Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
1 +, 1 +

01 ' 5

The Right to Information, The Right to Live

Step Out From the Old to the New

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan

Jawaharlal Nehru

IS 436-1-1 (1964): Methods for Sampling of Coal and Coke,

Part 1: Sampling of Coal, Section 1: Manual Sampling [PCD
7: Solid Mineral Fuels]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

Invent a New India Using Knowledge

! > 0 B

BharthariNtiatakam

Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen

IS : 436 ( Part l/Set 1) - 1964

( Reaffirmed 2001 )

h&an Standard

METHODS FOR SAMPLING OF COAL AND CO@3

PART I SAMPLING OF COAL
Section 1 Manual Sampling

( Revised)
Ei&th
Reprint

MARbH 1991

( Incorporating Amendment No. 1 )

UDC

OF
BUREAU
MA&K
BHAVAN,

Gr 6

66266:6201-13

IND1A.N
9

STANDARDS

RAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI lMJO2

ZAFAR

MARC3

February 1965

-\

Indian Standard
METHODS FOR SAMPLING OF COAL AND COKE
PART I

SAMPLING OF COAL

Section 1 Manual Sampling

( Revised )

Solid Mineral Fuels Sectional Committee,

Chairman
DnA.

CDC 14

Re~cscnfirlg
Central

LAIXIBI

Fuel Research

Institute

( CSIR ), Jcalg&

Members
SEBI A. K. MOITEA
Dr A. Lahiri )
-I
S. K. Bosn

( Altemak

to
Nati;;naanlciCoal

.Developmmt

Corpoiation

Ltd,

&rl~r MININQ ADVISEB, ROIL- Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways)

WAY BOILED, DEANBAD
JOINT DIBICOTOB. MEOHANXOAL EN~INEE~XN~ ( FUEL ),
NEW
RAILWAY BOABD,
DELHI ( Alternate )
Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
DBA.N.
CHOWDEUBY
Government
Test House, Calcutta
S~sr R. C. DAS GUPTA
SHBI K. L. BANEBJB~~( Allernate )
Coal Board, Calcutta
SHBI B. K. Gaos~
SEBI.U. N. JH~ (Alfernats )
Bird & Co Private Ltd. Calcutta
SHBI E. B. HALL
Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi
Sj&I_HAl%DEt StiAI
Mining, Geological and Metallurgical
Institute of
SEBI G. S. JABBI
India, Calcutta
Coal Controller, Calcutta
SEBI A. K. MITBA
Regional Research Laboratory ( CSIR ), Hyderam
SHBI K. G. RANQBEZ
SHBI K. SESEAQIBI RAO ( Altcrnatc )
Neyvcli Lignite Corporation Ltd, Neyveli
DB C. V. S. RA~AM
SEBI DEVINDEB-NATE QBAL ( Ahrnatc)
Coal Consumers Association,
Calcutti
SEEI K. K. ROY CEOlJDEUltI
The Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Calcutta
SHEI B. C. ROY GHATAK
Joint Working Committee of Indian Mining Associa_
SHBI D. K. SAMANTA
tion, Indian Mining Federation, Indian Colliery
Owners Association & Madhya Pradesh Mining
Association,
Calcutta
( Continueddnfiage 2 1.

BUREAU
MANAK

OF
BHAVAN,.

INDIAN

STANDAR3S

9 BAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002

ZAFAR

MARG

IS

436 ( Part I/See

1) - 196i

( Confkaudfrom pogr 1 )
Mrmbcrs

&M-k

Sam F. S. WATCHA
DP J. W. WH~TAX~B
DB SADOOPAL,
_
Dcpucy Director ( Chem )

The Tatr

Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshed

UC

Iiikiian Institute of Petroleum ( CSIR ), gehra-Dun

Director,

BIS ( Ex-ofiio

Mmnbcr )

&r0&Y
Sxu

B. N. Sxaezt

Assistant Director

(Stat

Sampling Subcommittee,

), BIS

CDC 14 : 1

Canrmer

DB A. LARIBI

Central

Fuel Research

Institute

(CSIR

), Jealgora

A4cmbcrs
SBBI E. J. BBEULEUX
SaBIk;.S.R.CliAlU

R.V. Brigg 8 CO Privat: Ltd, Calcutta

NatiT;ichZoal
Development
Corporation

Ltd,

( Ministry of Railways )
CEIE~ MXN~N~ ADVISER, RAIL- Pailway~Board
WAY BOA~D,~EANBAD
JOINT DISECTOB,
MECHAN~~ALL~;;NEXXINo
( FUEL ),
BOABD, Nrw
DSLHI I Allcmat )
Central Fuel Research Institute ( CSIR ), Jealgora
SHRI N. N. DAS GUPTA
Central Fyel Research Institute ( CSIR ), Jcalgora
SRal.4. GEOSAL
Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Calcutta
SEBI B. B.C;aoSrL
SttnIJ. N. BABMAN
(A~frrnotc)
Coat Board, Calcutta
SHRI B. K. GEOSH
SHRI U. N. JBA (Aftnnate )
Bird & Co I%ivate Ltd, Calcutta
SHEI E. B. HALL
Indian Mining Association,
Calcutta
5.3~1~. 0. HUGHES
Hindustan Steel Limited, Rourkela
DR A. KHAN
Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta
SHRI 0. B. LAHIBI
DR A. MATTHAI ( Altern&)
Mining,
Geological
t
Metallurgical
Institute
of
S~sr F. G. MASSE~ANN
India, Calcutta
SBRI L. D.HUGtm(Allcmat~)
Indian Colliery Owners Association,
Dhanbad
SBXI 0. K. SAMAXTA
Coal Controller,
Calcutta
SHBIS.B.SABKAB
Snnl M. SEW CUPTA
Indian Mining Federation, Calcutta
DR A. V. SIJKEATME
The Tata Iron Rr Steel Co Ltd, Jamshcdpur
Snnr F. S. WATCEA
Coal Consumers Association,
Calcutta; ondThe,Tata
Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur

__,.

-^ --

..

