9 Manufacture Substances in Industry
9 Manufacture Substances in Industry
9 Manufacture Substances in Industry
Understanding the
manufacture of
Sulphuric acid
Synthesising the
manufacture of ammonia
and its salts
1. Define alloy.
2. Explain why the alloy is harder
than pure metal.
3. List 2 examples of alloys and
list its compositions respectively.
4. List 2 examples of alloy and
their compositions.
Understanding alloy
MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
Evaluating uses of
Composite materials
Evaluating uses of
synthetic polymers
Applying uses of glass
and ceramics
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Contact Process
T. 9.1
Environmental
pollution
MANUFACTURE OF
SULPHURIC ACID
Explaination
1. Manufactured materials of sulphuric acid are
usually non-biodegradation
2. The combustion could evolve sulphur dioxide to
causes acid rain.
3. The fertilizer may cause water pollution if use it
in excess.
4. Detergent may cause water pollution.
Uses
1. Production of fertilizer
e.g.:
(a)
(b)
(c)
2. Drying agent (dehydration agent)
3.
Manufacture of detergent.
4.
Electrolyte in battery
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T. 9.2
1. Pungent smell
2. Colourless
3. Base
4. Dissolved in water to form
alkali
Iron filings
N2 + 3H2
2NH3
300atm.,
500oC
Haber process
Properties of
ammonia
Manufacturing ammonia in
industry
MANUFACTURE OF
AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS
To produce ammonium
fertilizer in laboratory
Preparation of ammonium
sulphate (NH4)2SO4
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T. 9.3
Metal
atoms
Weight
Pure metal
Iron ball
Metal block
Experiment
Compare the hardness of pure
metals and alloys//Rate of
corrosion of iron and steel
Metal
atoms
Foreign
atoms
Alloy
Metal atoms and foreign atoms are not the
same in sizes and arranged in irregular
arrangement. Therefore the atoms are
difficult to slide over each other using force.
Definition
Mixture of two or more elements
whereas one of them is metal
mixed in a certain composition.
ALLOYS
ALLOYS
Composition and
uses of alloy
Alloy
Composition
Steel
Fe , C
Brass
Cu , Zn
Bronze
Cu, Sn
Duralumi
Al , Mg/Cu
Cupronickel Cu, Ni
Pewter
Sn , Cu/Sb
Usage
Vehicle, ,bridge
Electrical componen
Medal, statue
Airplanes
Coin
Souvenir,
Structural of atoms
(particles) in pure
metal and alloy
Aim of making
alloy
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Polymer
Starch
Monomer
glucose
Uses
food
Protein
amino acid
food
Natural rubber
isoprene
T. 9.4
Tyre
Natural polymer,
monomer & its uses
Natural polymers
Synthetic polymers
Definition
SYNTHETIC
POLYMERS
Synthetic polymers
monomers & uses
Environmental
pollution
Polymer & formula
Most of the synthetic
polymers are nonbiodegradable and
producing poisonous gas
on burning
Uses
Polythene
Ethene
Plastic bottle
Polypropylene
Propene
Plastic bag
PVC
Vinyl chloride
Water pipe
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1. Hard
2. Transparent
3. Water impermeable.
4. Brittle
5. Compress resistance
6. Electrical insulation
7. Heat insulation.
8. Inert to chemical
substance.
Properties
of glass
Type of glass and
composition
Silica
T. 9.5
Type of glass
Special properties
Fused silica
glass
High melting
Point High viscosity
Soda-lime
glass
Low melting
point.
Window glass,
bottle
Borosilicate
glass
Dishes, Laboratory
Apparatus (boiling
tube, conical flask etc.)
Lead crystal
glass
High density,
Easy to shape,
Glass accessory,
prism
molten silica
fused silicaglass
Freeze
Freeze
(SiO2)
Molten silica + CaCO3
soda-lime glass
+ Na2CO3
Usage
Glass
GLASS AND
CERAMICS
Ceramic
1. Very hard.
2. High melting and boiling point.
3. Able to extend high pressure.
4. Very good as heat insulation/ electric insulation.
5. Inert toward chemicals.
6. Weak toward extension.
7. Density less then most of metals.
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T. 9.6
Reinforced concrete:
Super conductor
material:
PROJECT:
My composite
material...
