Is 436 1 1 1964
Is 436 1 1 1964
Is 436 1 1 1964
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
1 +, 1 +
01 ' 5
Jawaharlal Nehru
! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
! > 0 B
BharthariNtiatakam
( Reaffirmed 2001 )
h&an Standard
( Revised)
Ei&th
Reprint
MARbH 1991
UDC
OF
BUREAU
MA&K
BHAVAN,
Gr 6
66266:6201-13
IND1A.N
9
STANDARDS
RAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI lMJO2
ZAFAR
MARC3
February 1965
-\
Indian Standard
METHODS FOR SAMPLING OF COAL AND COKE
PART I
SAMPLING OF COAL
( Revised )
CDC 14
Re~cscnfirlg
Central
LAIXIBI
Fuel Research
Institute
( CSIR ), Jcalg&
Members
SEBI A. K. MOITEA
Dr A. Lahiri )
-I
S. K. Bosn
( Altemak
to
Nati;;naanlciCoal
.Developmmt
Corpoiation
Ltd,
BUREAU
MANAK
OF
BHAVAN,.
INDIAN
STANDAR3S
9 BAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002
ZAFAR
MARG
IS
1) - 196i
( Confkaudfrom pogr 1 )
Mrmbcrs
&M-k
Sam F. S. WATCHA
DP J. W. WH~TAX~B
DB SADOOPAL,
_
Dcpucy Director ( Chem )
The Tatr
UC
BIS ( Ex-ofiio
Mmnbcr )
&r0&Y
Sxu
B. N. Sxaezt
Assistant Director
(Stat
Sampling Subcommittee,
), BIS
CDC 14 : 1
Canrmer
DB A. LARIBI
Central
Fuel Research
Institute
(CSIR
), Jealgora
A4cmbcrs
SBBI E. J. BBEULEUX
SaBIk;.S.R.CliAlU
Ltd,
( Ministry of Railways )
CEIE~ MXN~N~ ADVISER, RAIL- Pailway~Board
WAY BOA~D,~EANBAD
JOINT DISECTOB,
MECHAN~~ALL~;;NEXXINo
( FUEL ),
BOABD, Nrw
DSLHI I Allcmat )
Central Fuel Research Institute ( CSIR ), Jealgora
SHRI N. N. DAS GUPTA
Central Fyel Research Institute ( CSIR ), Jcalgora
SRal.4. GEOSAL
Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Calcutta
SEBI B. B.C;aoSrL
SttnIJ. N. BABMAN
(A~frrnotc)
Coat Board, Calcutta
SHRI B. K. GEOSH
SHRI U. N. JBA (Aftnnate )
Bird & Co I%ivate Ltd, Calcutta
SHEI E. B. HALL
Indian Mining Association,
Calcutta
5.3~1~. 0. HUGHES
Hindustan Steel Limited, Rourkela
DR A. KHAN
Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta
SHRI 0. B. LAHIBI
DR A. MATTHAI ( Altern&)
Mining,
Geological
t
Metallurgical
Institute
of
S~sr F. G. MASSE~ANN
India, Calcutta
SBRI L. D.HUGtm(Allcmat~)
Indian Colliery Owners Association,
Dhanbad
SBXI 0. K. SAMAXTA
Coal Controller,
Calcutta
SHBIS.B.SABKAB
Snnl M. SEW CUPTA
Indian Mining Federation, Calcutta
DR A. V. SIJKEATME
The Tata Iron Rr Steel Co Ltd, Jamshcdpur
Snnr F. S. WATCEA
Coal Consumers Association,
Calcutta; ondThe,Tata
Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur
__,.
-^ --
..
,.
c
hiian ; Standard
METRO%
SAMPLING OF COAL
Section 1
(
0.
Manual Sampling
Revised )
FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part I ) ( Revised ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 20 July 1964, after the draft finalized by the Solid
.Mmeral Fuels Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical
Division Council.
0.2 Thii standard was originally issuedin 1953 with a view to prescribing
the procedures for obtaining repr@entative samples of coal and coke for
test purposes.
However, in vi& of the fact &at at that time experiments
on Indian coal under Indian conditions had just been initiated, i,t was
The present revision incorporates
issued as a tentative Indian Standard.
the infbrmatidn obtained from the extensive investigations since carried
out and the experience gained during the last eleven years.
Qq The plFeswtt revisi& diffcn f?om the earlier version-in several important
respects.