,.

c
hiian ; Standard
METRO%

FOR SAMPLING OF COAL AND COKE

PART I

SAMPLING OF COAL

Section 1
(

0.

Manual Sampling

Revised )

FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part I ) ( Revised ) was adopted by the Indian

Standards Institution on 20 July 1964, after the draft finalized by the Solid
.Mmeral Fuels Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical
Division Council.
0.2 Thii standard was originally issuedin 1953 with a view to prescribing
the procedures for obtaining repr@entative samples of coal and coke for
test purposes.
However, in vi& of the fact &at at that time experiments
on Indian coal under Indian conditions had just been initiated, i,t was
The present revision incorporates
issued as a tentative Indian Standard.
the infbrmatidn obtained from the extensive investigations since carried
out and the experience gained during the last eleven years.
Qq The plFeswtt revisi& diffcn f?om the earlier version-in several important
respects.
OS.1 For purposes of samplink, Indian coals bad originally been divided
into five size groups, but the Sectional Committee reshnsible
for the preParation of this standard felt that the division of coal .into so many size
groups was rather Aringcnt. Hence, it decided that for the purpose. of
sampling, c&l should be divided into the following three size groups only
( see Note ), which would generally be adequate in Practice:
Nominal Size
Ninne
Run-of-mine coal
23toOcm
I5 to5 cni
c=lataree
( the uppa lit
not
Weeding23cm)
coal, small
5toocm
~a--TheritegmupsgivarurO~.1uemcantonlyfbr~~
j

Asrcgadstbe
sizcgradingofco&th:
vWioussizuasspccilkdin
I~:&$$~~3
* rpplY.

lSii

grading

of

stan&tddsoissucdin

cod and coke

1965.)

ck muketing (rdd)t

(Second

revisiinof this

0.33 Depending upon-the ash content, the Indian coal had originally
been divided into two ash groups, namely, with ash less than 10 percent.
and with ash 10 percent or more. But since the ash content of most of
the Indian coals was found to be generally more than 10 percent, and
since the variation in the quality of Indian. coal does not depend on
ash content, it was felt that the division of coal into two ash groups was
not necessary and that it may be dispensed with.
Accordingly, this
standard lays down the sampling procedures for coal without any regard
to its ash content.
0.33 The earlier version had specified the minimum number of increments and the minimum weight of the gross sample for an accuracy
off 10 percent of the value sought with 95 percent probability.
These
recommendations had been made on the basis of results obtained for
American coals. The experiments conducted on Indian coals, however,
revealed that the average and the standard deviation for the ash percentage
were not correlated, implying thereby that the standard deviation does not
increase or decrease with the average ash in any well-defined manner. This
finding made it imperative that the number of increments and the weight of
the gross sample for Indian coals be determined differently. Accordingly,
the optimum weight for a gross sample was lirst determined by trying out
different sample weights and adjudging their optimal nature.by taking the
minimum standard deviation criterion. That is, the weight of the gross
sample for which the observed standard deviation was found to be mini-.
mum was deemed to be the minimum weight for drawing samplcs in
practice. The weight of the increment was then determined separatjy
and thus the number of increments, to be taken for constituting the gross
sample became known.
0.3.4 Regarding the sampling procedure recommended in the earlier
version it was also felt that this procedure did not provide any means for
checking whether the expected accuracy ( of fl0
percent of the value
sought with 95 percent probability ) was being maintained in the course
of sampling or not. This checking becomes essential as the errors intro.
duced due to uncertainties at the various stages of reduction of a gross
sample might, in :ffect, render the confidence limits obtained for the true
average ash content inapplicable.
TO obviate this difficulty, it was considered desirable to always test more than one gross samples0 that the test
results themselves may furnish an estimate of the sampling error which can
be utilized in setting the confidence limits.
0.3.4.1 Accordingly, thii standard recommends the division of a lot
into a number of sub-lots ( see Table 1 ) depending upon the weight of the
lot and then drawing a representative gross sample from each, of the sublots separately. The gross samples after suitable, reduction are to be tested
individually for- determination of important characteristics of coal and
compositely forlothers. The standard also lays down a proper procedure
for valid interpretation of the test results so as to evaluate the average
4

IS

of quality 848 also the extent

with 95 percent confidence.