Photo chromic
glass:
Examples and
its components
and uses
Definition
Fiber glass:
COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
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Paint pigment
USES OF
SULPHURIC ACID
Metal cleaning
Producing
Detergent
2. Complete the following equations and conditions involve in the three stages of
SO2(g)
................
Optimum conditions:
(i)
Temperature : .................
(ii)
Pressure
: .................
(iii)
Catalyst
: .............................
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9|Page
+ ..................
.....................
The oleum is diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid in large
quantities.
....................... + H2O (l)
......H2SO4(l)
3. Sulphur dioxide can cause acid rain. Acid rain occurs when pH of the rain is
between 2.4 and 5.0.
Balance the equation below to show the reaction of sulphur dioxide with
rainwater.
....... SO2(g) + O2 (g) + .....H2O(l)
......H2SO4(aq)
4. Explain how sulphuric acid and its byproducts ( sulphur dioxide) cause
environmental pollution.
Environmental
Pollution
Air
Explaination
Water
Soil
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Fertilisers
e.g. .............................
.............................
Synthetic fibre
USES OF
AMMONIA
Is alkaline
Is a .....................gas
Has a ........................smell
Is ...............dense than air
Is very ....................in water
Gives a ............................ when reacted with hydrogen chloride gas,
HCl.
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Natural gas
React with
steam
Fractional
distillation
Hydrogen
Haber Process
.............. + ....H2 (l)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
..........
Temperature : .........................
Pressure
: .........................
Catalyst
: .........................
Unreacted N2
and H2 are
recycled
cooled
Liquid ammonia
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Material;
Methyl orange, 2 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution , 1.0 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Sulphuric acid
Ammonium
sulphate solution
Ammonia solution
+ methyl orange
Heat
Observation
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Discussion
C.
ALLOYS
1. What are alloys?
..
..
2. The aim of making alloys:
(i)
..
(ii)
..
(iii)
..
3. The composition, properties and use of alloys:
Alloy
Brass
Composition
Properties
Uses
70% Cu
30% Zn
Bronze
Hard and strong
Do not corrode easily
Duralumin
Body of aeroplane
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Pewter
96% Sn
3% Mg
Steel
Hard and strong
Stainless steel
99% Fe
8% C
Cutlery
Surgical instruments
Pure metal
alloy
5. Relate the arrangement of atoms in pure metal to its ductile and maleable
properties.
..
.
.
6. Explain why an alloy is harder than its pure metal.
.
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Weight
Iron ball
Copper block
Hypothesis:
All the variables :
Manipulated :
Responding :
Constant
:
List of Apparatus
List of Materials
Procedure:
Tabulation of data:
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D. SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
1. Polymers are large molecules made up of many identical repeating sub-units
called .. which are joined together by covalent bonds.
2. . Is a process whereby monomers are
3. Polymers can either be . or synthetic polymer.
4. List three natural occurring polymers.
(i)
..
(ii)
..
(iii)
.
5. Complete the table below for the the name of monomer and the uses of the given
synthetic polymers.
Synthetic polymer
Monomer
Uses
Nylon
Perspex
Polypropene
Polyvinyl chloride,
PVC
chloroethane
Terylene
Special properties
Uses
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Borosilicate glass
-transparent
-
-laboratory apparatus
-
-High density
-
-lens
-
Lead glass
Soda glass
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F. COMPOSITE MATERIAL
1. A composite material is a structural material that is formed by combining two or
more difference substances such as metals, ..,
., . and
2. New composite materials formed are usually more improved in quality over its
original components.
3. Complete the table below
Type of composite
material
Components
Special properties
Example/Uses
Fiber glass
Photo chromic
glass
Reinforced concrete
Superconductor
material
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2. Which of the following is a harmful effect which results from the release of
sulphur dioxide to the atmosphere?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Acid rain
The green house effect
Thinning of the ozone layer
Breeding of algae in rivers and lakes
3.
N2 + 3H2
2NH3
The formation of ammonia according to the equation above is named the
Haber Process
Contact Process
Ostwald Process
Faraday Process
A.
B.
C.
D.
4. Pewter is an alloy material used for making souvenirs and cups. Which of the
following metals is not found in pewter?
A. Tin
B. Iron
C. Copper
D. Antimony
5. The parts of the bridge shown in figure 1 are made from alloy Y.
What is alloy Y?