OS.1 For purposes of samplink, Indian coals bad originally been divided
into five size groups, but the Sectional Committee reshnsible
for the preParation of this standard felt that the division of coal .into so many size
groups was rather Aringcnt. Hence, it decided that for the purpose. of
sampling, c&l should be divided into the following three size groups only
( see Note ), which would generally be adequate in Practice:
Nominal Size
Ninne
Run-of-mine coal
23toOcm
I5 to5 cni
c=lataree
( the uppa lit
not
Weeding23cm)
coal, small
5toocm
~a--TheritegmupsgivarurO~.1uemcantonlyfbr~~
j
Asrcgadstbe
sizcgradingofco&th:
vWioussizuasspccilkdin
I~:&$$~~3
* rpplY.
lSii
grading
of
stan&tddsoissucdin
ck muketing (rdd)t
(Second
revisiinof this
0.33 Depending upon-the ash content, the Indian coal had originally
been divided into two ash groups, namely, with ash less than 10 percent.
and with ash 10 percent or more. But since the ash content of most of
the Indian coals was found to be generally more than 10 percent, and
since the variation in the quality of Indian. coal does not depend on
ash content, it was felt that the division of coal into two ash groups was
not necessary and that it may be dispensed with.
Accordingly, this
standard lays down the sampling procedures for coal without any regard
to its ash content.
0.33 The earlier version had specified the minimum number of increments and the minimum weight of the gross sample for an accuracy
off 10 percent of the value sought with 95 percent probability.
These
recommendations had been made on the basis of results obtained for
American coals. The experiments conducted on Indian coals, however,
revealed that the average and the standard deviation for the ash percentage
were not correlated, implying thereby that the standard deviation does not
increase or decrease with the average ash in any well-defined manner. This
finding made it imperative that the number of increments and the weight of
the gross sample for Indian coals be determined differently. Accordingly,
the optimum weight for a gross sample was lirst determined by trying out
different sample weights and adjudging their optimal nature.by taking the
minimum standard deviation criterion. That is, the weight of the gross
sample for which the observed standard deviation was found to be mini-.
mum was deemed to be the minimum weight for drawing samplcs in
practice. The weight of the increment was then determined separatjy
and thus the number of increments, to be taken for constituting the gross
sample became known.
0.3.4 Regarding the sampling procedure recommended in the earlier
version it was also felt that this procedure did not provide any means for
checking whether the expected accuracy ( of fl0
percent of the value
sought with 95 percent probability ) was being maintained in the course
of sampling or not. This checking becomes essential as the errors intro.
duced due to uncertainties at the various stages of reduction of a gross
sample might, in :ffect, render the confidence limits obtained for the true
average ash content inapplicable.
TO obviate this difficulty, it was considered desirable to always test more than one gross samples0 that the test
results themselves may furnish an estimate of the sampling error which can
be utilized in setting the confidence limits.
0.3.4.1 Accordingly, thii standard recommends the division of a lot
into a number of sub-lots ( see Table 1 ) depending upon the weight of the
lot and then drawing a representative gross sample from each, of the sublots separately. The gross samples after suitable, reduction are to be tested
individually for- determination of important characteristics of coal and
compositely forlothers. The standard also lays down a proper procedure
for valid interpretation of the test results so as to evaluate the average
4
IS
level
436 ( Pa*I/Sec
1;) - 1864
of\variation
in the iywrage for a
lot
.
F
1) - 1964
0.9 For the determination of the various sizes of coal, as well as for the
reduction purposes, sieves conforming to IS : 46&1962$ shall be used.
Where these sieves are not available, other equivalent standard sieves as
judged by the aperture may be used. For corresponding sizes of British
Sieves and Sieves of the American Society for Testing and Materials,
reference may be made to IS : 460-19628.
0.10 Metric system has been adopted in India and all quantities and
dimensions in this standard have been given only in this system.
0.11 In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with
this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded
off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1.960 11.
I. SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes the methods for sampling of &al from
(a) conveyers, (b) wagons, (c) ships, (d) stock.piles and (e) seams. It also
lays down a procedure for reporting the quality of the material sampled.
2. IXRMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the folloiving definitions shall apply.
2.1 Cdal, Large - Goal with nominal size 15 to 5 em, the upper lit
.
not exceeding 23 cm.
*Second revision issued in 1965.
tSinu
revised.
values ( rrDirrr).
c.