level

436 ( Pa*I/Sec

1;) - 1864

of\variation
in the iywrage for a

lot

O&4.2 For obtaining reliable conclusions, it is recommended that coal

may be sampled when it is in motion, that is, from conveyers or during
loading or unloading. For this purpose the sampling procedure as laid down
in 3,4 and 5 shall be followed. If, however, it is desired to sample the coal
when it is stationary as, for example, from a,stoclc pile or a loaded.wagon, the
pro&ura
as laid down in 6,7 and 8 may be followed.. Jt may, however, be
mentioned that the representativeness of .the samples drawn in thii manner
and hence the reliability of the conclusions is not likely to be assured.
OA Careful consideration was given to the various conditions under which
coal may be available or supplied, for example, coal reserves, wagons,
stock piles, conveyers, ships, etc. However, taking into account the many
variationsin
the sampling conditions as also from the commercial point
of view, the Committee responsible for the preparation of this standard felt
that the sampling procedures should be prescribed only for conveyers,
wagons, ships, stock piles and seems.
0.5 In drawing up the tables for the minimum weight of gross samples,
consideration has been. given to the fact that the distribution of impurities
made in
varies more in some coals than in others. The recommendations
Tables 2 and 3 for the increment sixes and the total weight of the gross
samples are based on the variation of ash percentage in coal. But since
this is the most variable characteristic of coal, the recommended quantities
of samples are expected to be adequate for the determination of other
characteristics also.
0.6 Thii standard as originally issued had also included the sampling
procedure for coke. The investigations
on coke are, however, still in
a preliminary stage and it will take quite sometime before sufficient information is collected.
In the meanwhile, there exists a great and expeditious
The committee responsible
demand for the sampling procedure for,coal.
for the preparation of this standard,.therefore, decided to first publish the
P&t II, -dealing
methods for sampling of coal as Part I of this standard.
with the sampling of coke, will be issued later on as and when the investigations on coke would be over. In the meantime, through an amendment all
references for coal have been deleted Eons IS : 4361953*. Sampling ofCoke
( Part II 7 8f
IS: 4361953*
has been redesignated
as IS: 436
( Part II )-1953* Methods for sampling of coal and coke, Part 11
Sampling of coke .
0.7 In preparing this standard considerable assistance Gas derived from
the statistically designed investigations carried out at the various coll&&
in the country by the Central Fuel.);\olearch Institute, Jealgora, Dhanbad.
*Since revised.
5

.
F

IS : 436 ( Part I/S+

1) - 1964

0.8 Thii standard forms one of a series of Indian Standards on coal

and coke. Other standards in the series are:
*IS : 437- 1956 Size grading of coal and coke for marketing ( revised )
?I$ : 439-1953 Hard coke
tIS : 770-1960 General classification of coal
ZIS : 1350-1959 Methods of test for coal and coke - proximate
analysis, total sulphur a$ calorific value
IS : 135 I- 1959 Methods of test for coal and coke - ultimate analysis
IS : 13521959 Methods oftest for coal and coke -special impuritia
IS : 1353-1959 Methods of test for coal carbonization -caking
index, swelling properties and gray-king assay ( L.T. ) coke typa
fIS : 1354-1959
IS : 1355-1959

Methods of test for coke - special tests

Methods of test for ash of coal and coke

0.9 For the determination of the various sizes of coal, as well as for the
reduction purposes, sieves conforming to IS : 46&1962$ shall be used.
Where these sieves are not available, other equivalent standard sieves as
judged by the aperture may be used. For corresponding sizes of British
Sieves and Sieves of the American Society for Testing and Materials,
reference may be made to IS : 460-19628.
0.10 Metric system has been adopted in India and all quantities and
dimensions in this standard have been given only in this system.
0.11 In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with
this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded
off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1.960 11.
I. SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes the methods for sampling of &al from
(a) conveyers, (b) wagons, (c) ships, (d) stock.piles and (e) seams. It also
lays down a procedure for reporting the quality of the material sampled.
2. IXRMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the folloiving definitions shall apply.
2.1 Cdal, Large - Goal with nominal size 15 to 5 em, the upper lit
.
not exceeding 23 cm.
*Second revision issued in 1965.
tSinu

revised.

$ Since revised and split into various parts.

$Specification for test sieve3 ( froirrd).
~]Rulu for rounding oRnumerical

values ( rrDirrr).

c.

IS : 436 ( Part I/Set I ) - 1964

_ 2.2 Coal, Run-of-Mine - Unscreened coal containing all sizes, mainly

23, to 0 cm.
2.3 Coal, Small - Coal with nominal size 5 to 0 cm.
quantity of coal obtained
2.4 Composite Sample ( for the Lot ) -The
by mixing together equal quantities of coal from each of the laboratory
samples representing the sub-lots into which the lot has been divided.
2.5 Gross Sample -Sample
as collected from a sub-lot, that is, the
quantity of coal obtained by aggregating together all the increments drawn
from the same sub-lot.
of coal taken by a single operation of the
2.6 Increment - The qua&y
sampling implement.
2.7 Laboratory Sample - The quantity of coal obtained
gross sample ( JCC2.5 ) by following a specified procedure
testing.
2.8 Lot -

The quantity

2.9 Moisture
of determining

by reducing a
for laboratory

of coal offered for disposal at one time,

Sample - A sample to be used e&.uively

total moisture.

2.10 Sample Division-The

retained and the remainder

-process whereby
rejected.

for the purpose

a part of the sample

is

2.11 Sample
Reduction
-The
process of crushing or grinding .the
sample to reduce the particle size and of mixing and sample-dividing
ia
successive stages.
2.12 Sub-lot - The quantity of coal in each of the groups into which ,a
lot is divided for the purpose of sampling; a lot may consist of two or more
stib-lots.
3. SAMPLING

PROM

CONVEYERS

3.1 sub4ots -For

the purpose of sampling, a lot, while it is being
discharged over B conveyer, shall be divided into a number of sub-lots of
approximately equal weight as specified in Table 1.
TABLE 1

NUkBER

OF SUB-LOTS/GROSS

SAMPLES

( Clauses0.3.4.1 and 3.1 )

-Wmrf3Fm or TxlE LOT
( hlmzuo TONNISE
)

No. or ~~~-~/Cx.orn,

up to 500

501 ), 1 ooo

3
4

1001,,2000
2001,,3ooo

Over ~3000

IS : 436 ( Part I/Set 1) - 1964

3.1.1 A representative gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sublots and shall be kept separately. Thus, there will be as many gross samples
as the number of sub-lots into which the lot has been divided.
3.2 The number of increments to be taken.from a sub-lot for drawing the
gross sample shall be governed by the weight of the gross sample and the
weight of the increment as specified in Table 2 for various size-groups of
coal. This number shall be evenly distributed over the sub-lot.
The
increments shall be drawn with the help of a suitable shovel ( see Fig. 1 ) at
regular intervals.
~_~_
TABLE 2

