The court reversed the trial court's judgment in favor of the substitute plaintiff in a foreclosure action. The original plaintiff, America's Wholesale Lender, commenced the action solely under a trade name and not in the name of the corporation that used the trade name, Countrywide Home Loans. A trade name is not a legal entity and therefore America's Wholesale Lender did not have standing to sue. Substituting the assignee of the mortgage did not cure the jurisdictional defect because a trade name cannot commence an action in the first place. As there was no party with standing at the beginning of the case, the court had no jurisdiction.
The court reversed the trial court's judgment in favor of the substitute plaintiff in a foreclosure action. The original plaintiff, America's Wholesale Lender, commenced the action solely under a trade name and not in the name of the corporation that used the trade name, Countrywide Home Loans. A trade name is not a legal entity and therefore America's Wholesale Lender did not have standing to sue. Substituting the assignee of the mortgage did not cure the jurisdictional defect because a trade name cannot commence an action in the first place. As there was no party with standing at the beginning of the case, the court had no jurisdiction.
Original Description:
Case Law from Connecticut regarding impropriety of suing under Trade Name
The court reversed the trial court's judgment in favor of the substitute plaintiff in a foreclosure action. The original plaintiff, America's Wholesale Lender, commenced the action solely under a trade name and not in the name of the corporation that used the trade name, Countrywide Home Loans. A trade name is not a legal entity and therefore America's Wholesale Lender did not have standing to sue. Substituting the assignee of the mortgage did not cure the jurisdictional defect because a trade name cannot commence an action in the first place. As there was no party with standing at the beginning of the case, the court had no jurisdiction.
The court reversed the trial court's judgment in favor of the substitute plaintiff in a foreclosure action. The original plaintiff, America's Wholesale Lender, commenced the action solely under a trade name and not in the name of the corporation that used the trade name, Countrywide Home Loans. A trade name is not a legal entity and therefore America's Wholesale Lender did not have standing to sue. Substituting the assignee of the mortgage did not cure the jurisdictional defect because a trade name cannot commence an action in the first place. As there was no party with standing at the beginning of the case, the court had no jurisdiction.
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AMERICAS WHOLESALE LENDER v. LINDA K.
SILBERSTEIN ET AL. (AC 24592) Schaller, Dranginis and Berdon, Js. Argued October 15, 2004officially released February 15, 2005
(Appeal from Superior Court, judicial district of New
Haven, Hon. Donald W. Celotto, judge trial referee.) Patrick W. Boatman, with whom, on the brief, was John H. Grasso, for the appellants (named defendant et al.). Peter A. Ventre, for the appellee (substitute plaintiff). Opinion
DRANGINIS, J. This appeal is similar to the appeal
in Americas Wholesale Lender v. Pagano, 87 Conn. App. 474, A.2d (2005), which we released on the same date as this opinion. The dispositive issue is whether a corporation that brings an action solely in its trade name, without the corporation being named
as a party, has standing so as to confer jurisdiction on
the court. We conclude that because a trade name is not an entity with legal capacity to sue, the corporation has no standing to litigate the merits of the case. We therefore reverse the judgment of the trial court. The following facts and procedural history are relevant to our disposition of this appeal. On October 16, 1998, the defendants Linda K. Silberstein and Morton H. Silberstein1 executed and delivered to the original plaintiff in this action, Americas Wholesale Lender (Americas), a note in the amount of $440,000 and a mortgage on the defendants real property. Americas is the trade name for Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. (Countrywide), a corporation with its principal place of business in California.2 On April 22, 2003, Americas commenced this action, alleging that the defendants were in default on the note and seeking to foreclose on the defendants property. On July 9, 2003, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction because Americas did not have the legal capacity to sue. On July 28, 2003, Americas filed a motion to substitute Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (Mortgage Systems), as the plaintiff to reflect an assignment of the note and mortgage that Countrywide had made to Mortgage Systems on October 16, 1998. The court, on July 28, 2003, denied the defendants motion to dismiss and granted the motion to substitute Mortgage Systems as the plaintiff. The court concluded that Countrywide had commenced an action in the name of the wrong person and, therefore, substituted Mortgage Systems pursuant to General Statutes 52-109. The court ultimately rendered summary judgment in favor of the substitute plaintiff, the defendants default on the note not being disputed. This appeal followed. On appeal, the defendants claim that the trial court improperly denied