The quantity
2.9 Moisture
of determining
by reducing a
for laboratory
-process whereby
rejected.
is
2.11 Sample
Reduction
-The
process of crushing or grinding .the
sample to reduce the particle size and of mixing and sample-dividing
ia
successive stages.
2.12 Sub-lot - The quantity of coal in each of the groups into which ,a
lot is divided for the purpose of sampling; a lot may consist of two or more
stib-lots.
3. SAMPLING
PROM
CONVEYERS
NUkBER
OF SUB-LOTS/GROSS
SAMPLES
No. or ~~~-~/Cx.orn,
up to 500
501 ), 1 ooo
3
4
1001,,2000
2001,,3ooo
Over ~3000
SAlaPLS
If:.
(1)
(2)
Miin
( appro-x )
COALS
LATSOIS
(3)
(4)
350 kg
175 kg
75 kg
5 kg
5 kg
35
5 kg
15
70
Min
CJfi
s ALL
(5)
3.2.1 The increments shall preferably be taken from the full cross-section
and thickness of the stream in one operation.
When coalis in motion, the
most reliable means of obtaining such increments is to sample at a point
where the coal discharges from the belts. The best possible increment is
one which cuts accross entirely a falling stream of the material by means of
a suitable receptacle passed from one side of the stream to the other without
allowing the receptacle to overflow. : If the whole of the stream cannot
be covered by one increment without overtilling the receptacle, the stream
should be sampled systematically by taking material from all portions.
3.2.2 If it is not possible to sample satisfactorily at a point ofdischarge,
the increments may be drawn from the moving belt itself. In this case,
the increments shall be collected from the centre and the left and right
sides of the belt along the same -width. To ensure that very small material
is also correctly obtained in the sample, the scoop should sweep the bottom
of the conveyer.
3.2.3 If it is practicable to stop the belt periodically, increments may be
collected from the whole cross-section of the stream by sweeping the whole
of the coal lying between the sides of a suitable frame placed across the
belt. The frame should be inserted in the coal until it is in. contact with
the belt across its full width.
Befoye col1ectin.g the increments,the speed of the conveyer and the quantity
passmg a certain point in a given time shall be ascertained so that an appro_
priate spacingof the incrementsmay%e arrangedover the whole of he lot.
NOTE ormaterial
-._
._,
.
Smm @ PIN
RIVETED
AC--
CAPACITY
5
kg
7 kg
TOLERANCE
WEWUT
I-8 OP
kg BLADE
2.0 kg
A
280
305
B
340
370
C
255
280
D
255
200
E(Noar)
200
G(Noar)
66
200
+ to::
- 5%
*6
16
rt6
f6
H
55
60
*3
DIMENSIONS OF SHOVEL
( CAPACITY
kg
AND
kg App~ox )
x
200
200
tg
L(NOY,l
140
170
-
in a sub-lot
4. SAMRUNG
FROM WAGONS DURSNG LOADINti
UNLOADING
shall
OR
4.1 Sub-lets - For the purpose of sampiing, all the wagons m a iot shall
of a representative
gross sample
its physical
division.
4.1.1 One gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-lots so that
rz:.
WEIGHT
OF GROSS SAMPLE
AND
INCREMENTS
EOR WAGONS
SArnLx
cli
(2)
sample, Min
i) Weight
of gross
ii) Weight
of increment
iii) Number
Rnrr.0~.
MIRI CoAL
of increments,
( approx
Ma
10
NUMBER
.*
OF
CorL#
232
RYUL
(3)
(4)
(5).
350 kg
175 kg
75 kg
7t
50
7 kg
25
5 kg
15
constitute
wagons
7 kg )
in a sub-lot
shall
separately
of sub-lots
5.2 Sampling
FROM
6.1~Subdots -For
stock
,pile
shall
be
STOCK PILE
9?.
,
of coal in
of sub-lots
6.1.3
shall be
area of
manner
NOTE -- Pipe sampling may be resorted to for coals of small size which have &n
closely .screenrd or sized so that the material is approaching uniformity and is in any
case not more than 4 cm top size. The equipment and the procedure to be used for
pipe sampling is described in Appendix B.
7. SAMPLING
7.1 sub4ots
- For the purpose of sampling, the loaded wagons in a lot
shall be divided into a suitable number of sub-lots of approximately equal
weight in accordance with Table 1.
7.1.1 One gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-lots, so that
there are as many gross samples as indieated.in Table 1.
7.2 The gross sample shall be collected from a sub-lot according to the
described in 6.1.2.