WEIGHT OF GROSS SAMPLE AND NUMB&R OF

INCREMENTS FOR CONVEYERS
RUN-O;MINE COAL

SAlaPLS

If:.
(1)

(2)

i) Weight of gross sample,

ii) Weight of increment

Miin

( appro-x )

iii) Puumber of increments,

COALS
LATSOIS

(3)

(4)

350 kg

175 kg

75 kg

5 kg

5 kg
35

5 kg
15

70

Min

CJfi
s ALL

(5)

3.2.1 The increments shall preferably be taken from the full cross-section
and thickness of the stream in one operation.
When coalis in motion, the
most reliable means of obtaining such increments is to sample at a point
where the coal discharges from the belts. The best possible increment is
one which cuts accross entirely a falling stream of the material by means of
a suitable receptacle passed from one side of the stream to the other without
allowing the receptacle to overflow. : If the whole of the stream cannot
be covered by one increment without overtilling the receptacle, the stream
should be sampled systematically by taking material from all portions.
3.2.2 If it is not possible to sample satisfactorily at a point ofdischarge,
the increments may be drawn from the moving belt itself. In this case,
the increments shall be collected from the centre and the left and right
sides of the belt along the same -width. To ensure that very small material
is also correctly obtained in the sample, the scoop should sweep the bottom
of the conveyer.
3.2.3 If it is practicable to stop the belt periodically, increments may be
collected from the whole cross-section of the stream by sweeping the whole
of the coal lying between the sides of a suitable frame placed across the
belt. The frame should be inserted in the coal until it is in. contact with
the belt across its full width.
Befoye col1ectin.g the increments,the speed of the conveyer and the quantity
passmg a certain point in a given time shall be ascertained so that an appro_
priate spacingof the incrementsmay%e arrangedover the whole of he lot.
NOTE ormaterial

-._

._,
.

Smm @ PIN
RIVETED

AC--

CAPACITY

5
kg
7 kg
TOLERANCE

WEWUT
I-8 OP
kg BLADE
2.0 kg

A
280
305

B
340
370

C
255
280

D
255
200

E(Noar)
200

G(Noar)
66

200
+ to::
- 5%

*6

16

rt6

f6

H
55
60
*3

All dimensions in millimetrrs.

FIG.

DIMENSIONS OF SHOVEL

( CAPACITY

kg

AND

kg App~ox )

x
200
200
tg

L(NOY,l
140
170
-

IS : 436 ( Part IiSec 1) - 1964

X2.4 In case automatic samplers are available they may be utilized f&
drawing increments from a conveyer belt. The setting of such-machines
shall be carefully adjusted to ensure that the whole thickness of the stream
is taken.
3.2.5 The material collected from all the increments
be mixed together and shall constitute a gross sampk.

in a sub-lot

4. SAMRUNG
FROM WAGONS DURSNG LOADINti
UNLOADING

shall

OR

4.1 Sub-lets - For the purpose of sampiing, all the wagons m a iot shall

be divided into a suitable number

of sub-lots of approximately
quale
weight in accordance with the requirements of Table 1.
NOT8
-The
object ddividing
a lot ioto a numb& ofrub-lots is only to facilitate the
drawing

of a representative

gross sample

rather than to indicate

its physical

division.

4.1.1 One gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-lots so that

there are as many gross samples as indicated in Table 1.

4.2 In order to get a representative gross sample, coal shall be sampled as

far as possible in steady motion during loading or unloading ofthe wagons.
4.2.1 A minimum
of 25 percent of the wagons shall be selected at
random from the sub-lot and to ensure the randomness of .selection the
,procedure as given in Appendix A may be followed.
The number of
increments to be taken from the selected wagons and the weights of the
increments and the gross sample shall be inaccordance
with Table 3. The
increments shall be eveniy distributed over the selected wagons, with -a
view to determining the necessary number of increments that should be
collected from each of the selected wagons of the sub-lot for making up the
gross sample.
These increments shall be drawn with the help of a suitable
scoop or shovel ( see Fig. 1 and 2 j, depending upon the size of the coal
( see Table 3 ), at regular intervals at the time of loading or unloading of
the wagons.
NOTE - In case bigger lumps are encountered
which art not acczzmoda:cd
in the
scoop or shovel, they shall be collected and crushed separately.
The corresponding
increments shall then be drawn from the crushed material.
TA;BLE3

rz:.

WEIGHT
OF GROSS SAMPLE
AND
INCREMENTS
EOR WAGONS
SArnLx

cli

(2)

sample, Min

i) Weight

of gross

ii) Weight

of increment

iii) Number

Rnrr.0~.
MIRI CoAL

of increments,

( approx

Ma

10

NUMBER

.*

OF
CorL#

232

RYUL

(3)

(4)

(5).

350 kg

175 kg

75 kg

7t
50

7 kg
25

5 kg
15

IS : 436 ( Part I/Stc 1,) : 1964

All dimensions in centimetres.

FIG. 2
4.2.2

constitute

SAMPLING SCOOP ( CAPACITY 5 kg AND

The material collected

a gross sample.

from the selected

wagons

7 kg )

in a sub-lot

shall

5. SAMPLING FROM SHIPS DURING LOADING OR UNLOADING

5.1 Sub-lots -For

the purpose of sampling,

the entire quantity
of coal
in a ship shall be divided into .a suitable
number
of sub-lots of approximately equal weight as specified-in Table 1.