A . Duralumin
B. Bronze
C. Brass
D. Steel
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Alloy X
What is alloy X?
A
B
C
D
Pewter
Bass
Bronze
Duralumin
lighter
harder
cheaper
more heat resistant
Fiber glass
Superconductor
Synthetic polymer
Photochromic glass
10. Which of the following is true about the alloy and its main constituent?
Alloys
Main constituent
A
Duralumin
Aluminium
B
Bronze
Tin
C
Steel
Copper
D
Pewter
Zinc
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Understanding
11. The following chemical equation shows the reaction of the Haber process.
Catalyst X
N2 + 3H2
Temperature Y,
Pressure Z
2NH3
Platinum
Platinum
Iron
Iron
Temperature
Y/ 0 C
900
450
900
450
Pressure Z /
atm
5
1
450
300
12. Which of the the following shows the arrangement of atoms in an alloy?
13. Steel is harder than pure iron because the carbon atoms in steel make
A.
B.
C.
D.
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14. Which of the following chemicals can be used to test for the presence of
ammonia?
A.
B.
C.
D.
CH2=CH2
CH2 = CHCl
CHCl= CHCl
CH2 Cl CH2 Cl
Teflon
Perspex
Polystyrene
Polyvinyl chloride
17. When a mixture of sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate and silicone dioxide is
heated to a temperature of 1500C, which type of glass is produced?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Soda-lime glass
Borosilicate glass
Fused silica glass
Photochromic glass
18. Which of the following is mixed with glass to produce photochromic glass?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Silver chloride
Lead (II) oxide
Sodium chloride
Aluminium oxide
Figure 3
Of the following which may be compond X and compound Y?
Compound X
Compound Y
A
Starch
Glucose
B
Ethene
Polythene
C
Polyvinyl chloride
chloroethane
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Amino acid
Glycerol
20. Figure 5 shows the arrangement of atoms in bronze. Which of the following
could be atoms X and Y?
Figure 5
A
B
C
D
Atom X
Copper
Zinc
Tin
Copper
Atom Y
Tin
Copper
Copper
Zinc
Application
21. Which of the following fertilizers contains the highest percentage of nitrogen?
( Relative atomic mass: H, 1, C,12, N,14,O,16,S,32,Cl, 35.5)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Urea, (NH2)2CO
Potassium nitrate, KNO3
Ammonium nitrate, NH4 NO3
Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2 SO4
22. Of the following mixture of elements, which forms a suitable alloy for making
coins
A. copper and nickel
B. zinc and copper
C. iron and copper
D. copper and stanum
X
23. sulphur sulphur dioxide sulphur trioxide sulphuric acid oleum
Figure 6
Figure 6 shows the stages in the manufacturing of sulphuric acid in The Contact
Process. What is done in stage X?
A. heated strongly
B. dissolves in water
C. compressed under high pressure
D. dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid
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24.
Very transparent
High refractive index
High density
A type of glass has the above characteristics. This glass is suitable for the
manufacture of
I prism
II lense
III pot
IV plate
A
B
C
D
I and II only
III and IV only
I,II and III only
I,II,III and IV
Figure 7
Of the followings, which are the uses of the molecule?
I Manufacture of plastic bag
II Manufacture of dry cell electrolyte
III Manufacture of nitric acid
IV Manufacture of chemical fertiliser
A
B
C
D
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Structural Questions:
1.
(a)
(b)
(c )
NH4NO3 (s)
[ 2 marks ]
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(iii)
[ 2 marks ]
(d)
[2 marks]
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2. Polymers are long chain molecules made by joining together thousands of smaller
molecules called monomers.
[polimer adalah molekul berantai panjang yang dihasilkan dengan cara
menggabungkan beberapa juta molekul yang dinamakan monomer]
a) Polypropene and polyvinyl chloride are examples of polymers. State the name of
their monomers.
[Poliropene dan polivinil klorida adalah contoh bagi polimer. Nyatakan nama
setiap monomer]
i. Polypropene :_____________________________
[polipropene]
ii. polyvinyl chloride
[polivinil klorida]
[2 marks]
b) Plastic bag used in our daily life is a type of synthetic polymer. State one
advantage and one disadvantage of plastic bag.