For this purpose a minimum of 25 percent of
the wagons shall be selected from the sub-lot at random ( see Appendix A~)
and one point shall be located at random on the coal surface of each of
the selected wagons. At every selected point a sample shall be collected
by taking the whole section of coal from top to bottom over an area of
30 cm diameter as described in 6.1.2:
method
12
SHIPS
8.1 8ub-lots -
19. REDUCTION
OF GROSS
SAMPLE
.IS
IS : 436 ( Part
REDUCTION
OF GROSS
-5cm
(PREFERABLY
HECwNICALw
I AND. 1 RETAINED
CAREFUL
MIXING.
AND
AFTER
I/See 1) - 1964
SAMPLES
MECHAF(ICALLV)
I
OUARTERIN6
-12&m
JAW CRUs)(ER)
[BY
CAREFUL
AND
MIXING,CONING
DUARTERINC
m
I
-12&m
(BY JAW CRUSHER)
(BY
3.35 mm
PALMAC
TYPE
- 12.5mm
(BY SW CRUSHER)
-3.3imm
E%LMAC TYPE
;BY
QF
MILL)
- 3.35mm
(BY
PALMAC
TYPE
OF
MILL)
REDUCED
REPEATEOCV
2is
I
212_MIC,RON
24
2 kg
I
IS
SIEVC
212~t.ilCdoN
IS SlEVE
Is SPVE
I
till0
212~t!aCR&
?5bf
FIG. 4 LARGE
\,cOAL
15
F<G. 5 SMALL
COAL
OF
MILL)
IS : 436 ( Part
I/See 1) - 1964
of he
te a current of air or to an atmosphdre
temperature or humidity.
of appreciably
different
NUMBER
OF TESTS
11.1 The laboratory samples; fepresenting the various sub-lots in -a lot shall
be tested individually for the Important characterigeics like ash percentage,
moisture, etc. For the remaining characteristics like ash fusion, a composite
sample prepared by mixing equal quantities ( by weight ) of the material
from each of the laboratory samples shall be tested.
12. REPORTING
OF TEST RESULTS
12.2 When only two laboratory samples have been analysed individual&
Corn a lot, the average of the two available test results shall be reported as
the value of characteristic for the lot sampled.
The indiyidual test results
shall also be reported to give an indication of the range of variation in
quality.
12.3 When three or more laboratory samples have been tested inditidually,
the average (X) and the range (R) of the test results shall be calculated as
follows for assessing the average level and the extent of variation in the
average:
If, for any characteristic,
X,, X s . . . . . . . . . i.....;..X,,
analysing n laboratory samples, then
are the-results
of
.c
VALvPOrlmscoIBT~,A
AXN.~BIID,~
1.30
o-72
o-51
o-40
3
4
5
6
12.3.3 In case any. of the test results deviates considerably from the
others, it may be desirable to determine whether such a result may be
rejected or whether it may be accepted as part of the normal variationexpetted. The procedure given in Appendix D may be followed for thii purpose. If the suspect test result appears to be rejected, the average and the
range shall be re-calculated from the remainmg test resultsand appropriate
inference prawn as in 123.2.
APPENDIX
A
( Clauses 4.2.1 and 7.2 )
RANDOM
SELEGTION OF WAGONS
A-l. GENERAL
A-l.1 To ensure the randomness of selection of wagons from a sub-lot, the
use of random number tables as described in A-2 is recommended.
A-2. RANDOM NUMBERS
A-2.1 Two sets of random numbers are given in Table 5.. The first set of
random numbers shall be used if the number of wagons in the sub-lot is less
than or equal to 100, whereas the second set shall be used if the number of
wagonsin the sub-lot is more than 100 but less than 1 @OO. Having selected the set, any one numeral shall be chosen from it at random, starting
from the selected numeral and continuing on with the numerals in any
direction, right or left? up or down, the succeeding numerals shall be copied
17
..
-,
IS : 436 (Part
I/See 1) - 1964
A-2.2 Starting
from any wagon in the sub-lot and counting them in one
order, the wagons corresponding
to the numerals already
noted down shal!
be selected for drawing gross samples.