5.1.1 A gross sample shall be drawn

be kept
number

from each of the sub-lots and shall

so that there will be as many gross samples
as the
into which the lot has been divided.

separately
of sub-lots

5.2 Sampling

of coal. from ships-shall be carried out, as far as practicable,

If it is taken on a conveyer, the gross sample shall
when coal is in motion.
be collected as per the procedure laid down in 3, If not, the gross samples
may be drawn during loading or unloading. of the ship.. For this purpose,
the number of increments
to be taken shall be governed
by the weight of
the gross sample and the weight of increment
as specified in Table 3 for
various size groups of coal.
6. SAMPLING

FROM

6.1~Subdots -For
stock

,pile

shall

be

STOCK PILE

the purpose of sampling,

the quantity
divided,
into a suitable
number
11

9?.
,

of coal in
of sub-lots

IS : 436 I Part I/Stc 1) - 1964

approximately equal weight as specified in Table 1 by suitably marking the
lines of dcmarcatton on the surface of the lot.
6.1.1 The surface of each sub-lot shall be levelled and one point for
approximately every 250 metric tonnes of material in the sub-lot shall be
chosen at random.
A gross sample shall then be taken from each of the
sub-lots as per the nrocedure given in 6.1.2 and 6.13.
6.1.2 In case the height of the stock pile is not more than 1.5 m, the
.naterial shall be collected at every selected point by taking the whole
section of coal from top to bottom over the area of a circle of 30 cm -diaFor doing so, coal from the surface up to a depth of, approximeter.
mately 50 cm shall be collected at first. The bottom of the hole so formed
shall then be covered by a plate and the coal lying on the sides shall be
removed up to that plate so that when the hole is dug further ( to collect
further samples ), the coal from the sides may not fill up the hole by falling
down. This procedure is repeated till the bottom is reached.
the quantity of the material collected in ;he above manner is less than
NOTE -If
that sprcified in Table 3, additional quantity of material shall be collected from other
point(s) chosen for the purpose.

6.1.3
shall be
area of
manner

In case the height

collected at every
a Circle of 30 cm
for taking out the

of the stock pile is more than 1.5 m, the sample

selected point by taking the material over an
diameter and up to a depth of l-5 m. The
sample shall be as described in 6.1.2.

NOTE -- Pipe sampling may be resorted to for coals of small size which have &n
closely .screenrd or sized so that the material is approaching uniformity and is in any
case not more than 4 cm top size. The equipment and the procedure to be used for
pipe sampling is described in Appendix B.

7. SAMPLING

FROM LOADED WAGONS

7.1 sub4ots
- For the purpose of sampling, the loaded wagons in a lot
shall be divided into a suitable number of sub-lots of approximately equal
weight in accordance with Table 1.

7.1.1 One gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-lots, so that
there are as many gross samples as indieated.in Table 1.
7.2 The gross sample shall be collected from a sub-lot according to the
described in 6.1.2.
For this purpose a minimum of 25 percent of
the wagons shall be selected from the sub-lot at random ( see Appendix A~)
and one point shall be located at random on the coal surface of each of
the selected wagons. At every selected point a sample shall be collected
by taking the whole section of coal from top to bottom over an area of
30 cm diameter as described in 6.1.2:

method

12

IS : 436 ( P&t I/Set 1) - 1964

8. SAMPLING FROM LOAD=

SHIPS

8.1 8ub-lots -

For the purpose of sampling, the quantity of coal in a

loaded ship shall be divided into a suitable number of sub-lots of approximately qua1 weight as specified in Table 1.
8.1.1 A gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-lots according
to the method given in 6.1.1 to 6.1.3 and shall be kept separately so that
there will be as many gross samples as the number of sub-lots into which
the lot has been divided.
9. SAMPLING

OF COAL SEAM in situ

9.0 Sampling of coal in siti gives a measure of the quahty of coal to be

mined.
The analysis of this sample, however, will seldom give the same
results as those of a run-of-mine sample.
9.1 _The section of seam to be sampled shall be exposed fi-om the roof to
the floor. The exposed surface shall be as smooth as possible so that a
rectangular channel may be cut.
It may often be necessary to penetrate
into the seam for a few decimetres to avoid taking weathered coal especially if the be has been standing exposed .for some time. The seam.
sample shall, be taken in a channel representing the entire cross-section of
the seam having the dimensions of 30 x 10 cm, that is, 30 cm in width and
For this purpose, two parallel lines, 30 cm apart end at
10 cm in depth.
right angles to the bedding planes of the seam shall be marked by a chalked
string~on the smooth, freshly exposed surface of the seam.
Obvious dirt
bands exceeding 10 cm in thickness shall be excluded.
The channel
between the marked chalk lines in the seam shall be cut to a depth of 10 cm
and the coal sample collected on a clean strong cloth or tarpaulin placed
immediately at the bottcm so that the chances of pieces flying off during
excavation of coal are minim&d.
The total height of the channel shall
be measured and noted.
The excluded dirt bands shall, if required, be
separately collected and analysed.

