This document provides information about various aviation navigation systems. It describes what a VOR (Very high frequency Omni directional radio Range) is, its components, and how it works. It also describes DME (Distance Measuring Equipment), VOR/DME which combines these two systems, and NDB (Non-Directional Beacon). It explains the components, operation, uses and limitations of each system. It concludes by comparing the key differences between VOR and NDB systems.
This document provides information about various aviation navigation systems. It describes what a VOR (Very high frequency Omni directional radio Range) is, its components, and how it works. It also describes DME (Distance Measuring Equipment), VOR/DME which combines these two systems, and NDB (Non-Directional Beacon). It explains the components, operation, uses and limitations of each system. It concludes by comparing the key differences between VOR and NDB systems.
This document provides information about various aviation navigation systems. It describes what a VOR (Very high frequency Omni directional radio Range) is, its components, and how it works. It also describes DME (Distance Measuring Equipment), VOR/DME which combines these two systems, and NDB (Non-Directional Beacon). It explains the components, operation, uses and limitations of each system. It concludes by comparing the key differences between VOR and NDB systems.
This document provides information about various aviation navigation systems. It describes what a VOR (Very high frequency Omni directional radio Range) is, its components, and how it works. It also describes DME (Distance Measuring Equipment), VOR/DME which combines these two systems, and NDB (Non-Directional Beacon). It explains the components, operation, uses and limitations of each system. It concludes by comparing the key differences between VOR and NDB systems.
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DICIEMBRE, JOHN KEVIN B.
NATOC, NEHEMIAH
VOR, DME and NDB (Draft Report)
What is a VOR?
Very high frequency Omni directional radio Range (VOR) is a
type of short-range radio navigation system for aircraft, enabling aircraft with a receiving unit to determine their position and stay on course by receiving radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons. Also it is the standard air navigation systems in the world. VOR components: VOR Radio Station NAV 1 Radio VOR 1 Gauge VOR indicator components: I.
Omni Bearing Selector (OBS) turns the compass card
II.
Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) the VOR needle, centered when on
the selected course and deflected left or right when off course
III.
To/From flag indicates whether the selected course would take
the aircraft toward or away from the VOR
IV.
On/Off indicator or flag indicates whether or not you are receiving a
reliable signal (A red and white flag on the Cessna and a red X on the Lear HSI)
Operation: i.
VOR uses frequencies in the very high frequency (VHF) band from 108 to 117.95 MHz
ii.
VORs are commonly described as broadcasting 360 separate radials
emanating from the station in all directions
iii.
VORs broadcast 2 signals- the reference (or 360-N) signal and the rotating signal.
iv.
If the two signals are in phase the aircraft is on the 360 radial, if the receiver detects these signals are out of phase by then the aircraft is located on the 90 radial from the station and so on.
Uses of VOR: VOR is used for orientation and position determination navigation by tracking to or from a station as a holding fix as soon as non precision instrument approach.
What is a DOM? Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) is a system that is used for aviation for navigation purposes. DOM components: Interrogator on board on aircraft DME station on the ground Operation: i.
DME operates in the 960 1215 MHz band
ii.
Interrogator transmits a center frequency of 1025 up to 1150 MHz
iii.
DME station replies on a frequency that is 63 MHz lower or 63 MHz higher
iv.
Interrogator uses unique pairs of pulse and same paring for the reply
v.
