat carried by cooling water:

CW =

Where,

x Cpw (T2 T1) kJ / min

= cooling water flow rate in kg/min

= (Vw/tw) x w x 60
Where,

Vw

tw

= volume of cooling water measured in litres

= time for volume of water measured in seconds

Cpw
w

= Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kg K

= Density of water

= 1 kg/litre

T1 & T2 = temperature of cooling water at inlet and outlet

5. Heat carried by exhaust gas kJ/min

EX =
x Cpg (TEx TR) kJ / min

Where,
TEx

TR

Temperature of air inlet

Temperature of Exhaust gas

Cpg Specific heat of Exhaust gas in kJ/kg K
= Mass of exhaust gas=
+ TFC / 60 kg / min

= mass flow rate of air

= Cd x A ( 2g ha ) 0.5 a x 60

kg / min

Where,

hm

Cd

- Coefficient of discharge of orifice

- Orifice area in m2

g
ha

- Acceleration due to gravity in m / sec2

- head difference in m of air = (
) x (m / a)

- manometric difference in centimeters of manometric fluid

m
a

- Density of manometric fluid in kg / m3

-Density of air in kg / m3

Observation:
Temperature of air inlet = TR

s.
no

Torque
(Nm)

Speed
(rpm)

Manometer Difference
cm
hm
=(h1-h2)

1
2

Time for
cc of fuel
consumption
tf sec

Time for
Vwlitres of
water
tw sec

Cooling water to
engine
Inlet
T1

Outlet
T2

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect engine jacket inlet and calorimeter inlet to a water source with a constant
head of 5 meters through respective rotameter.
2. Open the respective gate value (control values) and set any desired flow rate on the
rotameter.
3. Connect the panel instrumentation input power line to a 230v 50 Hz single phase
power source.
4. Fill diesel fuel into the fuel tank mounted on the panel frame.
5. Check the lubricating oil in the engine sump with the help of dipstick provided.
6. Open the fuel cock provided under the fuel tank and ensures that no air is trapped in
the fuel line connecting fuel tank and engine.
7. Compress the engine by decompression lever provided on the top of the engine head
(lift the lever for decompression).
8. Crank the engine slowly with the help of handle provided, and ascertain proper flow
of fuel into the pump and in turn through the nozzle into the engine cylinder.
9. New load the engine by placing the necessary deadweights on the weighing hanger, to
load the engine in steps of , , and full loads. Allow the engine to stabilize on
every load change.
10. Record the parameters as shown in tabular column.
11. To stop the engine after the experiment is over push (pull the governor lever towards
the engine cranking side).
12. With the above parameters, recorded at each step load the values are calculated for
obtaining the efficiency.
RESULT:
Thus the heat balance test on single cylinder four stroke diesel engine was conducted and
various charts are drawn.

S.

Brake

Air - Heat equivalent of Heat carried by Heat carried by Un-accounted

no

Power

fuel

kW

ratio

brake output
o

(P)

Exhaust gas

cw

%
kJ/min

cooling water

Ex

%
kJ/min

losses
Un

%
kJ/min

%
kJ/min

EX.NO:10

STUDIES OF BOILER AND TURBINE

AIM:
To study the boiler and mounting accessories used in boilers and steam turbine.
INTRODUCTION OF BOILER:
Boiler is also known as steam generator is a closed vessel in which water is
converted into steam above the atom pressure by the application of heat.
The steam generator by the at which is defined as the combination of application
for producing recovering heat to the apparatus for transforming the heat.
The steam is used for driving prime mover like steam engine (or) steam turbine
for power generator.
USE OF BOILER:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Power generation in turbine.

Heating application in water air condition system.
Used in process induction like paper durgras and chemical induction.
For producting hot water.
In the textile industries for sizing.