19. REDUCTION

OF GROSS

SAMPLE

10.1 Run-tfeMinc Cod -The

gross sample shall be crushed to 5 cm,
preferably by mechanical means, mixed thoroughly and quartered.
Two
opposite quarters shall. be retained and the rest rejected.
The retained
material shall be further mixed together, halved and one&half retained.
Thus, ultimately one quarter of the original gross sample is retained and the
rest rejected.
The material so obtained shall be crushed to 12.5 mm by a
jaw crusher and then to 3.35 mm by a palmac type of reduction mill
( see Fig. 3 ). The .crushed material shall be reduced either by coning and
quartering or by ri6ling ( see Appendix C ) till 2 kg of sample is obtained.
13
F

.IS

436 ( Part I/&c 1 ) - 1961

10.1.1 Laboratory Sample - The sample as reduced under IO.1 shall be

inally ground to pass through !212-micron IS Sieve ( SM alp0 C-4 ). From
1.5 kg shall be taken which'~hau
cbnstitute the
the ground mate&l,
laboratory sample.
10.1.1.1 Each laboratory saiirprc
shadi
be
divided i&o 6
equal
par&, one for the purchaser, another for th6supplier and the thw fat -the
referee. The samples shall be kept in glass or polyethylene containers and
shall be sealed and marked properly.
10.2 Large Coal - The gross sample shall be crushed to 5 cm, preferably
by mechanical means, mixed thorougly and then quartered. TWO quarters
shall be retained and the rest rejected.
The niaterial so obtained shall be
crushed to 12.5 mm by a jaw crusher and then to 3.35 mm by a pahnac
type of reduction mill ( see Fig. 4 ). The crushed material shall be reduced
either b coning and quartering or ~by riflling ( SGC Appendix C ) till 2 kg
of samp re is obfained.
10.2.1 L.aboratov Sample - From the sample as reduced under 10.2, the
laboratory sample shall be prepared as under lO.lJ and 10.1.1.1.
10.3 Small Coal - The gross sample shall be crushed to 3.35 mm in two
steps, namely, through 12.5 mm by a jaw crusher and finally through
~3.35mm by a palmac type of reduction mill (see Fig. 5 ). The .crushed
material shall be reduced either by coning and quartering or by riffling
( see Appendix C ) till 2 kg of the sample is obtained.
10.3.1 Lclboratory Sample - Frbm the sample as reduced under 10.3, the
laboratory sample shall be prepared as under 101l.l and 10.1.1.1.
10.4 Ash Fusion
Sample -Following
the procedure
laid down
under 10.1, reduce the gross sample in successive stages and take an
additional 1 kg sample, passing 12.5 mm IS Sieve for the determination
of ash fusion. If, however, it is desired still further to avoid any contamination whatsoever with iron, take separatequantities of about 5 kg of
the .coarsely broken coal ( 12.5 mm and below) for the test. Do not grind
the sample further in iron &ills or vessels. Grind the ash obtained by
incineration in an agate mortar to pass 7Smicron IS Sieve.
10.5 Moisture
Sample - In view of the fact that mixing and crushing
or grinding of coal has been shown by experiinent to lead, in certain cases,
t6 considerable loss of moisture and since it is usually necessary to know
the moisture content of the original coal, collect, as prescribed under 105.3,
two or three special moisture sample& as required, from the gross
sample.
10.5.1 Where the moisture samples have to be reduced it is prefe&ble
to use machinery which crushes rather than machinery which grinds.
10.5.2 It is essential in all operations, especially if the_ coal has been
partially or totally air-dried, that it should not be exposed for any length
14

IS : 436 ( Part

REDUCTION

OF GROSS

-5cm
(PREFERABLY
HECwNICALw
I AND. 1 RETAINED
CAREFUL
MIXING.
AND

AFTER

I/See 1) - 1964

SAMPLES

MECHAF(ICALLV)
I

OUARTERIN6

-12&m
JAW CRUs)(ER)

[BY

CAREFUL
AND

MIXING,CONING

DUARTERINC

m
I

-12&m
(BY JAW CRUSHER)

(BY

3.35 mm
PALMAC
TYPE

- 12.5mm
(BY SW CRUSHER)

-3.3imm
E%LMAC TYPE

;BY

QF

MILL)

- 3.35mm
(BY

PALMAC

TYPE

OF

MILL)
REDUCED
REPEATEOCV

2is
I
212_MIC,RON

24

2 kg

I
IS

SIEVC

212~t.ilCdoN

IS SlEVE

Is SPVE

I
till0

FIG. 3 RVN-OPMINE COAL

212~t!aCR&

?5bf

FIG. 4 LARGE
\,cOAL

15

F<G. 5 SMALL
COAL

OF

MILL)

IS : 436 ( Part

I/See 1) - 1964

of he
te a current of air or to an atmosphdre
temperature or humidity.

of appreciably

different

10.5.3 At the first stage of reduction of the gross sample to Iz-o mm

( see 10.1) collect 5 kg of sample ( see Note below ) by not less than 10
approximately equal increments. while the coal is being discharged from
the jaw crusher or after it has been collected in a heap. Reduce this sample
to as near to 1 kg as possible.,and put the samnle so reduced in an air-tight
tin and seal it without delay.,
NOTE - If it has been found necessary to air-dry the cod before crushing and it is
required to know the excess moisture, a similar 5 kg szmple ( or more ) of the original
wet coal should Abe taken in a dry container subsequently
to be usrd for thedetclmination of excessmoisture by air-drying.
11,

NUMBER

OF TESTS

11.1 The laboratory samples; fepresenting the various sub-lots in -a lot shall
be tested individually for the Important characterigeics like ash percentage,
moisture, etc. For the remaining characteristics like ash fusion, a composite
sample prepared by mixing equal quantities ( by weight ) of the material
from each of the laboratory samples shall be tested.
12. REPORTING

OF TEST RESULTS

12.1 For those characteristics

where a composite sample has been tested,
one Pest result shall be available and that result shall be reported as
the value of the characteristic for the lot.
only