Interrogator uses to differentiate the answer from
send by DME station
other
answers
What is VOR/DME? It refers to combined radio navigation station for aircraft, which consists of two radio beacons, placed together, a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) and distance measuring equipment (DME). VOR produces an angle between the station and the receiver in the aircraft, while DME does the same for range. Together, they provide the two measurements needed to produce a navigational "fix" using a chart VOR/DME Design Description
Control room is designed to be placed in container, specifically made
installation of major facilities as well as devices ensure appropriate climate conditions inside control room. Facilities placed in control room include RMA cabinet, RMD cabinet, and input panel. Facilities that ensure normal operation conditions of VOR/DME and operational staff, consists of air conditioner, two heaters and five lighting lamps. RMA cabinet is designed in standard case. On a right-hand sidewall of the cabinet on the outside HF amplifier channel is placed, covered by protective casing. Cabinet has six equal compartments. In the first lower compartment two rectifiers are placed, in the other compartments sections with guides are placed, in which cut-in cells represent functional units are installed. RMD cabinet is made in standard case. On a right-hand sidewall of the cabinet on the outside all devices that form power amplifier and HF channel are placed, covered by protective casing. Cabinet has six standard compartments by its height, where all functional units are installed. VOR/DME Technical Specifications VOR/DME Basic parameters and technical specifications meet to ICAO requirements and recommendations: In VOR (RMA) and DME (RMD) cabinets 100% "cold" equipment backup is stipulated for generation of modulating signals, modulation and amplification facilities, HF channel, and signal check and control facilities. Transition to standby facilities is automatic. What is an NDB? A NDB or Non-Directional Beacon is a ground-based, low frequency radio transmitter used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore platforms. NDB ground station components: Beacon Transmitter Antenna Tuning Unit Antenna Operation: i.
NDB transmits an Omni-directional signal to be received by the Automatic
Direction Finder (ADF)
ii.
The pilot uses the ADF to determine the direction to the NDB relative to the aircraft
iii.
To navigate using the ADF, the pilot enters the frequency of the NDB and the compass card (or arrow) on the ADF will indicate the heading to the station. The signal is transmitted on an uninterrupted 24/7 basis
iv.
NDBs typically operate in the frequency range from 190 kHz to 535 kHz (although they are allocated frequencies from 190 to 1750 kHz)
v.
transmit a carrier modulated by either 400 or 1020 Hz
vi.
NDB radiators are vertically polarised
vii.
NDB antennas are usually too short for resonance at the frequency they operate typically perhaps 20m length compared to a wavelength around 1000m
Uses of NDBs: Airways NDB bearings provide a charted, consistent method for defining paths aircraft can fly Fixes NDB are used by aircraft navigators and previously mariners to help obtain a fix of their geographic location on the surface of the Earth Instrument landing systems NDBs are most commonly used as markers or "locators" for an instrument landing system (ILS) approach or standard approach. NDB Adverse Effects: Night effect: radio waves reflected back by the ionosphere can cause signal strength fluctuations 30 to 60 nautical miles (54 to 108 km) from the transmitter, especially just before sunrise and just after sunset (more common on frequencies above 350 kHz) Terrain effect: high terrain like mountains and cliffs can reflect radio waves, giving erroneous readings; magnetic deposits can also cause erroneous readings
Electrical effect: electrical storms, and sometimes also electrical
interference (from a ground-based source or from a source within the aircraft) can cause the ADF needle to deflect towards the electrical source Shoreline effect: low-frequency radio waves will refract or bend near a shoreline, especially if they are close to parallel to it Bank effect: when the aircraft is banked, the needle reading will be offset Difference between VOR and NDB: an NDB is a Non Directional Beacon - it emits a radio signal in all directions providing no course guidance, but enables a receiver to detect it and with an indicator containing a pointer, enable the signal to be 'homed in' on, so one can track right to the location of the ground based transmitter. A VOR is: a Very High Omni Range transmitter, which sends out a signal in all directions as well, but also, has 360 individually selectable radials (courses), which permits a VOR receiver to detect them. Then, using an indicator with 360 selectable courses, allow the operator to select an individual course (referenced to magnetic North) and actually track the course selected, as well as have 'TO' and 'FROM' information displayed via a flag, so the navigator can track a specified course, both TO and FROM the ground based radio transmitter, while actually knowing his position relative to the transmitter. References: http://www.southernavionics.com/blog/bid/50999/What-is-an-NDB-or-NonDirectional-Beacon http://www.lewisaire.com/training/VOR-1.html#below http://www.flightsimaviation.com/aviation_theory_21_VOR_Navigation_part_1. html http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Non-Directional_Beacon http://www.telecomabc.com/d/dme.html http://www.azimut.ru/en/catalogue/navigation/vordme
