ROSAPAT 11 Nigro An Absolute Iron Age Chronology
ROSAPAT 11 Nigro An Absolute Iron Age Chronology
ROSAPAT 11 Nigro An Absolute Iron Age Chronology
261
262
Lorenzo Nigro
ROSAPAT 11
Conversely, if one considers chronology a tool and not a goal, the simplest
scheme fitting the largest number of cases (in observance to the above
mentioned lex parsimoniae) may help to better exchange archaeological
information across the Mediterranean from Syria-Palestine to the Iberian
Peninsula. For the sake of such task, that is an easier correlation of sites
and strata, the following Levantine New Chronology (LNC) is suggested by
the present author (tabs. 1-2).
4
264
Lorenzo Nigro
ROSAPAT 11
Damascus raids in the second half of the 9th century BC. A date around 840
BC might fit the stratigraphic evidence of several sites destroyed at the
time, and fulfill the mean of various dating systems proposed11.
Period
Iron IA
1200/1190-1136
Iron IB
1136-960
Early 1136-1070
Late 1070-960
Iron IIA
960-840
Early 960-925
Late 925-840
Iron IIB
840-732/722/701
Hazor13
Tell elMutesellim
12
VIIA
[LB III]
gap
VIB
XII/XI
Tell esLachish
15
Sarem/
14
Tel Rehov
(D7-D6)
VI
[LB III]
VII
(D5-D3)
gap
Arad16 Ashdod
Beth
Shan18
Tell esSafi19
gap
XIIIb
VI
(lower
VI)
A7
gap
XIIIa
A6
XII-XI
upper
VI/
lower V
A4
17
VIA
VB
VA-IVB
IVA
Iron IIC
III
732/722/701-586
Iron III
II
586-535
X-IX
VIII-V
VI (D2)
XII
V (D1)
IV-III
IV-III
XI
IX
X-VIII VIII
A5
A3-A2
IV
IV
II
II
VII-VI VII
gap
gap
III
gap
gap
gap
gap
VI
2014
265
Dating
Iron IA
Iron IB
1136-960
th
Iron IIA
960-840
Early 960-925
Late 925-840
Stele of Merneptah
(1208)
24
(925
Iron IIB
840732/722/
701
Iron IIC
732/722/
701-586
Iron III
586-535
Nebuchadnezzar II destruction of
Jerusalem (586)
Cyrus Edict of Restoration (538)
28
30
Arad letters
31
Lachish letters
32
Lorenzo Nigro
Tab. 4 - Comparative timetable of the Levant and Mediterranean 1200-525 BC (according to Velleius Patercolus,
Historiae Romanae I, 2,4, Cadiz was founded in 1101 BC; the traditional date of the foundation of Carthage
descends from Timaeus of Tauromenium, The Histories, cited by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities
I, 74,1; while archaeological data so far available do not go back earlier than 760 BC).
266
ROSAPAT 11
2014
267
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2014
269
[ROSAPAT 11]
OVERCOMING CATASTROPHES
Essays on disastrous agents characterization
and resilience strategies
in pre-classical Southern Levant
Edited by LORENZO NIGRO
ROME 2014
LA SAPIENZA EXPEDITION TO PALESTINE & JORDAN
OVERCOMING CATASTROPHES
Essays on disastrous agents characterization
and resilience strategies
in pre-classical Southern Levant
Edited by
LORENZO NIGRO
with contributions by
L. NIGRO, M. LIVERANI, C. MORHANGE, A. SALAMON,
G. BONY, C. FLAUX, E. GALILI, J.-P. GOIRAN, D. ZVIELY,
F. BRAEMER, B. GEYER, G. DAVTIAN, F. HFLMAYER,
M. SALA, E. GALLO, A. MASSAFRA, C. FIACCAVENTO
ROME 2014
VOLUME 11
L. NIGRO (ed.)
ROSAPAT 11
CONTENTS
Premise by L. NIGRO - The PRIN 2009 Project: The Seven Plagues. Catastrophes
and destructions in Palestine and Egypt during the pre-classical period ............... iii
Section 1 - Methodology and framework of the project ............................ 1
L. NIGRO - The Seven Plagues Project: Method and Results ................................. 3
M. LIVERANI - Dealing with catastrophes ........................................................... 15
C. M ORHANGE, A. SALAMON, G. BONY , C. FLAUX, E. GALILI , J.-P. GOIRAN , D. ZVIELY Geoarchaeology of tsu namis and th e reviva l of neo-catastr ophism in the Eastern
Mediterranean ............................................................................................... 31
Section 2 - Palestine .................................................................................. 53
L. NIGRO - The Archaeol ogy of C ollapse and Resilience: Tell es-Sultan/ancient
Jericho as a Case Study ................................................................................. 55
F. BRAEMER, B. GEYER, G. DAVTIAN - Man/environment interactions in the Bronze Age
Levant: clim atic crisis or fl uctuations, c hronology an d settlem ent pattern s in the
Third Millennium Syrian arid steppe area villages.............................................. 87
F. H FLMAYER - Dating Catastr ophes and Collapses i n the ancient Near East: the
end of the first urbanization in the Southern Levant and the 4.2 ka BP event ..... 117
E. GALLO - Destructions in Early Bronze Age Southern Levant ............................ 141
M. SALA - Archaeology versus Chron ologies: a r eassessment of Early Bronze Age
phasing in the light of the PRIN 2009 Project results at Khirbet al-Batrawy ........ 171
A. MASSAFRA - The end of the Middle Bronze age in Southern Levant: was Sharuhen
the only city conquered by Ahmose? ..............................................................185
C. FIACCAVENTO - Destructi ons toward s the end of the 2 nd and during the 1 st
millennium BC in Southern Levant.................................................................. 205
L. NIGRO - An Absolute Iron Age Chronology of the Levant and the Mediterranean 261