[beg plastik yang digunakan di dalam kehidupan seharian kita adalah polimer
sintetik. Nyatakan satu kelebihan dan kelemahan beg plastik]
i. Advantage:
[kelebihan]
ii. Disadvantage:
[kelemahan]
[2 marks]
c) Bronze is an alloy formed from copper and tin.
[Gangsa adalah aloi yang terbentuk daripada kuprum dan timah.]
i. State one aim of alloying
[1 mark]
[nyatakan satu tujuan pengaloian.]
ii. State one use of bronze
[1 mark]
[nyatakan satu kegunaan gangsa]
iii.
iv.
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c) Photochromic glass has a special property that makes it better than glass. State
the special property of photochromic glass.
[kaca fotokromik mempunyai sifat istimewa yang menjadikannya lebih baik
daripada kaca. Nyatakan apakah sifat istimewa kaca fotokromik]
[1 mark]
d) Name the substance that is added to make photochromic glass change colour in
response to sunlight.
[Namakan bahan yang di tambah kepada kaca fotokromik bertukar warna bila
terdedah kepada cahaya matahari]
[1 mark]
e) Give two example of composite materials.
[Berikan 2 contoh bagi bahan komposit]
[2 marks]
f) The use of synthetic polymers extensively in our daily lifes has become an issue
of environmental pollution.
[Penggunaan polimer sintetik secara berlebihan di dalam kehidupan seharian
telah menjadi isu kepada pencemaran alam sekitar]
i.
State two ways in which synthetic polymer can cause pollution to the
environment.
[Nyatakan dua cara bagaimana polimer sintetik boleh menyebabkan
pencemaran alam sekitar]
ii.
[2 marks]
Give one method to overcome the environmental pollution problems
cause by synthetic polymers
[Berikan satu kaedah untuk mengatasi masalah pencemaran alam
sekitar yang disebabkan oleh polimer sintetik]
[1 mark]
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Stage I
S
Stage II
SO2
Oxygen
Oxygen
Stage III
SO3
H2S2O7
Concentrated
sulphuric acid
Stage IV
H2SO4
Water
Figure 3.1
Write the chemical equation for the reactions in stage II and IV.
[Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas di peringkat II dan IV]
[ 2 marks ]
(b)
Figure 3.2 shows the waste product from a factory which affects the
quality of the environment.
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Figure 3.2
Based on Figure 3.2, describe how the waste product affects the quality of
the environment.
Your description should include the following aspects:
Sulphur
dioxide
gas
Source
Process
Factory
Effect
Building
Toxic
waste
(c )
Sarah could easily bend her bangle which is made of pure metal but
she could not bend her mothers bangle which is made of its alloy
[Sarah senang untuk membengkokkan gelang dimana diperbuat daripada
logam tulen tetapi tidak mudah untuk membengkokkan gelang ibunya yang
diperbuat daripada aloi].
[10 marks]
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[3 marks]
Explain why duralumin and not pure aluminium is used to build the body of the airplane
[terangkan mengapa duralumin dan bukan aluminium tulen yang digunakan untuk
membina badan kapalterbang]
[7 marks]
Explain briefly how sulphuric acid is manufactured from sulphur and air.
[Terangkan dengan jelas bagaimana asid sulfurik diperbuat daripada sulfur dan
udara]
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[10 marks]
6. Diagram 3 shows a tyre
[Gambarajah 3 menunjukkan tayar]
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Based on the diagram , compare the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber.
[Berdasarkan kepada gambarajah, bandingkan sifat getah tervulkan dan getah tak
tervulkan]
[6 marks]
Do you know that on average , everyone of us produce 1 kg of rubbish each day?
The improper disposal of synthetic polymers creates major environmental problems.
Adakah anda tahu secara purata setiap individu daripada kita menghasilkan satu kg
sampah setiap hari.pembuangan yang tidak terurus bagi polimer sintetik mencetuskan
masalah besar kepada alam sekitar
c) Based on the above statement , explain how synthetic polymers create environmental
pollution. Suggest two scientific method on how to reduce pollution caused by synthetic
polymers.
[8marks]
[Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas , terangkan bagaimana polimer sintetik mendatangkan
pencemaran alam sekitar.
Cadangkan dua kaedah saintifik bagaimana untuk
mengurangkan masalah pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh polimer]
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