12.2 When only two laboratory samples have been analysed individual&
Corn a lot, the average of the two available test results shall be reported as
the value of characteristic for the lot sampled.
The indiyidual test results
shall also be reported to give an indication of the range of variation in
quality.
12.3 When three or more laboratory samples have been tested inditidually,
the average (X) and the range (R) of the test results shall be calculated as
follows for assessing the average level and the extent of variation in the
average:
If, for any characteristic,
X,, X s . . . . . . . . . i.....;..X,,
analysing n laboratory samples, then

are the-results

of

Range (R) = the difference between the maximum and

the minimum of the test results.
12.3.1 The average level of the chkacteristic
as equal to X.
16

in the lot shall be reported

.c

IS : ?36 ( Part I/See 1) - 1964

121.2 The limits for variation of the average quality in the lot shall be
reported as X f hR, where h is a constant, the value of which depends
upon the number of laboratory samples anaiysed ( see Table 4 ), implying
that the average quality of the material in the lot varies between these
limits.
TABLE 4 VALUES OF TflE CONSTANT, h
NUMBIEB01 LDO~A~BY
SAXPLSS

VALvPOrlmscoIBT~,A

AXN.~BIID,~

1.30
o-72
o-51
o-40

3
4
5
6

12.3.3 In case any. of the test results deviates considerably from the
others, it may be desirable to determine whether such a result may be
rejected or whether it may be accepted as part of the normal variationexpetted. The procedure given in Appendix D may be followed for thii purpose. If the suspect test result appears to be rejected, the average and the
range shall be re-calculated from the remainmg test resultsand appropriate
inference prawn as in 123.2.

APPENDIX
A
( Clauses 4.2.1 and 7.2 )
RANDOM

SELEGTION OF WAGONS

A-l. GENERAL
A-l.1 To ensure the randomness of selection of wagons from a sub-lot, the
use of random number tables as described in A-2 is recommended.
A-2. RANDOM NUMBERS
A-2.1 Two sets of random numbers are given in Table 5.. The first set of
random numbers shall be used if the number of wagons in the sub-lot is less
than or equal to 100, whereas the second set shall be used if the number of
wagonsin the sub-lot is more than 100 but less than 1 @OO. Having selected the set, any one numeral shall be chosen from it at random, starting
from the selected numeral and continuing on with the numerals in any
direction, right or left? up or down, the succeeding numerals shall be copied
17

..

-,

IS : 436 (Part

I/See 1) - 1964

out one by one till the number of numerals copied

The numerals which
ber of wagons to be chosen.
of the sub-lot
or which have already
occurred
numerals noted down in this manner shall then be
ing order of magnitude.

out is equal to the numare greater than the size

shall be omitted.
The
arranged in the ascend4

A-2.2 Starting
from any wagon in the sub-lot and counting them in one
order, the wagons corresponding
to the numerals already
noted down shal!
be selected for drawing gross samples.
TABLE

RANDOM

NUMBER

( Clause A-2.1
First Set of Random
95
62
29
25
40
23
da
05
26
09

70
93
39
72
63
80
13
-66
79
06

Numbers

56
96
04
49
57
10
36
46
92
47

a1
61
52
42
65
21
31
73
33
75

74
37
07
08
32
58
90
98
15
66

67
42
16
77
27
11
55
20
35
99

288
898
090
370
619
573
304
759
020
039

302
732
553
252
151
866
855
996
357
821

957
965
340
657
079
835
222
232
975
904

018
943
096
094
473
785
564
804
079
130

109
462
870
698
763
689
247
271
547
633

053
554
654
056
886
529
726
605
746
750

395
121
876
l97
376
227
305
226
238
036

463
732
871
628
581
967
216
712
786
461

995
123
606
957
715
689
474
640
906
087

067
413
733
646
933
687
185
231
967
973

695
978
298
776
367
405
280
789
245
762

681
882
482
436
497
412
576
872
315
208

Second

TABLES

Set of Random

51
34
71
86
97
30
24
69
38
48

54
18
14
03
84
01
91
85
12
60

50
22
76
83
82
IO0
19
94
41
28

53
89
78
45
87
44
64
59
17
Q2

044
146
605
813
097

058
318
96 i I
72
893

992
626
536
272
579

243
370
_I.73
659
419

849
313
968
351
506
964
569
607
500
722

285
540
085
266
662
416
002
504
487
753

2t9
953
384
936
659
tl88.
273
395
316
505

885
243.
482
237
196
466
320
896
029
849

74.6
007
801
913
884
685
270
237
024
449

493
380
332
581
954
099
564
514
692
440

Numbers

18
~ .

..x.._.._..,. ._
I_

1.

Suppose there are 60 wagons in a lot of approximately 1 200

tonnes. According to Table l., this would require the division of the
looi~~~n~sub-lots, each consrsting of 15 wagons of approximately
. Considermg any particular sub-lot, if 25 percent of the
wagons ( su 4.2.X ) have to be selected at random for drawing the
gross sample, it shall imply that 4 wagons have to be selected out of
15 in the sub-lot.
A-2.3 Taking the first set of random numbers as given in Table 5, suppose,
further that numeral 07 occurring in the third row under second column is
chosen at random. Proceeding further in any direction, say right, and
omitting the numerals which are greater than 15, the numerals encountered
are 07,04, 14 and 68. Arranging them in one order, the sequence 04,07,
08 and 14 is obtained. It then follows that the 4th, 7th, 8th and 14th
wagon counted from the beginning of the sub-lot shall be selected for
drawing the gross sample:

APPENDIX

( Clause 6.1.3 )
EQ;uIpMENT

AND

PROGEDURE

FOR

PIPE

SAMPLING

- The equipment ( su Fig. 6 ) required for pipe samplR-1. EQmMENT

ing &all consist of a sampling pipe 120 cm long, 10 cm inside diameter
and O-5 cm wall thickness fitted with a 10 cm collar at the top and a
separate steel beater. The pipe shall be tapered from 10 cm to 75cm
diameter within the bottom 15 cm and provided with 18 teeth at the
bottom end which shall be bent slightly inward% There are tivo holes in
the collar, diametrically opposite to each other and of 2 cm diameter
through which a 6&m long rod of a slightly smaller diameter passes.
R-2. DUWING
OF SAMPiJ3 - For drawing a sample, &e sampling
pipe shall be driven through the coal from the top downwards by means of
blows with a 3-kg hammer on the beater inserted in the collar. If necessary, -a rod shall be inserted through the holes in the collar to rotate the
pipe between the blows to prevent jamming.
After 115 cm of tha;glpe has
been inserted in the coal bed,the hammering shall be stopped.
To withdraw the sample, the rod .&all be inserted through the two holes in the
collar and the pipe then pulled out with the help of the rod. The sample
shall be collected on a clean strong cloth or tarpaulin, tapping the pipe, if
.
NUEE - If the &al consisb of fina and ia dry, it is occasionally necessary to spray
some water round the pipe to moisten the coal. This will be found essential only in
mydryw=th=.

19

.
/

IS : 436 ( Part IiSec i ) - 1964

APPENDIX
C
( Clauses 10.1, 10.1.1, 10.2-and 10.3 )
REDUCTION
C-1. GENERAL

OF GROSS SAMPLES

PREGAUTIONS

Cl.1 The place set apart for the treatment of gross samples shall preferably be enclosed, roofed over, cool and free from draughts. Where this is
not possible, precautions shall be taken against (a) loss of fine wind-borne
sample, (b) contamination with moisture, and (c) contamination with
foreign matter.
C-1.2 Select a hard and clean surface free of cracks for sample mixing,
Do not let cinders, sand, chippings from
quartering and other operations.
the floor or any other foreign matter get into the sample.
C-2. CONING

ANiB QUARTERING

G2.1 The material which has been crushed to. 335 mm ( see 10.1) shall
be heaped into the shape of a cone by pouring one scoopful of the material
after another at the apex of the cone till the entire sample has been coned.
The material shall be allowed to slide down the sides of the cone only under
the influence of gravity.
C-2.2 Flatten the cone evenly so that it forms a low circular pile. Cut the
pile into four quarters along two diameters whichintersect at right angles.
Retain one pair of opposite quarters and reject the other. Repeat till the
size of the retained sample is reduced to the required weight of 2 kg.
C-3. RIFFLING
C-3.1 The material which has been crushed to 3.35 mm shall be dropped
uniformly in the _riffle. One half shall be retained and the other half
rejected. This procedure shall be repeated several times till 2 kg of
material is obtained.
C-4. GRINDING (FINE SIZE)

C-4.1 In grinding the sample to pass 212-micron IS Sieve (see 10.1.1

), it
has been found that unnecessarily fine ~grincling is harmful. The ground
coal should have the following approximate particle size distribution:
Passing 212-micron IS Sieve and retained on
125-micron IS Sieve

35 percent

Passing 125-micron IS Sieve and retained on

63-micron IS Sieve

30 to 35 percent

Passing 63-micron IS Sieve

Remainder
21

IS : 436 ( Part I/Set 1) - 1964

APPENDIX

( Clause 12.3.3 )
CRITERIA
D-l.

FOR REJECTION

OF SUSPECT TEST RESULTS

GENERAL

D-l.1 It may sometimes happen that a test. redt is obtained which deviate
considerably from the other test results and therefore arouses suspicion that
it may have arisen from a mistake in sampling or sample preparation
rather than in the course of normal variation.
If the analyst knows that
a mistake has occurred, the test result must be rejected irrespective of its
magnitude.
If, however, only a suspicion exists, it may be desirable to
determine whether such a result may be rejected or whether it must be
accepted as part of the normal variation expected.
D-2. CRITERIA
D-2.1 The procedure as given in D-2.1.1 may be followed for determining
the acceptability or rejectability of the suspect test result.
D-2.1.1 Arrange all the test results obtained by analysing x laboratory
samples in the ascending order of magnitude and designate them as x,, xs,
r,, when x1 is the smallest and X, the largest test results. If x,, is suspect,
calculate the value of Kr from
x1 = x53-

%I-1

%a -xi

If x1 is suspect, calculate the value of Ks from

j& - x.9- Xl
% - x1
If the calculated value of X1 or Ks exceeds the corresponding one
given in TabIe 6, the suspect test result shall be rejected, otherwise not.
_
The above procedure can also be applied repeatedly
suspect test results other than the one first removed.
TABLE 6
s-

to remove the

VALUES OF CRITERION I& OR K,

slut

Vuur

OY K, OS Kr

3
4
5
6

o-941
0765
o-642
wi60

22

IS : 436 ( Part 1;Sec 1) - 1964

D-3. EXAMPLE

0;3.1..In an investigation on ash percentage of coal, the following test

results are obtained:
28.9, 26.9, 26.8, 267,

26.1

It is required to find out whether 28.9, virhich deviates rather unduly

from the others, could be considered to be a suspect.
The test results, when arranged in ascending order, are:
26.1, 26.7, 26.8, 26.9 and 28.9
According

to the criterion given in D-2.1.1,

28.9 - 26.9
2-O
Kl = 28.9 2 26.1 = 2.8 = 0-714

Since this value of Kl exceeds the corresponding tabulated value

O-642 ( HSCC
Table 6 ) for sample size 5, the test result shall be rejected.

23