their motion to dismiss challenging Countrywides standing to bring an action solely in a trade name. The defendants argue that because the action was brought under a trade name, which is a fictitious name, the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to decide the merits of Countrywides claim. The defendants further argue that Countrywide could not cure this jurisdictional defect by substituting Mortgage Systems as the plaintiff. This case is controlled by our decision in Americas Wholesale Lender v. Pagano, supra, 87 Conn. App. 474, in which we held that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction because Countrywide had commenced an action solely in its trade name. Our decision in that case rested primarily on the mandate that parties not use fictitious names except in the rarest of cases, in which the issues litigated and the interests of the parties demand the use of a fictitious name. Id., 478; see also Buxton v. Ullman, 147 Conn. 48, 60, 156 A.2d 508 (1959),
appeal dismissed sub nom. Poe v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497,
81 S. Ct. 1752, 6 L. Ed. 2d 989 (1961). We also recognize the heightened interest of the public in knowing who is financially and personally liable for the actions of entities doing business under trade names. Americas Wholesale Lender v. Pagano, supra, 47980. These interests are no less important whether the argument is that the initial filing contained a circumstantial error, as in Americas Wholesale Lender v. Pagano, supra, 477, or that the initial filing was in the name of the wrong person, as the substitute plaintiff claims on appeal in this case. In reaching this conclusion, we look to the language of 52-109, which provides in relevant part that the court may allow the substitution of a party plaintiff [w]hen any action has been commenced in the name of the wrong person . . . . Such a person, while perhaps not aggrieved in the manner necessary to have standing, possesses the legal capacity to sue. No such person commenced the action in this case, as a trade name is not a recognized legal entity or person. Mortgage Systems, the holder of the mortgage and the note at the time the action was commenced,3 claims, however, that any jurisdictional defect was cured when it was substituted as the plaintiff. An assignee, however, may not commence an action solely in a trade name either, regardless of the entity to which the trade name applies, because a trade name is not an entity with the legal capacity to sue. Nor could Countrywide cure the jurisdictional defect by substituting a party with the legal capacity to sue on behalf of the trade name. The named plaintiff in the original complaint never existed. As a result, there was no legally recognized entity for which there could be a substitute. See Isaac v. Mount Sinai Hospital, 3 Conn. App. 598, 602, 490 A.2d 1024, cert. denied, 196 Conn. 807, 494 A.2d 904 (1985). Furthermore, because Americas had no standing to bring an action, no action in this case ever was commenced, as it was void ab initio. In the absence of standing on the part of the plaintiff, the court has no jurisdiction. Golden Hill Paugussett Tribe of Indians v. Southbury, 231 Conn. 563, 57071, 651 A.2d 1246 (1995). The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded with direction to grant the defendants motion to dismiss and to render judgment dismissing the complaint. In this opinion SCHALLER, J., concurred. 1
The other defendants in the underlying action, Konover Construction
Company, Larry M. Loeb and Linda R. Silberstein, did not appeal. We therefore refer in this opinion to Linda K. Silberstein and Morton H. Silberstein as the defendants. 2 Americas, in its complaint, alleged that it was incorporated in Texas. On the mortgage, New York is indicated as the state of incorporation. These inconsistencies, however, do not inform our decision in this case, as all parties agree that Americas is a trade name by which Countrywide does business and not a corporation organized under the laws of any state. 3 In a foreclosure action, the assignee may commence an action either in its name or in the name of its assignor. See, e.g., Jacobson v. Robington, 139 Conn. 532, 539, 95 A.2d 66 (1953); Dime Savings Bank of Wallingford v. Arpaia, 55 Conn. App. 180, 184, 738 A.2d 2d 715 (1999).
Joe W. Collins, As Committee For Travious Riddle Collins, Incompetent v. American Automobile Insurance Company of St. Louis, Missouri, 230 F.2d 416, 2d Cir. (1956)
Suburban Restoration Co., Inc. v. Acmat Corporation, Laborers' International Union of North America, Local 665 Afl-Cio and Robert D. Witte, 700 F.2d 98, 2d Cir. (1983)
Louis Katchen and Howard M. Katchen v. Hyman D. Landy, Trustee in Bankruptcy, in The Matter of Katchen's Bonus Corner, Inc., Bankrupt, 336 F.2d 535, 10th Cir. (1964)
Dorris J. Kromer, Administratrix of The Estate of Charles R. Kromer, Deceased, of Ector County, Texas, and Delbert Townsend v. John W. MC, Nabb, (Two Cases), 308 F.2d 863, 10th Cir. (1962)
Ina Frankel Abramson, Irving Hellman and Beatrice Hellman v. Pennwood Investment Corp., and Edward Nathan, Intervenor-Appellant, 392 F.2d 759, 2d Cir. (1968)
Richard A. Ash, On Behalf of Himself, and On Behalf of Bethlehem Steel Corporation v. Stewart S. Cort, and Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Nominaldefendant, 496 F.2d 416, 3rd Cir. (1974)