TABLE
RANDOM
NUMBER
( Clause A-2.1
First Set of Random
95
62
29
25
40
23
da
05
26
09
70
93
39
72
63
80
13
-66
79
06
Numbers
56
96
04
49
57
10
36
46
92
47
a1
61
52
42
65
21
31
73
33
75
74
37
07
08
32
58
90
98
15
66
67
42
16
77
27
11
55
20
35
99
288
898
090
370
619
573
304
759
020
039
302
732
553
252
151
866
855
996
357
821
957
965
340
657
079
835
222
232
975
904
018
943
096
094
473
785
564
804
079
130
109
462
870
698
763
689
247
271
547
633
053
554
654
056
886
529
726
605
746
750
395
121
876
l97
376
227
305
226
238
036
463
732
871
628
581
967
216
712
786
461
995
123
606
957
715
689
474
640
906
087
067
413
733
646
933
687
185
231
967
973
695
978
298
776
367
405
280
789
245
762
681
882
482
436
497
412
576
872
315
208
Second
TABLES
Set of Random
51
34
71
86
97
30
24
69
38
48
54
18
14
03
84
01
91
85
12
60
50
22
76
83
82
IO0
19
94
41
28
53
89
78
45
87
44
64
59
17
Q2
044
146
605
813
097
058
318
96 i I
72
893
992
626
536
272
579
243
370
_I.73
659
419
849
313
968
351
506
964
569
607
500
722
285
540
085
266
662
416
002
504
487
753
2t9
953
384
936
659
tl88.
273
395
316
505
885
243.
482
237
196
466
320
896
029
849
74.6
007
801
913
884
685
270
237
024
449
493
380
332
581
954
099
564
514
692
440
Numbers
18
~ .
..x.._.._..,. ._
I_
1.
APPENDIX
( Clause 6.1.3 )
EQ;uIpMENT
AND
PROGEDURE
FOR
PIPE
SAMPLING
19
.
/
APPENDIX
C
( Clauses 10.1, 10.1.1, 10.2-and 10.3 )
REDUCTION
C-1. GENERAL
OF GROSS SAMPLES
PREGAUTIONS
Cl.1 The place set apart for the treatment of gross samples shall preferably be enclosed, roofed over, cool and free from draughts. Where this is
not possible, precautions shall be taken against (a) loss of fine wind-borne
sample, (b) contamination with moisture, and (c) contamination with
foreign matter.
C-1.2 Select a hard and clean surface free of cracks for sample mixing,
Do not let cinders, sand, chippings from
quartering and other operations.
the floor or any other foreign matter get into the sample.
C-2. CONING
ANiB QUARTERING
G2.1 The material which has been crushed to. 335 mm ( see 10.1) shall
be heaped into the shape of a cone by pouring one scoopful of the material
after another at the apex of the cone till the entire sample has been coned.
The material shall be allowed to slide down the sides of the cone only under
the influence of gravity.
C-2.2 Flatten the cone evenly so that it forms a low circular pile. Cut the
pile into four quarters along two diameters whichintersect at right angles.
Retain one pair of opposite quarters and reject the other. Repeat till the
size of the retained sample is reduced to the required weight of 2 kg.
C-3. RIFFLING
C-3.1 The material which has been crushed to 3.35 mm shall be dropped
uniformly in the _riffle. One half shall be retained and the other half
rejected. This procedure shall be repeated several times till 2 kg of
material is obtained.
C-4. GRINDING (FINE SIZE)
35 percent
30 to 35 percent
Remainder
21
APPENDIX
( Clause 12.3.3 )
CRITERIA
D-l.
FOR REJECTION
GENERAL
D-l.1 It may sometimes happen that a test. redt is obtained which deviate
considerably from the other test results and therefore arouses suspicion that
it may have arisen from a mistake in sampling or sample preparation
rather than in the course of normal variation.
If the analyst knows that
a mistake has occurred, the test result must be rejected irrespective of its
magnitude.
If, however, only a suspicion exists, it may be desirable to
determine whether such a result may be rejected or whether it must be
accepted as part of the normal variation expected.
D-2. CRITERIA
D-2.1 The procedure as given in D-2.1.1 may be followed for determining
the acceptability or rejectability of the suspect test result.
D-2.1.1 Arrange all the test results obtained by analysing x laboratory
samples in the ascending order of magnitude and designate them as x,, xs,
r,, when x1 is the smallest and X, the largest test results. If x,, is suspect,
calculate the value of Kr from
x1 = x53-
%I-1
%a -xi
to remove the
slut
Vuur
OY K, OS Kr
3
4
5
6
o-941
0765
o-642
wi60
22
D-3. EXAMPLE
26.1
23