TYPES AND CALCULATION OF BOILER:

a) According to the flow of water and hot gas.
1. File tube boiler.
2. Water tube boiler.
b) According to method of filling.
1. Internally final boiler.
2. Externally final boiler.
c) According to the method of pressure developed.
1. Low pressure boiler.
2. High pressure boiler.
d) According to the method of water circulation.

1. Natural circulation.
2. Forced circulation.

Water tube Boiler

SELECTION OF BOILER:
Following factors to be considered which selecting boiler.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Boiler pressure and pressure requirement.

Quality of steam required.
Availability of floom area.
Initial cost.
Lead factor.

BOILER MOUNTING:
1. The boilers are required with same at the components which are primary
produced for the safety of the boiler of steam generation. Process of the safety
component known as boiler mountings.
a) Water gauge.

b) Pressure gauge.
c) Valves.
d) Risible plug.
a) Water gauge:
To check the water level in the boiler and steam locks and opened and the
drain lock is closed water enters from lower metal tube and steam enters. In
any case glass tube is broken.
b) Pressure gauge:
It is used to indicate the steam pressure and mounted in the top of the
steam drawn the commonly used pressure gauge is fourtain type. It may be
consists of,
1. Elastic metallic burdon spring tube.
2. Block lock pointer and links.
c) Safety Valves:
It is mainly used to prevent the expansion of the boiler due to expansive
integral pressure of the steam a inside the boiler is increased the excess steam
will be expected through the atim through automatically.

BOILER ACCESSORIES:
Boiler accessories are there device which are used to improve the
efficiency of the boiler is known as boiler accessories. Mainly used boiler
accessories were,
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Feed Pump.
Super Feeded.
Economizer.
Air Preheated.

i.

Feed Pump :
It is used to deliver the food into the boiler. There are two types of pump.
Reciprocating pump and Rotary pump. Mostly double acting reciprocating
pump is commonly used as the feed pump is used as. There are again classified
into as, Simplex, duplex, Triplex.

ii.

Super heater:

It is used to increase the pump of saturated steam without raising its

pressure and its placed on the hot gased path in the furnace the super heated steam
has advantages.
iii.

Economizer:
It is used to heat the feed using the waste exhaust gases leaving the
chimes. It consists of large no of vertical pipes the economizer is fill up of
transits. Sector each section carrys a six or eight vertical tube which are
connected with two horizontal pipes.

AIR PREHEATED:
It is the function in the boiler into increase the temperature of the air
before it enters into the furnace. It is placed after the economizes in the boiler. So
the gases pase into the economises all the air free heated economizer all the air
free heated.
a) Tublur type

b) Storage type

c) Plate type

The gases produce of the tubular air gaseous product of the travel through
the inside of the atter that the gases reverses direction the bottom of the air
preheated.

STEAM TURBINE INTRODUCTION:

Steam turbine is a device which is used to convert the kinematic which
energy of steam impinges on the curved blades and its direction of the flows in
moment and thus for be developed drives the turbine shaft.
Classification:
Steam turbine are classified as,
a) On the basis of method of steam expansion.
i)
Impulses turbine
ii)
Reaction turbine
iii)
Combination of impulse turbine
b) On the basis of no. of stages
i)
Single storage turbine
ii)
Multistage turbine
c) On the basis of steam flow direction

i)
ii)
iii)

Axial turbine
Radial turbine
Tangential turbine

d) On the basis of pressure of the steam

i)
High pressure turbine
ii)
Low pressure turbine
iii)
Medium pressure turbine

Impulse turbine:
The impulse turbine steam at high pressure and the temperature with low
velocity expands through nozzle. Where steam which is obtain from the nozzle
the blades changes the direction of the steam. This type of case the changes in
moments and the force developed drives the rotor.
Reaction turbine:
In reaction turbine steam expands both finished and moving blades
continuous as the increase in steam velocity. Resulting the reaction force the
pressure moving and final blades. The working principle of a reaction turbine is
shown the example of such turbine is persons turbine.

RESULT :
Thus the functions of steam generator and the steam turbine and the
various accessories and their mountings are also studied.